The Membership of Bulgaria in the European Union: Years Later : Conference Proceeding Book with Papers Presented in English Language

Compete, Cooperate, Co-Evolve: Europe’s Circular Strategy with India and China

Compete, Cooperate, Co-Evolve: Europe’s Circular Strategy with India and China
(Compete, Cooperate, Co-Evolve: Europe’s Circular Strategy with India and China)

Author(s):Virginia Zhelyazkova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Green Transformation
Page Range:13-24
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:circular economy; EU–India relations; EU–China relations; standards interoperability; critical raw materials
Summary/Abstract:This paper offers a concise perspective on how Europe can balance competition and collaboration with India and China in the area of circular economy. Using the “compete, cooperate, co-evolve” lens, it focuses on three levers: (1) standards and product-data interoperability, (2) secure and diversified secondary materials – especially critical raw materials, and (3) supply-chain partnerships. Two brief cases – batteries and textiles – illustrate where interests align and where frictions arise. The argument is that Europe should pair defensive resilience (due diligence, recycling, and diversification) with targeted cooperation: mutual-recognition pilots for product-passport data, joint urban mining and repair/reuse initiatives with India, and selective alignment with China on recycling and safety standards without deep technological lock-in. The contribution is a pragmatic framework and a small set of policy options suitable for near-term implementation, aiming to advance strategic autonomy while avoiding zero-sum dynamics.

Evolution of Studies of Circular Economy in Bulgaria – a Literature Review

Evolution of Studies of Circular Economy in Bulgaria – a Literature Review
(Evolution of Studies of Circular Economy in Bulgaria – a Literature Review)

Author(s):Vesselina Dimitrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:25-34
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Circular economy; Bulgaria; recycling; waste management
Summary/Abstract:Over the years the scope of circular economy (CE) research has expanded and filled certain previously existing gaps. Studies in EU countries are also developing in new directions. The aim of this paper is to track and analyse the scope of published articles on CE in Scopus journals, with Bulgaria as a main country of this study. The scope of the research includes a literature review from 2015 to 2025 in areas such as economics, business and management, econometrics and finance, agricultural and biological sciences. The limited number of publications in these areas gives a reason not only to show the achieved level of articles in refereed journals on the topic of CE in Bulgaria, but also to make some recommendations for researchers and interested business circles in Bulgaria.

The Specific Influence of Emotions on Tourist Behavior

The Specific Influence of Emotions on Tourist Behavior
(The Specific Influence of Emotions on Tourist Behavior)

Author(s):Irena Emilova, Nadejda Dimova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Marketing / Advertising, Tourism
Page Range:35-46
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:emotions; tourism; business; digitization; strategic decisions; tourist behavior
Summary/Abstract:The tourism business is specific and is affected by a number of changes, both dictated by digitalization and by changes in the behavior of consumers and tourists in particular, and by the everchanging competitive environment. After the changes that occurred during the COVID – 19 crisis, the tourism sector is witnessing the specific impact of emotions on the behavior of tourists, which often requires a specific reorganization of the various processes that form the company's strategy. An important goal in the management of this type of business is the presence and management of building and maintaining competitive advantages and the reshaping of different approaches to the presence of different tourist markets through the prism of emotional impact. A major emphasis in the evaluation of tourist behavior and success is precisely the achievement of a high degree of tourist satisfaction and amazing and memorable experiences.

Digital Solutions for Sustainable Local Governance: the Role of Artificial Intelligence

Digital Solutions for Sustainable Local Governance: the Role of Artificial Intelligence
(Digital Solutions for Sustainable Local Governance: the Role of Artificial Intelligence)

Author(s):Vanya Bankova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Public Administration, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:47-56
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:sustainable development; local self-government; artificial intelligence; administrative services
Summary/Abstract:In the context of dynamic digital transformation and continuously rising public expectations, the need for local self-government bodies to adapt to new technological realities is becoming increasingly urgent. In particular, the capabilities of Artificial intelligence (AI) represent a kind of milestone in achieving the much-desired sustainable development. Through the automation of routine processes, advanced analysis of large volumes of data, and the application of predictive models, AI could contribute to better planning, informed decision-making, and proactive communication between institutions and local communities. Beyond the technological aspects, digital transformation also implies a cultural shift in governance – rethinking processes, enhancing administrative capacity, and fostering innovation. In this context, the sustainable development of local self-government is not limited to the introduction of new technologies but requires a systematic approach to change – including the development of digital skills, ensuring cybersecurity, protecting personal data, and guaranteeing equal access to electronic services. This study explores the potential of AI as a catalyst for sustainable governance at the local level and presents good practices and challenges related to its implementation in the context of the digital society.

The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
(The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals)

Author(s):Rasmiyya Abdullayeva, Allahyar Muradov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:57-67
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:social entrepreneurship; SDGs; poverty; survey; unemployment
Summary/Abstract:In the contemporary period, social entrepreneurship plays an important role in addressing the socio-economic problems of society. Its main objective is not only to generate profit but also to improve public welfare, as well as to reduce poverty and income inequality. These characteristics make social entrepreneurship strategically significant in terms of achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Social entrepreneurs, by offering innovative solutions in areas such as poverty reduction, increasing access to education, promoting gender equality, and ensuring sustainable economic growth, contribute both to global development processes and to the implementation of the SDGs. The purpose of this article is to develop recommendations aimed at strengthening the role of social entrepreneurship in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Leadership In a Cultural Institution

Leadership In a Cultural Institution
(Leadership In a Cultural Institution)

Author(s):Daniel Danov, Ivet Tileva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Tourism
Page Range:68-83
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:leadership; cultural institution; museum activity; tourism impact; Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv
Summary/Abstract:Contemporary leadership research tends to focus more on leaders in politics and international business than on those operating within state institutions such as museums. Museum activities could shape international tourism in a particular region, especially when the institutions possess substantial cultural significance and modern practices. Regarding the application of an appropriate leadership approach, the Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv transforms into one of the most modern museums in Bulgaria, attracting visitors from both the country and abroad. This article focuses on the leadership qualities that turn an old-style cultural institution into a modern European museum with internationally competitive advantages.

Institutional Contingencies of Industrial Policy: the Case of Japan

Institutional Contingencies of Industrial Policy: the Case of Japan
(Institutional Contingencies of Industrial Policy: the Case of Japan)

Author(s):Antoaneta Daneshka
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management
Page Range:84-93
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:national culture; industrial policy; Japan
Summary/Abstract:Recent research shows that industrial policy practices are omnipresent. Contrary to conventional logic, industrial policy has not faded away along globalization but in fact has been growing worldwide with an expanding toolkit. New levers have been added while currently some older ones have been revoked. These days the question is not ‘whether’ but ‘how’ to go about industrial policy. The paper claims that the implementation of industrial policy is institutionally contingent. It specifically tackles the role and repercussions of the national cultural profile on industrial policy implementation in a country. The research method entails the application of cultural analysis based on traditional culturalists approaches. Japan, its long history of industrial policy implementation and its national cultural profile, serves as a backdrop for proving the instrumental role of cultural contingencies on the outcomes of industrial policy endeavours.

Financial Development of Western Balkan Countries – a Descriptive Analysis

Financial Development of Western Balkan Countries – a Descriptive Analysis
(Financial Development of Western Balkan Countries – a Descriptive Analysis)

Author(s):Silvia Kirova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:94-102
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:financial development; economic growth; Western Balkans
Summary/Abstract:The paper explores the level of financial development of the six countries in Western Balkans that have not yet become EU members, namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Financial development is essential in achieving sustainable economic growth and plays a significant role in the economic convergence of the countries under consideration with the EU. The paper uses descriptive analysis and IMF and World Bank data to explore the level of development of the financial sector in the above-mentioned countries. Even though the countries under consideration display some specifics in their economic and institutional development, as well as the development of their financial markets, there are also similarities. The findings suggest that there is sufficient space for increasing the depth of their financial markets, which will be conducive for the economic growth of the region.

Türkiye’s EU Accession Process and Experience with the Use of Pre-Accession Funding: Some Important Lessons for Ukraine

Türkiye’s EU Accession Process and Experience with the Use of Pre-Accession Funding: Some Important Lessons for Ukraine
(Türkiye’s EU Accession Process and Experience with the Use of Pre-Accession Funding: Some Important Lessons for Ukraine)

Author(s):Hüseyin Ali Âlî Tangürek, Andrej Horvat
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Public Administration, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Public Finances
Page Range:103-113
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Türkiye; EU accession; pre-accession funds; regional development; Ukraine
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines Türkiye’s experience with EU pre-accession funding, focusing on institutional alignment and regional development. It explores how Türkiye established a centralised yet multi-level framework for managing EU funds, shaped by national and regional planning. While municipalities and regional agencies participated in implementation, decision-making remained centralised. Türkiye successfully absorbed IPA funds and aligned with EU cohesion principles, yet challenges such as limited local ownership and declining fund flows under IPA III persist. The paper offers lessons for countries like Ukraine, recommending a phased, legally grounded model that balances strong central coordination with local empowerment.

The Effects of Sustainable Development Policies on The Welfare State in The European Union and Türkiye

The Effects of Sustainable Development Policies on The Welfare State in The European Union and Türkiye
(The Effects of Sustainable Development Policies on The Welfare State in The European Union and Türkiye)

Author(s):Mehmet Atilla Güler
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Governance, Sociology, Family and social welfare, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:114-122
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Sustainable development; welfare state; European Union; European Social Model; Türkiye
Summary/Abstract:Since the 1990s, sustainable development has become a constitutive paradigm in the rescaling of the welfare state within the European Union. By incorporating this approach into its treaties, the European Union has integrated policies on just transition, energy poverty, green employment, and digital transformation with social rights. In Türkiye, however, although the discourse of sustainable development appears in policy plans and strategic documents, its implementation has largely retained a growth-oriented and assistance-based character. This study comparatively examines the influence of the sustainable development paradigm on the institutional forms of social policy and the transformation of the welfare state in the European Union and Türkiye.

Economic Challenges to EU Integration of the Western Balkans Countries: Trade Barriers, Structural Weaknesses and Policy Misalignments

Economic Challenges to EU Integration of the Western Balkans Countries: Trade Barriers, Structural Weaknesses and Policy Misalignments
(Economic Challenges to EU Integration of the Western Balkans Countries: Trade Barriers, Structural Weaknesses and Policy Misalignments)

Author(s):Monika Moraliyska
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Governance, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:123-135
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:European integration; Western Balkans; Trade barriers; Economic convergence; EU enlargement
Summary/Abstract:The integration of the Western Balkans into the European Union remains constrained by persistent economic and institutional challenges. This paper analyses trade barriers, structural weaknesses, and policy misalignments as main factors that hinder the region’s convergence with the EU. Drawing on existing scientific literature and European institutions reports, the study identifies non-tariff barriers, weak institutional capacity, and low FDI as critical obstacles. It considers EU instruments such as IPA III and the Economic and Investment Plan in addressing these issues. Policy recommendations highlight regulatory convergence, improved governance, and strengthened regional cooperation to foster sustainable integration.

Global Financial Sustainability: Integrating ESG Criteria into Cross-Border Investments

Global Financial Sustainability: Integrating ESG Criteria into Cross-Border Investments
(Global Financial Sustainability: Integrating ESG Criteria into Cross-Border Investments)

Author(s):Mihaela-Liliana Göndör
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Financial Markets, Green Transformation
Page Range:136-153
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:financial sustainability; ethical investment; ESG criteria
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines how ESG criteria (Environmental, Social, Governance) are reshaping cross-border investments and contributing to the emergence of global financial sustainability. In a context marked by geopolitical instability, climate pressures, and rising ethical expectations, ESG is evolving into a new language of capital – one that transcends return metrics and redefines the responsibilities of international investors. The analysis begins with the theoretical foundations of financial sustainability and ESG, addresses the challenges of standard harmonisation across jurisdictions, and moves toward practice through ten strategically selected case studies, including sovereign wealth funds, investments in emerging markets, and reporting technologies. Using a qualitative-comparative approach, the paper explores how ESG integration strengthens global financial sustainability and facilitates responsible cross-border investment, transforming capital from a purely economic instrument into a civic actor. The final section offers an ethical reflection: can profit be sustainable? Can capital act civically? The findings confirm the hypothesis that ESG is becoming the new grammar of global capital, connecting investors, institutions, and states around shared goals of sustainability, transparency, and accountability. ESG is thus presented not only as a financial tool, but as a form of global economic justice capable of recalibrating trust among markets, states, and citizens.

New Trends in Global Financial Architecture

New Trends in Global Financial Architecture
(New Trends in Global Financial Architecture)

Author(s):Vesela Todorova
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Financial Markets
Page Range:154-170
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:dedollarization; deglobalization; decentralization; blockchain technology; gold
Summary/Abstract:The last decade since 2008 has witnessed a fundamental change in the direction of international finance. There are four main trends: the process of dedollarization, the process of deglobalization, the process of decentralization and the rise of gold. International finance is in a transition from a unipolar to a more fragmented but also more diverse world. The success of this transition will depend on the ability of states and international institutions to create a balance between innovation and stability, between globalization and regionalization, between traditional assets and new technologies.

Investments In Albania and the Latest Technological and Financial Advances

Investments In Albania and the Latest Technological and Financial Advances
(Investments In Albania and the Latest Technological and Financial Advances)

Author(s):Albana Demi (Mosho), Blerim Brahja
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Financial Markets, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:171-182
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:financial risks; Investment, regulatory framework; blockchain technology; cryptocurrencies
Summary/Abstract:This research article aims to analyze the value of investments in Albania, the financial alternatives and also the cryptocurrencies as a topic that has gained particular importance in the last decade due to rapid technological and financial developments. The main goal is to critically examine the potential of cryptocurrencies for Albanian investors, analyzing the benefits they can bring, but also the risks and limitations that accompany them in the Albanian economic and legal reality. In this context, the paper addresses not only the technical nature and functioning of cryptocurrencies, but also focuses on the current regulatory framework in Albania and the attitude of state institutions towards this phenomenon. The authors in this paper will include a comparison with international experiences from other developing countries or with similar economic structures, to draw lessons that can be adapted to the Albanian context. In conclusion, based on the analyses conducted, it is recommended that a sustainable balance be achieved between exploiting new opportunities and effectively managing the risks arising from this still volatile and developing market.

The Economic Impact of Transparency and the Fight Against Corruption in Public Administration

The Economic Impact of Transparency and the Fight Against Corruption in Public Administration
(The Economic Impact of Transparency and the Fight Against Corruption in Public Administration)

Author(s):Linert Lirëza, Shkëlqim Xeka
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Governance, Public Administration, EU-Legislation, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption, Administrative Law
Page Range:183-193
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:transparency; corruption; public administration; economic impact
Summary/Abstract:This study aims to evaluate how transparency mechanisms affect corruption reduction within the Albanian public administration and to pinpoint the main deficiencies in applying the current legal framework. Corruption in administration is not only an economic issue but also leads to social and political repercussions: it erodes citizens' confidence in public institutions, disrupts market competition, and obstructs sustainable development. In this regard, transparency is recognized as the primary method for fostering public trust, enhancing efficiency, and decreasing chances for misconduct. As part of this research, a comprehensive review of literature and analysis of both national and international legal documents was conducted, guided by UNCAC principles and OECD recommendations. Over recent decades, public administration has undergone significant changes, prompted by increasing citizen expectations, demands for efficiency, and the necessity of aligning with international transparency standards. The idea of administrative transparency is intricately connected to the core principles of good governance, which encompass accountability, access to information, and citizen engagement. In Albania, public administration reforms, initiated in the early 2000s, have sought to modernize services and reduce corruption levels, yet they frequently face challenges such as incomplete implementation of legislation and entrenched clientelistic behaviors. According to Transparency International, following the enactment of Law No. 119/2014 “On the Right to Information” and Law No. 71/2016 “On the Prevention of Corruption and Declaration of Assets,” Albania has made significant progress towards establishing transparency, though the actual outcomes often fall well short of the intended goals. Examining the context of transparency and anti-corruption efforts is crucial for understanding the factors behind implementation challenges, the effectiveness of control measures, and the potential for hastening reforms within the Albanian public administration.

The Overlapping Jurisdictions in Consumer Issues in Albania and the Challenges Towards an Effective Protection. The Role of Consumer Protection Commission

The Overlapping Jurisdictions in Consumer Issues in Albania and the Challenges Towards an Effective Protection. The Role of Consumer Protection Commission
(The Overlapping Jurisdictions in Consumer Issues in Albania and the Challenges Towards an Effective Protection. The Role of Consumer Protection Commission)

Author(s):Ersida Teliti
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Governance, Public Administration, Law on Economics, EU-Legislation, Administrative Law
Page Range:194-202
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:consumer protection; overlapping jurisdiction; Consumer Protection Commission; collective interests
Summary/Abstract:The obligation of the Albanian State to protect consumers emerged after the 1990s. The signing and implementation of the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) required the state to establish a comprehensive legal framework for consumer protection. Albania has implemented a decentralized model of consumer protection, where responsibilities are distributed across various ministries, authorities and agencies. This article seeks to examine the overlapping jurisdictions of public institutions in matters relating to the collective interests of consumers. The absence of coordinated action between these institutions in addressing consumer protection issues diminishes the efficacy of public safeguards, as each institution tends to prioritize its own legal framework and policy objectives, rather than adopting a unified approach. The Consumer Protection Commission functions under the Ministry responsible for trade, so its autonomy and effectiveness in decision-making are significantly constrained. For an extended period, the Commission has operated below its full capacity and has been hindered by a chronic shortage of human resources. In the context of ongoing legislative reforms driven by European integration, this article advocates the establishment of a consumer protection institution modeled as an independent authority, such as a Consumer Protection Authority/ Commissioner or Ombudsman. Such an institutional model would effectively address the existing issues related to the fragmentation of competencies, insufficient inspection mechanisms, limited human resources, and the lack of systematic price monitoring. By consolidating these functions under a unified, independent body, it would ensure more comprehensive and efficient consumer protection, aligning with European standards and enhancing the state's ability to safeguard consumer rights.

Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Project Management in Higher Education Institutions

Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Project Management in Higher Education Institutions
(Challenges and Opportunities to Improve Project Management in Higher Education Institutions)

Author(s):Ira Gjika, Redion Shehu
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Education, Business Economy / Management, Higher Education , Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:203-212
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:project management; success factors; project failure; Higher Education Institutions
Summary/Abstract:Projects are becoming increasingly important for institutional development, fundraising and supporting education and cultural initiatives. Effective project management highly affects the success or failure of these specific and unique undertakings. Despite the advancement in project management, organizations in Albania face difficulties and challenges when they engage in projects. This study examines success factors, measurement approaches, and causes of failure in projects undertaken by educational organizations. It intends to enhance the design and implementation of projects in the Albanian context, by generalizing the findings of the study for a variety of fields where projects are a common approach of organizing the activities.

The Economic Impact of Corridor VIII and its Role as a Facilitator of Peace in the Balkans

The Economic Impact of Corridor VIII and its Role as a Facilitator of Peace in the Balkans
(The Economic Impact of Corridor VIII and its Role as a Facilitator of Peace in the Balkans)

Author(s):Ulpian Hoti
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Socio-Economic Research, Transport / Logistics
Page Range:213-220
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Via Egnatia; economic impact; trade routes; regional cooperation
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines the economic impact of Corridor VIII, a key transportation corridor revitalizing the ancient Via Egnatia, which historically connected the western and eastern parts of the Balkans. Beginning in Durrës, one of the region’s most important ports, the corridor seeks to strengthen trade routes, enhance economic development, and promote regional peace. Historically, Via Egnatia facilitated the circulation of goods such as metals, wine, olive oil, and textiles, some of which were traded along the Silk Road, establishing an early framework for economic connectivity. The completion and operation of Corridor VIII are expected to revitalize traditional industries, boost agricultural production, and increase the flow of modern technology and investment throughout the region. The collaboration fostered by this project, supported by international programs and government initiatives, will significantly contribute to the economic and sociocultural development of the Balkan countries. Beyond its economic impact, Corridor VIII plays a pivotal role in promoting peace, stability, and democratic values by enhancing cross-border cooperation. As a crucial step toward Albania’s European Union integration, the full realization of Corridor VIII will provide substantial economic benefits, including increased trade, job creation, and the free movement of goods, thus advancing the region’s overall development and stability.

DAC7 Implementation for Effective and Transparent EU Taxation

DAC7 Implementation for Effective and Transparent EU Taxation
(DAC7 Implementation for Effective and Transparent EU Taxation)

Author(s):Irina Atanasova, Ivaylo Ivanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Business Economy / Management, Law on Economics, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, EU-Legislation
Page Range:221-230
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:DAC7; STR; OTA
Summary/Abstract:This report examines the Directive on Administrative Cooperation (DAC7), the former Council Directive (EU) 2021/514, and its pivotal role in enhancing tax transparency and combating tax evasion within the European Union's digital economy. Implemented in 2023, DAC7 extends reporting obligations to digital platforms, requiring them to report income information of sellers, thereby closing existing tax gaps and ensuring appropriate taxation of revenue generated through online transactions. Despite the inherent complexities of diverse national taxation systems, DAC7 is broadly accepted by European countries as an effective mechanism for controlling income from activities facilitated by online travel agencies.

Family Type and Opportunities of Households with Children in Bulgaria

Family Type and Opportunities of Households with Children in Bulgaria
(Family Type and Opportunities of Households with Children in Bulgaria)

Author(s):Iva Raycheva
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Sociology, Family and social welfare, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:231-238
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:household; children; opportunities; areas
Summary/Abstract:In the last year, a few changes have been made to the law in Bulgaria regarding the raising of children by divorced parents, with the main emphasis being on the conditions and quality of life of children. This is an issue that is widely discussed in society but has received limited research in academic circles. This study examines the relationships between family type and variables representing the opportunities of households with children in Bulgaria.

From Strategy to Measurement: KPIS in Tourism Policy Design and Implementation: Analyzing the Critical Role of Performance Indicators in Bulgaria’s Tourism Sector amid Eurozone Transition

From Strategy to Measurement: KPIS in Tourism Policy Design and Implementation: Analyzing the Critical Role of Performance Indicators in Bulgaria’s Tourism Sector amid Eurozone Transition
(From Strategy to Measurement: KPIS in Tourism Policy Design and Implementation: Analyzing the Critical Role of Performance Indicators in Bulgaria’s Tourism Sector amid Eurozone Transition)

Author(s):Violeta Doneva-Yankulova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Tourism
Page Range:239-254
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:Tourism policy; Key Performance Indicators (KPI); Governance; Sustainability; Consulting services; Eurozone; Evidence-based management; Bulgaria; Tourism competitiveness; Destination performance
Summary/Abstract:This study investigates the critical role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in tourism policy design and implementation, focusing on the Bulgarian tourism sector in the context of Eurozone accession. By integrating quantitative data analysis, qualitative case studies, and policy evaluation, the research bridges the persistent gap between strategic planning and measurable outcomes in tourism governance. The study identifies four principal dimensions of KPI systems – economic, social, environmental, and governance – and explores their application within Bulgaria’s tourism policy framework. The findings reveal that effective KPI implementation requires balancing standardized measurement with contextual adaptation, especially in economies undergoing structural transformation. Consulting services emerge as key mediators, translating strategic objectives into actionable metrics and enabling institutional learning. Comparative evidence from destinations such as Barcelona, Vienna, Singapore, and Dubai demonstrates how KPI frameworks can support resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability in policy design. The paper contributes to both academic theory and practical application, offering a comprehensive model for evidence-based tourism governance during Bulgaria’s transition to the Eurozone.

Economic Development of Lithuania in the Period Before and After the Adoption of the Euro

Economic Development of Lithuania in the Period Before and After the Adoption of the Euro
(Economic Development of Lithuania in the Period Before and After the Adoption of the Euro)

Author(s):Aglika Kaneva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:255-268
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Lithuania; main economic indicators; euro area; nominal convergence; real convergence
Summary/Abstract:In this paper, the dynamics of key economic indicators for Lithuania in the period before and after the adoption of the euro have been analyzed. The nominal and real convergence of the country towards the euro area economy has been studied. The impact of euro adoption in Lithuania on the economic indicators included in the paper has been examined.

EU Trade in Agriculture in the Context of the 80th Anniversary of the UN

EU Trade in Agriculture in the Context of the 80th Anniversary of the UN
(EU Trade in Agriculture in the Context of the 80th Anniversary of the UN)

Author(s):Margarita Ivanova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Agriculture, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:269-275
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:international trade; agriculture
Summary/Abstract:Since the establishment of the United Nations (UN) before eight decades, the international community has experienced various changes, including the role of regional organizations like the European Union (EU). This paper explores the significance of a complex and intensely debated topic, namely agriculture, on the EU agenda. It studies the significance of agriculture in the EU trade with countries around the world. Both the export and the import are reviewed. The results show the comparison between five aspects that examine fluctuations. This publication can be interesting for readers at the intersection between trade and agriculture.

The AI Act and the Defense of the European Union's General Interest in International Anarchy: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Law and International Relations Under the Sign of Realpoltik

The AI Act and the Defense of the European Union's General Interest in International Anarchy: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Law and International Relations Under the Sign of Realpoltik
(The AI Act and the Defense of the European Union's General Interest in International Anarchy: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Law and International Relations Under the Sign of Realpoltik)

Author(s):João Tavares, António Tavares
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Governance, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, EU-Legislation
Page Range:276-286
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:AI Act; Law; Realism; General Interest; International Relations
Summary/Abstract:The Regulation 2024/1689 on Artificial Intelligence (AI Act), adopted by the European Union in 2024, represents a milestone in the regulation of disruptive technologies, with implications that transcend the domestic legal scope and extend into the sphere of International Relations. Our research seeks to analyse how the AI Act promotes the EU's general interest in an anarchic international system, where the absence of a sovereign authority has contributed to the intensification of technological competition. Through an interdisciplinary approach, which combines Law, with regard to the normative analysis of the AI Act, and International Relations, with regard to the dynamics of power and soft power, under the theoretical lens of the realist paradigm, our study aims to analyze how the AI Act serves as a strategic instrument in defending the EU's general interest in an anarchic international system. We argue that the regulation not only protects fundamental rights and promotes responsible innovation, but also strengthens the EU's technological sovereignty, normative influence, and economic competitiveness in a context of competition between great powers for disruptive technologies. We will conclude that the EU should articulate the AI Act with new multilateral initiatives, with the purpose of overcoming the limitations imposed by international anarchy, in order to seek to promote global AI governance more aligned with EU values.

Green Skills in Albania: an Empirical Research

Green Skills in Albania: an Empirical Research
(Green Skills in Albania: an Empirical Research)

Author(s):Arjeta Hallunovi
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:287-296
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Albania; Green Skills; Sustainable Employment; Education Policy; Workforce Development
Summary/Abstract:The global transition toward a green economy demands a workforce equipped with green skills – competencies that enable workers to contribute to environmental sustainability across all sectors. This empirical research explores the current landscape of green skills in Albania, assessing both demand-side (employers) and supply-side (educational institutions and workforce) dynamics. Drawing on data from surveys, labor market statistics, and interviews with industry stakeholders, the study identifies key gaps between the skills required for green jobs and those currently available in the Albanian labor market. The findings reveal that while awareness of green competencies is growing, their integration into vocational education and training (VET), higher education, and employer practices remains limited. Regression analysis shows a positive correlation between green skills development and employment potential in emerging sectors such as renewable energy, sustainable construction, and environmental services. The study concludes with policy recommendations to mainstream green skills into Albania’s national education and employment strategies, emphasizing the importance of cross-sectoral coordination and EU-aligned policy frameworks to accelerate green workforce readiness.

Circular Economy Practices in the European Union (EU): Lessons for Global Sustainable Development

Circular Economy Practices in the European Union (EU): Lessons for Global Sustainable Development
(Circular Economy Practices in the European Union (EU): Lessons for Global Sustainable Development)

Author(s):Minh Huy Chu, Tue Anh Nguyen, Minh Anh Nguyen
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, Governance, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:297-310
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Circular economy; European Union; sustainability; global development; SDGs
Summary/Abstract:The European Union (EU) has emerged as a pioneer in embedding Circular Economy (CE) principles into economic and environmental policy, aiming to decouple growth from resource depletion. This paper examines the EU’s circular economy strategies through an analysis of regulatory frameworks, industry-specific initiatives, and cross-border cooperation. Methodologically, it employs a comparative case study approach, focusing on sectors such as manufacturing, packaging, and renewable energy, to assess how CE practices contribute to waste reduction, resource efficiency, and low-carbon development. The findings demonstrate that the EU’s integrated model – anchored in the Circular Economy Action Plan and aligned with the European Green Deal – provides valuable insights into governance, innovation, and stakeholder collaboration. The study further discusses the scalability of EU experiences to non-European contexts, considering institutional, cultural, and economic differences. The paper concludes that EU’s CE practices offer both a blueprint and a set of adaptable lessons for global sustainable development, particularly in advancing the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

CSR Initiatives Influence on Employees’ Commitment: Case of Bagrain’ Islamic Banks

CSR Initiatives Influence on Employees’ Commitment: Case of Bagrain’ Islamic Banks
(CSR Initiatives Influence on Employees’ Commitment: Case of Bagrain’ Islamic Banks)

Author(s):Sihem Bouguila
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Psychology, Business Economy / Management, Social psychology and group interaction, Organizational Psychology, Financial Markets, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:311-327
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:CSR initiatives; perception; commitment; Islamic banks; sustainable development
Summary/Abstract:Previous research on corporate social responsibility CSR has focused only on the macro-approach which delves into the effects of CSR on the organizational or institutional level. Considering this gap, in the present research, we emphasize the micro-approach which can be used to shed light on the repercussions that CSR can have on employees’ perceptions and behaviors. Particularly, we aim to examine how perceived internal and external CSR actions influence employees' perceptions and commitment in the context of Bahrain’ Islamic banks. This study thus specifically endeavors to identify the impact of CSR initiatives on employees’ commitment and perceptions. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on the stakeholder and social identity theories. Based on a nonprobability sampling method, the model draws on survey data collected from a sample of 50 employees working in Bahrain Islamic banks. Islamic banks were not randomly chosen, as Islamic finance is supposed to achieve the highest degree of worldwide sustainable development goals. Based on the regression analysis, the study found a positive relationship between CSR initiatives and employees’ commitment. The study proves a significant impact of perceived internal CSR (good and fair salary, fair training programs, appropriate workplace, effective incentives, and ethical treatment) on employees’ commitment. The perceived external CSR is also found as a determinant factor of employees’ commitment. Research outcomes will help practitioners and managers to setup more effective CSR strategies to enhance employee’s commitment as well as provide insight into how Islamic finance can reinforce the practice of CSR dimensions in order to ensure sustainable development. This research will contribute positively to the existing CSR literature by providing a clear examination of the importance of internal CSR dimensions while simultaneously extending the knowledge and understanding regarding the impact of internal CSR initiatives on employees’ engagement in the context of Islamic banks.

The Impact of AI-Driven Personalization on Consumer Trust and Loyalty in E -Commerce

The Impact of AI-Driven Personalization on Consumer Trust and Loyalty in E -Commerce
(The Impact of AI-Driven Personalization on Consumer Trust and Loyalty in E- Commerce)

Author(s):Dare Adekoya
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Communication studies, Theory of Communication, Marketing / Advertising, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:328-335
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:AI-driven Personalization; Consumer Trust; Consumer Loyalty; E-commerce; Data Privacy; Ethical AI
Summary/Abstract:This study examines how AI-driven personalization in online shopping influences consumer trust and loyalty. While AI’s impact on customer satisfaction is well-studied, its role in building trust remains less explored. Through in-depth interviews with 35 regular online shoppers, the research finds that AI personalization fosters trust by delivering relevant, customized experiences. However, concerns about data privacy and transparency can undermine this consideration if not adequately addressed. The study also reveals that trust established through AI personalization strongly encourages repeat purchases and brand loyalty, particularly when the personalization matches consumers’ preferences and needs. These findings highlight the importance for online retailers to balance personalized experiences with privacy considerations to build and maintain lasting consumer relationships. Overall, this research advances the understanding of consumer behavior, digital trust, and the strategic use of AI in retail environments.

International Economic Dynamics In 2025: Navigating Between Sustainability and Uncertainty

International Economic Dynamics In 2025: Navigating Between Sustainability and Uncertainty
(International Economic Dynamics In 2025: Navigating Between Sustainability and Uncertainty)

Author(s):Ivan Dimitrov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, International relations/trade, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:336-345
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:International Economy; Tariffs; Sustainability; Innovation; Climate Change
Summary/Abstract:This research examines the emerging economic landscape shaped by geopolitical, environmental, and technological forces as outlined in recent global economic forecasts. The literature review, based on various previous publications from reputable sources through analysis and synthesis of information, focuses on the impact of heightened tariffs, changes in the global trade dynamics and supply chain disruptions. The role of accelerating climate change and environmental policy shifts is evaluated for its influence on sustainable business practices and innovation. Technological trends beyond AI, including supply chain changes like reshoring, digitization, clean energy investment are investigated as key drivers of economic transformation. The study further highlights pioneering companies and startups at the forefront of green economies, climate tech, and digital innovation shaping the new economic era. The findings provide insights into how interconnected tariff policies and environmental challenges foster a resilient, sustainable, and innovation-driven global economy. Implications for businesses and policymakers in navigating these complex developments are also discussed.

Cryptocurrencies as an Investment in the New Era: Evidence from the Western Balkans

Cryptocurrencies as an Investment in the New Era: Evidence from the Western Balkans
(Cryptocurrencies as an Investment in the New Era: Evidence from the Western Balkans)

Author(s):Arjeta Hallunovi
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Economic policy, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:346-354
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Bitcoin; Cryptocurrencies; Ethereum; GARCH Model; Emerging Markets; Western Balkans
Summary/Abstract:In recent years, cryptocurrencies have gained significant attention as an alternative investment class in emerging markets, including the Western Balkans. This study empirically investigates the role of cryptocurrencies – specifically Bitcoin and Ethereum – as investment tools across Albania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro from 2017 to 2024. Using daily market data, Google Trends indices, and national survey data, the study applies timeseries regression and volatility modeling (GARCH) to analyze investor behavior, returns, and risk exposure compared to traditional assets like equities and foreign exchange. The results reveal a growing interest in crypto-assets, driven largely by inflationary pressures, limited access to capital markets, and rising youth digital literacy. However, the empirical findings also point to high return volatility, low market depth, and fragmented regulatory frameworks across the region. Despite these challenges, cryptocurrencies have shown potential for short-term speculative gains and limited long-term portfolio diversification benefits. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for regulatory harmonization, investor education, and the development of digital finance infrastructure to ensure responsible integration of crypto-assets in the region’s financial ecosystems.

Artificial Intelligence and the Governance of Sustainable Agricultural Supply Chains

Artificial Intelligence and the Governance of Sustainable Agricultural Supply Chains
(Artificial Intelligence and the Governance of Sustainable Agricultural Supply Chains)

Author(s):Daniel Petrov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Governance, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:355-366
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:artificial intelligence; agricultural economy; sustainable supply chains; algorithmic errors; European Union
Summary/Abstract:The research examines how artificial intelligence can support sustainable agricultural supply chains in the European Union by addressing the socio-economic consequences of algorithmic errors. It develops a theoretical mechanism design model and evaluates scenarios involving stricter thresholds, appeals mechanisms, and responsibility-sharing contracts. The findings show that stricter thresholds lower legal risk but increase wrongful exclusions, while appeals enhance fairness and shared contracts reduce overall costs. The study advances the concept of the economics of algorithmic errors and offers practical insights for designing fair, efficient, and sustainable supply chain governance.

Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Digital Transformation: Drivers of Sustainable Business Growth

Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Digital Transformation: Drivers of Sustainable Business Growth
(Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Digital Transformation: Drivers of Sustainable Business Growth)

Author(s):Clemence Jenifer S., Suraj P. G., Marisennayya Senapathy
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:367-377
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:innovation; entrepreneurship; digital transformation; sustainable growth; economic growth
Summary/Abstract:In the current scenario of a swiftly changing global economy, innovation, entrepreneurship, and digital transformation epitomise interdependent forces that shape competitive advantage, business sustainability, and growth. It is innovation that energises the creation of unique products, services and processes that cater to upcoming societal and market needs. While Entrepreneurship provides the strategic vision and risk-taking ability needed to transform these innovations into viable ventures, digital transformation serves as the key enabler, leveraging data, technology, and connectivity to accelerate scalability and achieve global reach. The paper challenges the interconnections between these three arenas by examining cases of firms that have integrated digital technologies into their entrepreneurial models to pursue innovation- driven growth. The specific importance lies in how digital platforms, artificial intelligence, and automation are redefining business ecosystems, enabling small and medium-sized enterprises and startups to compete with established firms in international markets. In addition to this, the paper emphasises the policy and institutional frameworks essential for supporting innovation ecosystems, particularly in emerging economies, where digital transformation offers opportunities to advance traditional development stages. The paper concludes that continual growth in economic relations and business development centres on the alignment of innovation strategies, entrepreneurial initiatives, and digital transformation. This integration enhances organisational performance and significantly contributes to the sustainable and inclusive development of the economy from a global perspective.

Bridges and Boundaries: Alignments and Divergences in EU, BRI, and Russian Strategic Corridors

Bridges and Boundaries: Alignments and Divergences in EU, BRI, and Russian Strategic Corridors
(Bridges and Boundaries: Alignments and Divergences in EU, BRI, and Russian Strategic Corridors)

Author(s):Syed Salman
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:378-388
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Cross-Country Cross-Continent Economic Development Theory; Belt and Road Initiative; European Union; Eurasian Economic Union; Geopolitical Economy
Summary/Abstract:Transcontinental connectivity has become a defining dimension of global development, linking infrastructure investment, institutional governance, and geopolitical influence. This paper examines the interaction between the European Union’s (EU) development objectives, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) goals, and Russia’s strategic aims through the lens of the Cross-Country Cross- Continent Economic Development Theory (CCCEDT). Drawing on comparative policy mapping, qualitative comparative analysis, and network perspectives of strategic corridors, the study explores how complementarities and divergences shape regional integration and global cooperation. Findings reveal significant areas of alignment: infrastructure connectivity, trade facilitation, digital governance, and renewable energy diversification. Divergences persist in governance frameworks, energy strategies, and geopolitical orientation, yet these differences do not eliminate opportunities for selective cooperation. The Russia–Ukraine conflict disrupts long-term complementarities by rerouting trade flows and fragmenting energy partnerships, but it also underscores the urgency of climate resilience, interoperable digital systems, and third-country development as shared entry points for dialogue. By integrating these perspectives into a triangular framework, the study extends CCCEDT beyond bilateral applications and demonstrates that sustainable connectivity requires both physical infrastructure and institutional compatibility. The novelty of this work lies in offering a comprehensive triangular model of EU–BRI–Russia interactions, providing policymakers and scholars with actionable insights for fostering cooperation even under conditions of rivalry and conflict.

Funding of Political Parties in Europe as an Element of Stability

Funding of Political Parties in Europe as an Element of Stability
(Funding of Political Parties in Europe as an Element of Stability)

Author(s):Klajdi Mone
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Governance, Public Law, Government/Political systems, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:389-395
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:political parties; funding; income; Europe
Summary/Abstract:The aim of this article is to address the revenues of political parties. During the 1990s, scandals related to the illegal funding of parties were frequent in European countries. Regardless of the political or party system, party organization, and party law, political corruption linked to party financing has been a problem in every segment of Europe. Despite institutional changes, there are always certain issues that every country encounters regarding party funding. Even if laws regarding legal sources of party funding vary across Europe, certain general trends can be described. The composition and sources of party revenues have changed since the 1970s. Membership fees have become less significant in party budgets. Due to the decline in party membership, there is less revenue coming from this source. Finally, elements such as donations, state subsidies, and illegal financing are important issues that are addressed.

The Impact of Active and Descriptive Verbs on Mathematics Learning Outcomes in Pre-University Education

The Impact of Active and Descriptive Verbs on Mathematics Learning Outcomes in Pre-University Education
(The Impact of Active and Descriptive Verbs on Mathematics Learning Outcomes in Pre-University Education)

Author(s):Fatmire Vrapi, Arbër Vrapi, Asllan Vrapi
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Education, Educational Psychology, Sociology of Education
Page Range:396-403
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:active verbs; descriptive verbs; learning outcomes; key competences; skills
Summary/Abstract:In learning based on educational competencies that the student acquires, it is noted that some characteristics and features distinguish it from learning based on learning objectives. The differences are not only formal but also conceptual. In learning with competencies, great importance is not what students know (facts), nor even how they understand (concepts and principles), but the actions (skills) that students perform to realise them. Formulated differently, in learning based on educational competencies, it is not enough that the student possesses knowledge, nor how he understands it, but the greater order is the action that he performs based on the knowledge he has acquired and its meaning. Some characteristics of learning based on the learning outcomes according to key competences are: In learning based on learning outcomes according to key competences, it is not enough to know the knowledge, but it is important to do, to act, and to demonstrate the skills. Competency-based teaching aims to place the student at the centre of the learning process. Competency-based teaching and student-centred teaching are interconnected, because both have in mind the student and the learning process. The competency-based curriculum shifts the focus of attention from the learning of subject content with the teacher at the centre to the learning centred on the student, capable of using the learned knowledge. As a result, teaching in the curriculum based on key competences offers different learning situations through which the student is formed in the intellectual, social, cultural, and civic aspects. Key competences include the integration of skills, abilities, knowledge, attitudes and values to achieve sustainable, self-directed and creative learning. In this way, the Key Learning Competence is the sum of the combination of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and educational values that the student acquires. Key Learning Competencies = Knowledge + Skills + Expressions + Values (combined).

Public Knowledge and Perception of Artificial Intelligence

Public Knowledge and Perception of Artificial Intelligence
(Public Knowledge and Perception of Artificial Intelligence)

Author(s):Ardit Gjeci, Fatmira Kola
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Communication studies, Theory of Communication, Human Resources in Economy, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:404-412
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:artificial Intelligence; public perception; AI technologies; social inequalities
Summary/Abstract:As the implementation of artificial intelligence rapidly expands into the routines of society, it is essential to understand the public's position towards its usage, adoption, and importance, especially in emerging cultures. This study assesses the general public’s awareness and perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impact on daily life, productivity, and societal issues in Albania. The study employed a qualitative approach, using data collected from a total of 126 respondents via a structured online survey comprising 16 multiple-choice questions. The results reveal a strong presence and pervasive reach of artificial intelligence in the daily routines and lives of Albania's inhabitants. The main applications used range from ChatGPT to Face ID security platforms, as well as apps that facilitate government services to the population. The respondents regard the functionalities provided by AI-based applications as helpful in enhancing the overall quality of life. More specifically, they are perceived to promote task independence, decision making, improved communication with community members, and time efficiency. While the collected responses suggest that the implementation of AI in society has the potential to reduce social and economic inequalities, concerns are raised regarding its uneven adoption, potential job displacement, and issues related to data privacy and security.

Exploring the Gender Wage Gap Across the Economic Activities and Professions in Albania (2020–2024): an Analysis of the Factors Driving This Inequality

Exploring the Gender Wage Gap Across the Economic Activities and Professions in Albania (2020–2024): an Analysis of the Factors Driving This Inequality
(Exploring the Gender Wage Gap Across the Economic Activities and Professions in Albania (2020–2024): an Analysis of the Factors Driving This Inequality)

Author(s):Klaudja Guga, Ilira Pulaj
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Gender Studies, Sociology, Economic policy, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:413-424
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:gender wages gap; inequality; labor market; employment; gender equality
Summary/Abstract:This study explore the gender wage gap and inequalities, during the period 2020–2024 in Albania, based on secondary data. The gender wage gap still exists in Albania, and the purpose of this paper is to study it across the most requested professions and the main economic activities, and also to identify its driving factors. The analysis shows that the division of professions by gender and the undervaluation of professions typically performed by women significantly stimulate gender inequality in the labor market. Through recommendations, we try to suggest public policies that focus on reducing inequalities, especially structural ones, in the labor market.

Building Human Capacity for AI-Driven Innovation in Global Business

Building Human Capacity for AI-Driven Innovation in Global Business
(Building Human Capacity for AI-Driven Innovation in Global Business)

Author(s):Maria Lam
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:425-433
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:epistemic agency; decolonial theory; digital literacy; AI and human collaboration; internal governance
Summary/Abstract:Grounded in decolonial theory and informed by extensive literature, this qualitative study explores a central question: What forms of human capital and governance are essential for developing countries to effectively adopt and create AI solutions, and to engage meaningfully with regional and global resources? The paper emphasizes the empowerment of individuals as epistemic agents capable of critical digital literacy, algorithmic discernment, AI oversights, and hypothesis discovery. At the organizational level, it calls for continuous experimentation, collaborative team learning, leadership modeling, aligned human resources policies, appropriate norms and laws, and the creation of supportive environments that foster locally relevant AI solutions.

Ethical Implications of AI in HRM: a Comprehensive Overview

Ethical Implications of AI in HRM: a Comprehensive Overview
(Ethical Implications of AI in HRM: a Comprehensive Overview)

Author(s):Xhezmije Palushi, Erarda Vuka, Esmeralda Kadena, Kleona Elezaj
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Human Resources in Economy, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Business Ethics
Page Range:434-441
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Artificial Intelligence (AI); Data Privacy; Human Resources Management (HRM); AI Systems
Summary/Abstract:The integration of Artificial Intelligence systems in Human Resources procedures has been associated with a restructuring of the hiring process, employee management, and performance evaluation. However, the use of AI is also associated with many challenges, including the ethical use of these systems. The process of automating human resource management through the use of AI systems certainly provides effective and objective results. Still, on the other hand, it is also associated with questions about whether these systems make a fair and transparent assessment and, above all, ensuring data privacy. The study provides an overview of the ethical use of AI in human resource management systems, placing emphasis mainly on preserving data privacy, reliability, and transparency. This study emphasizes the need to adhere to ethical practices when using AI systems in human resource management in order to provide reliable and fair data management.

Digital Transformation and Employee Psychology: A Literature Review on Stress, Adaptability, and Learning in European Organizations

Digital Transformation and Employee Psychology: A Literature Review on Stress, Adaptability, and Learning in European Organizations
(Digital Transformation and Employee Psychology: A Literature Review on Stress, Adaptability, and Learning in European Organizations)

Author(s):Eneida Zalli
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Psychology, Organizational Psychology, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:442-453
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:digital transformation; employee psychology; stress and adaptability; workplace learning; european organizations
Summary/Abstract:Digital transformation is reshaping European workplaces, bringing automation, AI, and new workflows. While enhancing efficiency, these changes pose psychological challenges for employees, affecting stress, adaptability, and learning. The aim of this study is to conduct a literature review that synthesizes research from organizational psychology, management, and European case studies to explore these impacts. Findings show that high cognitive demands and uncertainty increase stress, whereas training, support, and resilience promote adaptability and skill development. The review highlights gaps in understanding the combined effects of digitalization on employee well-being and provides practical insights for managers and policymakers to design strategies that balance technological advancement with psychological support in European organizations.

The „Messy Middle“ Concept in the Digital Customer Journey and its Application in the Cosmetics Sector

The „Messy Middle“ Concept in the Digital Customer Journey and its Application in the Cosmetics Sector
(The „Messy Middle“ Concept in the Digital Customer Journey and its Application in the Cosmetics Sector)

Author(s):Georgi Malchev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Marketing / Advertising, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:454-467
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:User Journey; Messy Middle; Planning International Sales
Summary/Abstract:The „Messy Middle“ reframes digital decision-making as a dynamic loop between exploration and evaluation, rather than a linear funnel. This study examines how the Messy Middle operates in the cosmetics sector, where perception, trust, and reassurance are central to purchase. Using a qualitative design (semi-structured interviews with decision-makers from three Bulgarian brands active locally and in EU markets), we map the customer journey from trigger to conversion and loyalty, and identify which behavioural mechanisms – category heuristics, social proof, authority, scarcity, power of now, power of free, plus costly signaling – most influence movement within the loop. Findings show that conversions peak when emotional immediacy (problem–solution–result narratives, short-form video) is paired with proof-based reassurance (reviews, certifications, retailer authority, clinical evidence). Cross-market analysis reveals that trust signals travel differently: what persuades locally (emotional storytelling, Cash on Delivery, social proof on Tik-Tok/Facebook) must be re-engineered as rational reassurance in Western Europe (secure payments, transparent returns, recognized retail partners). We extend prior work on user-journey planning for EU exports by grounding Messy Middle principles in cosmetics-specific touchpoints and international adaptation, and we outline implications for marketers and avenues for future research integrating behavioural science and AI-driven journey analytics.

Professionalizing NGOS to Support Bulgaria's European Integration: Governance and Managerial Insights

Professionalizing NGOS to Support Bulgaria's European Integration: Governance and Managerial Insights
(Professionalizing NGOS to Support Bulgaria's European Integration: Governance and Managerial Insights)

Author(s):Ons Hattab
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Human Resources in Economy
Page Range:468-484
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:NGOs; european integration; international management; governance; organizational sustainability
Summary/Abstract:Since Bulgaria’s accession to the EU in 2007, NGOs have played a central role in democratic consolidation and the dissemination of European standards. This paper analyzes fifteen Bulgarian NGOs to understand their governance, professionalization, and human resource management in an international management context, highlighting the balance between employees and volunteers, the diversification of funding sources, and European and international partnerships. The results identify a model combining professionalization and civic engagement, and provide recommendations to support organizational sustainability and strengthen their strategic role within international networks.

Comprehensive Analysis of the Banking Credit Policy: Strategic Framework and Optimization in the Case of Azerbaijan

Comprehensive Analysis of the Banking Credit Policy: Strategic Framework and Optimization in the Case of Azerbaijan
(Comprehensive Analysis of the Banking Credit Policy: Strategic Framework and Optimization in the Case of Azerbaijan)

Author(s):Vafa Salman
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Economic policy, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:485-491
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:credit system; banking sector; credit resources; credit policy; credit technology; risk management; economic development; Azerbaijan banking; financial stability; credit allocation
Summary/Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the key parameters shaping the credit system within banking institutions. By exploring the theoretical foundations of system concepts and applying them to the banking credit framework, the study examines the structural, functional, and strategic aspects of credit systems. It highlights the dynamic interrelations between credit resources and allocations, the integration of credit policy and credit technologies, and the importance of aligning credit operations with macro- and microeconomic factors. Emphasizing the critical role of effective management and regulatory compliance, the paper underscores how a well-organized credit system contributes to economic stability, sustainable growth, and financial sector resilience. The findings also reflect on the specific features of Azerbaijan’s banking sector and offer insights for optimizing credit systems in similar emerging economies.

Bulgaria’s Eurozone Entry: Opportunities, Challenges and Adaptive Strategies for Small and Medium-Sized Hotels

Bulgaria’s Eurozone Entry: Opportunities, Challenges and Adaptive Strategies for Small and Medium-Sized Hotels
(Bulgaria’s Eurozone Entry: Opportunities, Challenges and Adaptive Strategies for Small and Medium-Sized Hotels)

Author(s):Dhruv Bole
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets, Tourism
Page Range:492-510
No. of Pages:19
Keywords:Bulgaria; euro adoption; Eurozone entry; small and medium-sized hotels; tourism industry
Summary/Abstract:Small and Medium-sized Hotel Operators (SMHOs) are a major component of the Bulgaria's hospitality industry and are a key driver of national development. Given Bulgaria's planned entry into the Eurozone in early 2026, the transition to the common currency, the euro, is anticipated to bring both opportunities and challenges for these operators, particularly those operating under low profit margins. Using a narrative review approach, this study examines the opportunities that Eurozone adoption may create for such hotels, while also analyzing the challenges that could influence their competitiveness, drawing on insights from peer-reviewed academic literature, government reports, and industry publications. The study finds that Bulgaria's accession to the Eurozone would be advantageous to SMHOs in terms of more business opportunities, the removal of currency exchange risks, more investment opportunities, and access to European Union-funded financial assistance. It may also bring challenges such as increased payroll cost, lower access to credit, decline in domestic tourism, and the requirement of investment for sustainability, which can raise operating expenses. The proposed solutions in the study are able to meet such challenges and realize the benefits of Eurozone membership. The study's significance is that it provides SMHOs with a more comprehensive understanding of the potential opportunities and challenges that are likely to be confronted in the adoption of the Eurozone, highlighting the need for strategic and timely interventions to maintain their competitiveness.

The Consolidation of Schengen Integration Through Adherence to the Rule of Law

The Consolidation of Schengen Integration Through Adherence to the Rule of Law
(The Consolidation of Schengen Integration Through Adherence to the Rule of Law)

Author(s):Tomilayo Aroyehun
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Political Theory, Governance, Politics and society, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, EU-Legislation, Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption
Page Range:511-517
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:EU integration; Schengen Area; institutional reforms; rule of law; corruption; convergence
Summary/Abstract:Over 17 years since its accession, Bulgaria's full incorporation into the European Union remains unfinished, notably regarding the Schengen Area. This paper examines the critical link between Bulgaria's domestic institutional reforms and analyses the prospects for its continued development and for deeper EU integration. It argues that persistent challenges in upholding the rule of law and combating corruption have created a trust deficit, acting as the primary political obstacle to full Schengen membership and deeper convergence. The analysis concludes that Bulgaria's future development within the Union is contingent on a renewed domestic commitment to strengthening democratic institutions.

How Consumers Perceive AI-Generated vs Human Created Brand Visuals

How Consumers Perceive AI-Generated vs Human Created Brand Visuals
(How Consumers Perceive AI-Generated vs Human Created Brand Visuals)

Author(s):Adriyan Dinev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Marketing / Advertising, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:518-531
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Generative AI; advertising; brand banners; brand communication; consumer perception
Summary/Abstract:Generative Artificial Intelligence is progressively utilized to enhance many functions throughout the business world. Marketing and communication are no exception to this. Technology is improving constantly, which is also raising a question on how the consumer's perceive visual banners created by generative AI compared to the ones created by humans. This paper reports an experimental study that compares two banner advertisements for FMCG brand – one created by the company's creative staff and the other generated using ChatGPT and DALL·E. The study utilizes three recognized measuring scales: perceived authenticity, brand identity clarity, and consumer engagement. The objective is to investigate the impact of algorithmically generated visual advertising on consumer perception and emotional response in B2C brand communication in Bulgaria. The research delivers factual insights into the changing use of AI in advertising. It also presents practical recommendations for marketers and businesses adapting to hybrid creative approaches.

Creating Value Through Innovation. Pasona Natureverse And Future City in Expo 2025 Osaka

Creating Value Through Innovation. Pasona Natureverse And Future City in Expo 2025 Osaka
(Creating Value Through Innovation. Pasona Natureverse And Future City in Expo 2025 Osaka)

Author(s):Konstantin Ivanov
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Sociology, Social development, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:532-540
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Japan; Expo 2025; Society 5.0; innovation
Summary/Abstract:The report examines the 2025 World Expo in Osaka, Kansai, and the ways in which it contributes to the popularization of Japan’s concept of Society 5.0. The focus of the report are the two pavilions – PASONA NATUREVERSE and Future City. Data was gathered personally by the author as an official participant in the Expo during the month of July via pavilion visits and interviews with pavilion staff and the deputy pavilion director of Future City. The aim is to showcase the ways in which the ideas and prototypes exhibited in the pavilions could help create value in everyday life and contribute towards a more sustainable human society.

Linguistic Framing and Ethical Implications in European Digital Transformation Narratives: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Linguistic Framing and Ethical Implications in European Digital Transformation Narratives: A Critical Discourse Analysis
(Linguistic Framing and Ethical Implications in European Digital Transformation Narratives: A Critical Discourse Analysis)

Author(s):Ahmad Ali
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Political Theory, Governance, Politics and communication, Politics and society, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Business Ethics
Page Range:541-550
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:digital transformation; critical discourse analysis; AI ethics; innovation narratives; entrepreneurship; linguistic framing
Summary/Abstract:The paper discusses the European Union digital transformation and argues that the talking is shaped by linguistic framing which legitimizes particular technological and ideological agendas and marginalizes alternative perspectives. The study examines EU policy documents, innovation reports, startup communications, and speeches produced between 2020 and 2025. The analysis demonstrates that innovation is consistently framed as inevitable, beneficial, and essential through strategic lexical choices, metaphorical constructions, and narrative structures. The findings also reveal that dominant English language discourse privileges market-oriented and Anglo-centric perspectives and restricts pluralistic participation in digital policymaking. The paper concludes that current digital transformation narratives require greater ethical reflection, linguistic inclusiveness, and democratic participation.

Decentralization of the Fiscal Package and Poverty Challenges in Albania: the Case of Has Municipality in the Context of European Integration

Decentralization of the Fiscal Package and Poverty Challenges in Albania: the Case of Has Municipality in the Context of European Integration
(Decentralization of the Fiscal Package and Poverty Challenges in Albania: the Case of Has Municipality in the Context of European Integration)

Author(s):Fatmira Qema
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Public Administration, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Public Finances, Fiscal Politics / Budgeting
Page Range:551-564
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:fiscal decentralization; poverty; Albania; local governance; EU integration
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines the relationship between fiscal decentralization and poverty reduction in Albania, focusing on Has Municipality as a case study. The analysis reveals that, despite reforms designed to empower local governments, limited revenue capacity and high dependence on central transfers constrain effective service delivery. These structural limitations reduce the municipality’s ability to tackle poverty and foster local development. The findings suggest that strengthening fiscal autonomy, alongside targeted support from national and EU frameworks, is essential for promoting social cohesion and sustainable growth within the context of European integration.

The Ripple Effect Model (REM) For the Strategic Governance of Technological Sovereignty: The New Challenges to the International Technological Transfer

The Ripple Effect Model (REM) For the Strategic Governance of Technological Sovereignty: The New Challenges to the International Technological Transfer
(The Ripple Effect Model (REM) For the Strategic Governance of Technological Sovereignty: The New Challenges to the International Technological Transfer)

Author(s):Simeon Stoilov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Economic policy, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:565-573
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Ripple Effect Model; technological sovereignty; technology transfer; innovation integration; geo-economics
Summary/Abstract:Technology has become a central driver of economic growth and competitiveness, yet it is increasingly influenced by global geo-economic shifts. This study introduces the Ripple Effect Model (REM), a macro-analytical framework for assessing the multidisciplinary economic impact of technological advancement and international technology transfer. REM quantifies direct, indirect, and induced effects across economic, institutional, environmental, and social dimensions, translating innovation outcomes into measurable indicators. The model supports policymakers in evaluating performance, anticipating systemic change, and strengthening technological sovereignty as a foundation for sustainable and adaptive economic growth.

The Impact of Climate Risk on GDP Growth in European Countries

The Impact of Climate Risk on GDP Growth in European Countries
(The Impact of Climate Risk on GDP Growth in European Countries)

Author(s):Ardit Gjeci, Andromahi Kufo, Athina Tori, Marklei Xeka
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:574-582
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:CO2 emissions; GDP Growth; European Union; Western Balkans
Summary/Abstract:We examine the impact of CO2 emissions on economic growth across 27 EU member states and 3 Western Balkan countries that are EU candidate countries, from 2004 to 2023, using a robust fixed effect model. The results indicate a statistically significant positive relationship between carbon dioxide and economic growth, suggesting that the economic expansion in these countries, at least up to 2019, has been closely related to carbon-intensive industrial activities, transportation, and other factors. A complementary analysis focusing on the period before the EU Green Act from 2004 to 2019 confirms a positive association, emphasizing the dependence on heavy industries with limited environmental regulation. Our findings reveal a complex trade-off between economic development and environmental sustainability, highlighting that efforts to reduce carbon emissions may challenge traditional growth models. The study contributes to understanding the interconnection between environmental policies and economic growth. It provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to balance these critical priorities by implementing further sustainable growth policies.

Modeling and Simulation of an Innovative Nuclear–Renewable Hybrid Energy System for Seaport Regions

Modeling and Simulation of an Innovative Nuclear–Renewable Hybrid Energy System for Seaport Regions
(Modeling and Simulation of an Innovative Nuclear–Renewable Hybrid Energy System for Seaport Regions)

Author(s):Erald Aliko, Jan Emblemsvåg
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Geography, Regional studies, Energy and Environmental Studies, Applied Geography, Environmental and Energy policy, Transport / Logistics, Green Transformation
Page Range:583-594
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems; seaport; cost of energy; simulation
Summary/Abstract:Seaport regions face unique energy challenges due to high population density, vulnerability to climate change, and the rising demand for reliable low-carbon power. Both renewable and nuclear energy can provide significant contributions to decarbonizing the maritime sector. This study presents a techno-economic analysis of a nuclear-renewable hybrid energy system (Nu-R HES) modeled to meet the electricity demand of a seaport region in Albania. Small modular reactor (SMR), solar, and a hydroelectric power plant are considered as components of the hybrid energy system. The hybrid energy system management is load following, so the sum of the electricity generated tends to meet the demand. The analysis is performed using Excel for modeling and Monte Carlo mathematical simulation to evaluate the energy output and the cost of energy of the Nu-R HES. The results show the versatility of the hybrid system in providing for the electricity demand, promoting sustainable development for seaport regions. The cost of energy of the hybrid energy system is competitive with current electricity prices in Albania.

Doctor’s Personal Brand Vs. Clinic’s Brand: Managing Dual Branding in European Healthcare

Doctor’s Personal Brand Vs. Clinic’s Brand: Managing Dual Branding in European Healthcare
(Doctor’s Personal Brand Vs. Clinic’s Brand: Managing Dual Branding in European Healthcare)

Author(s):Martina Dimitrova
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Sociology, Management and complex organizations, Health and medicine and law, Marketing / Advertising, Human Resources in Economy
Page Range:595-603
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:personal branding; brand architecture; co-branding; healthcare marketing
Summary/Abstract:The growing influence of digital media and greater patient autonomy have led physicians to cultivate personal brands that exist alongside the established identities of clinics and hospitals. This dual-brand context creates strategic complexity in defining how individual and institutional brands co-exist within a coherent brand architecture. The proposed framework conceptualises their interaction along a spectrum ranging from alignment to divergence. When alignment prevails – through consistent values, communication style, and professional ethos -both parties benefit from stronger credibility, trust, and shared brand equity. In contrast, conflicting messages or incongruent identities can weaken reputation and diminish patient loyalty. Effective management requires governance structures that promote coherence, such as unified communication guidelines, integrated marketing strategies, and clear role delineation. Conceptually, this approach reinterprets brand architecture to include individual professionals as active brand entities within organisational ecosystems. Practically, it highlights the importance of coordinated branding strategies that harmonise personal and institutional identities, ensuring that physicians’ individual visibility contributes to the broader reputation and trustworthiness of the healthcare organisation.

The Rhetoric of Economic Reforms in Post-Communist Albania: A Critical Discourse Analysis

The Rhetoric of Economic Reforms in Post-Communist Albania: A Critical Discourse Analysis
(The Rhetoric of Economic Reforms in Post-Communist Albania: A Critical Discourse Analysis)

Author(s):Irena Cani
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Political Theory, Recent History (1900 till today), Special Historiographies:, Politics and communication, Politics and society, Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Post-Communist Transformation, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:604-614
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:economic reforms; post-communist Albania; discourse analysis; rhetoric; european integration
Summary/Abstract:The transition from central planning to a market-oriented economy in post-communist Albania was accompanied by profound shifts not only in policy, but also in the language through which reforms were communicated to the public. This paper investigates the rhetoric of economic reforms in post-communist Albania, examining how political leaders, policymakers, and media outlets framed processes such as privatization, liberalization, and European integration. Drawing on discourse analysis (Fairclough; van Dijk), the study identifies key linguistic and rhetorical strategies including appeals to modernization, urgency, and national progress that were employed to legitimize controversial reforms and to construct public consensus around Albania’s reorientation toward international markets. The findings reveal the ideological underpinnings of reform discourse, where economic measures were often justified through metaphors of “catching up with Europe,” “overcoming the past,” and “building prosperity.” By analyzing representative speeches and media texts from the transition period, this research sheds light on the intersection of language, ideology, and economic transformation in Albania. The study also contributes to a broader understanding of how transitional economies discursively negotiate legitimacy in the global economic arena.

Entrepreneurship Development Fund (EDF) Model: Lessons from Bangladesh and Prospects for European Universities

Entrepreneurship Development Fund (EDF) Model: Lessons from Bangladesh and Prospects for European Universities
(Entrepreneurship Development Fund (EDF) Model: Lessons from Bangladesh and Prospects for European Universities)

Author(s):Ahmrafsan Khondokar
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Education, Business Economy / Management, Sociology, Higher Education , Sociology of the arts, business, education, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research, Pedagogy
Page Range:615-622
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Entrepreneurship Development Fund; revolving loan; student entrepreneurship; higher education financing; Europe
Summary/Abstract:This study analyzes the Entrepreneurship Development Fund (EDF) at Daffodil International University (DIU) as a novel revolving loan-based framework for student entrepreneurship and assesses its relevance to European universities. We employed a mixed-methods approach to gather data from three surveys: EDF managers and administrators, student founders who received or requested EDF support, and the general student population. Secondary desk research and a literature review provided comparative insights into the financing mechanisms of European higher education. The results show that EDF has helped DIU become more entrepreneurial by giving money and advice to student founders at the start. But there are still problems with making sure that all three of these things repayment, monitoring, and long-term viability work. Beneficiaries said that EDF is important for helping people start their own businesses, even though there isn't much help or chance to grow after they graduate. A larger survey of students shows that many of them are interested in revolving funds like EDF. Students would rather borrow money with low interest rates that are easy to understand than money that they don't have to pay back. European universities mostly get money from grants, contests, and incubators. Few individuals utilize revolving loan structures. The study shows that colleges and universities all over the world can use EDF as a model to stay in business. European universities could help their ecosystems grow by adding revolving loan programs to their grants. This would make sure that people are responsible, keep track of their money, and have a lasting effect.

Cash vs. Digital: Determinants of Payment Preferences in the Euro Area

Cash vs. Digital: Determinants of Payment Preferences in the Euro Area
(Cash vs. Digital: Determinants of Payment Preferences in the Euro Area)

Author(s):Elkjer Qema, Kushtrim Braha, Artan Qineti
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:623-641
No. of Pages:19
Keywords:payment preferences; cash; digital payments; digital literacy; privacy; euro area
Summary/Abstract:This study examines the determinants of consumer payment preferences in the euro area using data from the European Central Bank’s Study on the Payment Attitudes of Consumers in the Euro Area (SPACE 2024). Although digital payments are increasingly prevalent, cash remains a significant medium of exchange. Understanding the drivers behind consumer choices is essential for shaping monetary policy, financial inclusion, and retail payment strategies. Drawing on questionnaire responses, we analyze how socioeconomic factors, digital capabilities, and trust-related concerns influence preferences for cash versus digital methods. Using logistic regression with country fixed effects, we find that income, education, digital literacy, and privacy concerns are the strongest predictors of digital payment preference. Higher-income individuals are more than three times as likely as lower-income groups to prefer digital methods, while tertiary education increases digital preference by over 60%. Digital literacy raises the odds by about 25%, whereas privacy concerns lower them by around 40%. In contrast to prevailing assumptions, age exhibits no significant effect after controlling for other variables. Likewise, gender and technical issues do not demonstrate statistically significant associations with payment preferences. The findings underscore that economic inclusion, digital skills, and trust-building are more critical than demographics for digital adoption. These insights provide policymakers and payment providers with evidence to design inclusive, secure, and consumer-oriented payment systems across the euro area.

The Development of Sustainable Tourism in Albania and Tourists’ Approach Towards Development

The Development of Sustainable Tourism in Albania and Tourists’ Approach Towards Development
(The Development of Sustainable Tourism in Albania and Tourists’ Approach Towards Development)

Author(s):Enrik Sejdinaj, Loris Hoxha, Rakela Zefi Lazaj, Besmir Kanushi
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Marketing / Advertising, Tourism
Page Range:642-649
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:sustainable tourism; Albania; tourist perceptions; digitalization; regional development
Summary/Abstract:This article analyzes the development of sustainable tourism in Albania and tourists’ perceptions of this process. Tourism is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Albanian economy, with extraordinary natural and cultural potential, but also with serious challenges related to sustainability, diversification of the offer, and infrastructure improvement. The study is based on a combination of methods: a literature review on the concept of sustainable tourism and an empirical analysis through questionnaires distributed to tourists (401 individuals) and tourism businesses (1900 units). The article relies on existing literature and data from international organizations such as UNWTO and OECD, as well as on several studies conducted in the Albanian context. The aim is to analyze the challenges and opportunities related to this form of development, as well as to examine tourists’ attitudes toward sustainable practices during their visits to Albania. The results show that 87% of tourists rated their first experience in Albania as positive, but only 13% have returned for repeat visits. This gap highlights the discrepancy between the initial experience and the creation of long-term loyalty. On the other hand, 40% of businesses consider tourism as the most attractive sector for investment, but they report difficulties in accessing finance, lack of digitalization, and insufficient institutional support The analysis reveals the contrast between tourists’ perceptions, the enthusiasm of businesses, and the structural challenges that hinder sustainable development. The article concludes with recommendations for integrated policies, diversification of tourism products, investments in digitalization, and improvement of service quality.

Should the Bank of Albania Change Its Main Objective?

Should the Bank of Albania Change Its Main Objective?
(Should the Bank of Albania Change Its Main Objective?)

Author(s):Vladimir Mici
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Economic policy, Financial Markets
Page Range:650-663
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Central Bank; price stability; economic growth; full employment
Summary/Abstract:The circumstances and phases of Albania's development have resulted in a market where different currencies, particularly the dollar and the euro, are freely traded. There are further currencies available. The circumstances are important since there are a lot of transactions in these foreign currencies, and in everyday speech, you might find safe marketplaces where these transactions are used only or nearly only in these currencies. The Albanian Lek (ALL) seriously undermines the Central Bank's role as a protector of price stability. This is due to the fact that the Albanian Lek (ALL) fails to provide the prerequisites for achieving and maintaining price stability. The Law "On the Bank of Albania" says that "achieving and maintaining price stability" is its fundamental objective. The legislation's definition of this objective ensures the independence of the Central Bank. The central bank's instruments aim to promote economic growth, productivity, and employment in addition to price stability in order to guarantee an efficient monetary policy. By examining the central bank's policies in connection to economic development, employment, and performance, as well as the European Union, we try to analyze this phenomenon. Stated differently, objectives will be viewed as reacting to the economic situation and growth rates. The central bank must, however, define or provide an understanding of the word "price stability" in order to be open and accountable. Some of the challenges that arise in the pursuit of the main objective include defining the inflation category that the central bank chooses as a target while maintaining a balance between accountability and independence, credibility and transparency, and defining what it means to achieve and maintain price stability.

Fiscal Policy and Consumer Confidence: A Survey-Based Study of Albania

Fiscal Policy and Consumer Confidence: A Survey-Based Study of Albania
(Fiscal Policy and Consumer Confidence: A Survey-Based Study of Albania)

Author(s):Ardita Hykaj
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Economic policy, Public Finances, Fiscal Politics / Budgeting, Accounting - Business Administration, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:664-675
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:fiscal policy; consumer confidence; taxation; public expenditure; Albania
Summary/Abstract:Fiscal policy is a crucial determinant of consumer expectations and household spending behavior, particularly in emerging economies such as Albania, where economic stability is closely tied to public trust in government measures. The research examines the interaction between the key instruments of fiscal policy, specifically taxation, public expenditure, and fiscal incentives, and consumer confidence within the Albanian economy. Using a survey-based methodology, the research collects primary data through questionnaires administered to Albanian households, aiming to capture their perceptions of fiscal measures and their impact on consumption and saving decisions. The study addresses three central questions: (1) How do Albanian consumers perceive the role of fiscal policy in ensuring economic stability? (2) To what extent do taxation and government spending influence household consumption patterns? (3) What are the expectations of Albanian consumers regarding the improvement of fiscal governance in the context of EU integration? The findings are expected to contribute to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the fiscal policy–consumer confidence nexus in a small, transitioning economy. From a policy-making perspective, the study offers practical recommendations for enhancing fiscal governance, strengthening consumer trust, and supporting sustainable growth in Albania.

The Intersection of AI and Corporate Governance: Legal and Economic Implications in the Digital Age

The Intersection of AI and Corporate Governance: Legal and Economic Implications in the Digital Age
(The Intersection of AI and Corporate Governance: Legal and Economic Implications in the Digital Age)

Author(s):Enrik Sejdinaj, Rezart Dibra, Rakela Zefi Lazaj, Besmir Kanushi
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:676-689
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:AI; Corporate Governance; Legal Implications; Economic Implications; Digital Age
Summary/Abstract:The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into corporate governance has transformed decision – making processes, operational efficiency, and strategic oversight in the digital age. As AI technologies become increasingly embedded in corporate structures, they bring forth significant legal and economic implications. This research underscores the importance of understanding how AI influences governance frameworks, particularly in addressing emerging risks and opportunities in a digitally driven economy. This study aims to analyze the impact of AI on corporate governance, focusing on the legal and economic implications that arise from its adoption. It seeks to explore how AI reshapes decision making, risk management, and regulatory compliance within corporate entities. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining a comprehensive literature review with qualitative analysis of case studies and regulatory frameworks. This methodology allows for a nuanced understanding of the intersection between AI and corporate governance. The study reveals that AI significantly enhances decision-making accuracy and operational efficiency in corporate governance. However, it also identifies critical legal risks, such as data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, and accountability issues. Economically, AI adoption drives competitive advantage but may exacerbate inequalities and disrupt labor markets. The findings highlight the need for robust regulatory frameworks to mitigate risks while maximizing AI's potential. The research concludes that AI's integration into corporate governance presents both transformative opportunities and complex challenges. It emphasizes the necessity for policymakers and corporate leaders to develop adaptive strategies that balance innovation with ethical and legal considerations. Practical recommendations include fostering transparency, ensuring accountability, and promoting inclusive AI adoption to harness its full potential in the digital age.

Learning Difficulties of Children 6–12 Years Old. Case Study City of Durres

Learning Difficulties of Children 6–12 Years Old. Case Study City of Durres
(Learning Difficulties of Children 6–12 Years Old. Case Study City of Durres)

Author(s):Adisa Teliti
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Education, Inclusive Education / Inclusion, Sociology of Education
Page Range:690-699
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:handicap; school role; collaboration; teacher
Summary/Abstract:One of the main problems that our society faces is the treatment of incapable people. It is very important to interfere just to help and support in a very organized way the handicap children in our country. The big decider to withdraw the barriers that causes the handicap it is closely related to the idea of human’s rights and those people that have been harmed. No one can live as a human being, when the human rights and freedom are not respected. These groups of people have the same rights with all the other citizens. Being incapable to learn is affected by the difficulties in acquiring, mental content and from hyperactivity that is associated with the absence of concentration and communication, aggressivity and many other emotional and depressive problems. It values the importance to acknowledge the person’s intelligence rank, this related to many biological, social and environmental and educational factors. To improve the conditions and these difficulty in acquiring and everything related to this an important role has the teachers. Insisting in realization of all included in the lesson by combating the hidden abandonment. Motivating the pupils by finding different working ways to encourage the decider of being active during the lesson. So, it’s very important to have a very effective collaboration between teachers and parents in order that all these children must feel equal in every educational atmosphere. This will directly influence in the improvement of their state and in the socialization that is a very important element.

Generative AI as a Co-Founder: How Language Models Mediate Entrepreneurial Communication and Early-Stage Traction

Generative AI as a Co-Founder: How Language Models Mediate Entrepreneurial Communication and Early-Stage Traction
(Generative AI as a Co-Founder: How Language Models Mediate Entrepreneurial Communication and Early-Stage Traction)

Author(s):Muntaqim Meherab, Sanela Hossain, Azizur Rahman, Zarif Mahmud
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Marketing / Advertising, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:700-719
No. of Pages:20
Keywords:generative AI; entrepreneurship; research agenda; rhetoric, persuasion; startup traction
Summary/Abstract:Generative language models now help founders draft the words that launch new ventures: pitch decks, landing pages, outreach emails, and product microcopy. We treat a capable LLM as an “AI co-founder” for the communication function and lay out a research agenda that links four micro-rhetorical levers – clarity, cohesion, specificity, and call-to-action (CTA) strength – to early traction: click-throughs, sign-ups, replies, and first sales. Building on evidence that wording can move behavior and that AI support may narrow capability gaps, we pose research questions about whether, how, and for whom AI-assisted language changes outcomes. We outline measurement strategies for the four levers, suggest study designs (observational pipelines, field A/B programs where feasible, and causal-mediation plans), and spell out equity, credibility, and safety considerations to guide future work. We close with a practitioner toolkit and open instruments to help founders apply these ideas and to make progress cumulative.

Sustainable Development and Public Administration

Sustainable Development and Public Administration
(Sustainable Development and Public Administration)

Author(s):Majlinda Velcani, Endri Balla
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Governance, Public Administration
Page Range:720-730
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:sustainable development; public administration; public services; Agenda 2030
Summary/Abstract:This paper analyzes how public administration contributes to sustainable development by evaluating the policies and strategies implemented by state institutions to achieve a balanced approach to economic, social, and environmental growth. Sustainable development is a worldwide aim that necessitates collective commitment from the public sector, private sector, and civil society. As an all-encompassing concept, it seeks to maintain equilibrium between economic advancement, environmental stewardship, and social welfare, tackling current challenges without jeopardizing the prospects for future generations. Public administration functions as an institutional and organizational system that enables the state's operations and enforces public policies at both national and local levels. It comprises a variety of structures and processes that are tasked with delivering public services, managing state resources, and ensuring effective and sustainable governance. Traditionally, public administration can be defined as a governmental executive mechanism that implements laws and regulations to facilitate the functioning of an organized society. This paper examines the sustainable development objectives set by the 2030 Agenda, emphasizing the concrete measures Albania has taken to reach these goals at both central and local levels. The research focuses on Albanian public administration policies related to renewable energy, waste management, sustainable transportation, and environmental protection. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities faced by the Albanian public sector in advancing sustainable development and offers suggestions for enhancing current practices and policies. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the involvement of Albanian public administration in achieving sustainable development and to assist in formulating more effective policies to secure a sustainable future for the nation. In a modern and progressive society, public administration is vital in both the creation and execution of policies that significantly impact citizens’ lives. Its efficiency and transparency are critical elements in ensuring effective governance and fostering sustainable development.

Consumer Protection in the Framework of Digital Services Contracts

Consumer Protection in the Framework of Digital Services Contracts
(Consumer Protection in the Framework of Digital Services Contracts)

Author(s):Endri Balla
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Business Economy / Management, Civil Law, Socio-Economic Research, EU-Legislation
Page Range:731-742
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:consumers; service provider; digital services; contract terms; rights; harmonization
Summary/Abstract:Digital services are an integral part of our modern lives, offering a wide range of products and services, from social media platforms to e-commerce platforms. Advances in technology and the proliferation of e-commerce have led to an increase in online shopping, but also to neë challenges for consumer protection in this digitized ecosystem. This coursework aims to analyse the dynamics of digital services contracts based on historical developments and current trends. It also aims to examine the current practices and regulations in place to ensure consumer protection in this changing digital context. Through an analysis of the current Albanian legislation and the jurisprudence of the courts, the main challenges that consumers face in relation to these contracts will be examined, as well as the legal protection mechanisms that are available. Moreover, the whole paper will focus on a comparative view with the European Union standards in this field. Drawing on various studies in the field of consumer law and examples of judicial practice, the course assignment will research and collect the essential principles for guaranteeing consumer rights in the context of digital services. The discussion will focus on key elements of digital service contracts, such as terms of use, privacy policies and payment terms, identifying potential risks and ways to address them.

Optimization of Energy Losses in the Albanian Distribution Network Using Hybrid Methods

Optimization of Energy Losses in the Albanian Distribution Network Using Hybrid Methods
(Optimization of Energy Losses in the Albanian Distribution Network Using Hybrid Methods)

Author(s):Dorjan Zela, Katerina Zela, Besjana Mema
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Energy and Environmental Studies, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:743-757
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:Energy losses; Quantum optimization; Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE); OSHEE distribution network; Chebyshev polynomials
Summary/Abstract:Electricity losses are a particular challenge for the Albanian energy sector, demanding economic costs and their security. According to data from the Energy Regulator (ERE), the ratios in their network have remained among the highest in the region, fluctuating on average between 16% and 20% over the last decade. The Electricity Distribution Operator (OSHEE) uses traditional methods such as energy balances, infrastructure investments, etc. However, these face limitations due to the high computational complexity and non-linear nature of the optimization problems. In this study, an innovative hybrid quantum-classical approach is proposed through the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithm, which leverages the power of NISQ (Noisy Intermediate- Scale Quantum) quantum computers to model and reduce the technical complexity of the technology. The methodology is based on the formulation of a customized Hamiltonian for the OSHEE network, integrating the parameters of the lines, transformers and technical constraints. The quantum ansatz is called the Chebyshev policy. The first results from the simulations show an average product of 4–10 in reducing the results compared to traditional numerical methods such as linear programming of various types not applied in Albania. This paper contributes in the scientific aspect, by advancing the applications of quantum optimization in energy systems, as well as in a practical spectrum, by providing a model that connects technological innovation with the concrete challenges of the energy sector in Albania.

Autonomus Network and Internet of Things Help Increase Energy Efficensy in Economy

Autonomus Network and Internet of Things Help Increase Energy Efficensy in Economy
(Autonomus Network and Internet of Things Help Increase Energy Efficensy in Economy)

Author(s):Matilda Luma, Katerina Zela
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:758-769
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:IoT; Internet; IoT Components; IoT Architecture; IoT Features; IoT Applications; Advantages-Disadvantages; energy consumption; energy efficiency; planning; data transmission
Summary/Abstract:Today, the Internet has become the most important and revolutionary invention that has touched almost every corner of the world and has tremendously impacted human life. The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. It is a system of interconnected computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are equipped with unique identifiers (UIDs). The communication that occurs today is mainly in the form of human-human or human-machine, but IoT promises a great future where communication will also be realized in the form of machine-machine. IoT has changed the way people live, making it more advanced and has had an impact on many different sectors, giving positive effects in the world. In addition to its many advantages, it also has some challenges and disadvantages. This study mainly focuses on the main points related to IoT, how it works, its components, architecture, features, applications, advantages-disadvantages and many more. IoT is a vast topic to discuss and address. With the emergence of the Internet of Things, a huge increase in smart applications has been observed. In the coming years, IoT will become ubiquitous. Billions of sensors will be installed to implement IoT applications, which will generate a huge amount of data. Such a large volume of sensors, data, and devices will have huge financial costs. In addition to the installation cost, the energy consumption of IoT devices is a significant area of concern. Although IoT applications are considered to be very energy efficient, their energy consumption remains high. The energy efficiency of IoT will make this technology a long-term choice in the coming years. In this paper, a study of an IoT-based application is conducted. In order to reduce the energy consumption during data transmission in IoT-based applications, a solution is proposed and implemented to increase energy efficiency. Data transmission scheduling is the proposed solution, which mainly focuses on reducing energy consumption during continuous data transmission in IoT applications, keeping the network device or gateway active all the time and causing continuous energy consumption. The proposed solution aims to reduce energy consumption in IoT applications by transmitting data to the cloud in a more energy-efficient manner.

Adoption Of Cloud-Based Information Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMES): A Case Study with Questionnaire-Based Analysis in Albania

Adoption Of Cloud-Based Information Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMES): A Case Study with Questionnaire-Based Analysis in Albania
(Adoption Of Cloud-Based Information Systems in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMES): A Case Study with Questionnaire-Based Analysis in Albania)

Author(s):Frida Zisko, Besjana Mema
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:770-784
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:Information System Technology; SMEs; Cloud Adoption; Questionnaire Analysis; Albania
Summary/Abstract:This study examines how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Albania are adopting cloud-based Information System Technology (IST) and the challenges they face during this process. As SMEs represent a significant part of the Albanian economy, their ability to integrate digital systems such as enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM), and accounting platforms is crucial for improving efficiency and competitiveness. To evaluate adoption trends, a questionnaire was distributed to managers and IT staff across different business sectors. The survey measured awareness, perceived usefulness, cost considerations, technological readiness, and employee skills in relation to IST implementation. Results show that SMEs increasingly recognize the benefits of cloud-based systems, including cost reduction, scalability, and operational efficiency. However, barriers such as cybersecurity risks, lack of technical expertise, and limited financial resources continue to hinder widespread adoption. The findings suggest that successful digital transformation requires stronger support through training programs, government policies, and collaboration with technology providers. By addressing these challenges, SMEs in Albania can enhance their competitiveness in both local and international markets.

Modeling and Forecasting the Euro/Lek Exchange Rate Using Advanced Time Series Models and Artificial Intelligence

Modeling and Forecasting the Euro/Lek Exchange Rate Using Advanced Time Series Models and Artificial Intelligence
(Modeling and Forecasting the Euro/Lek Exchange Rate Using Advanced Time Series Models and Artificial Intelligence)

Author(s):Katerina Zela, Dorjan Zela
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Financial Markets, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:785-790
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Euro/ Lek; time series; ARIMA; artificial neural network; financial forecasting
Summary/Abstract:The Euro/ Lek exchange rate is a key indicator for the financial stability and economic development of Albania, directly affecting foreign trade, remittances and monetary policies. This study aims to model and forecast the performance of the Euro/ Lek exchange rate using combined statistical and artificial intelligence approaches. Initially, the structure of historical data is analyzed through classical time series methods such as ARIMA and SARIMA, which provide the basis for capturing linear features and seasonality. Then, to address the complexity and non-linear behavior of the market, artificial neural network (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models are integrated, building a hybrid ARIMA-ANN approach. The comparison of the models' performance is carried out through error indicators such as RMSE, MSE and MAPE, demonstrating that hybrid models provide more accurate results in short- and medium-term forecasting. The study findings suggest that the use of advanced artificial intelligence methods, in combination with traditional models, represents a powerful tool for banks, businesses and policymakers in risk management and in making strategic decisions on the exchange rate.

Blockchain and the New Health Contributions Fund

Blockchain and the New Health Contributions Fund
(Blockchain and the New Health Contributions Fund)

Author(s):Brisela Mehmetllari, Neki Frashëri
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Public Administration, Public Finances, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
Page Range:791-802
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:blockchain; healthcare fund; transparency; smart contracts; Albania
Summary/Abstract:This paper analyzes and proposes the creation of a deduced IT system for the Health Contribution Fund in the Republic of Albania, based on blockchain technology. Relying on international practices of new digital innovations in the health sector and adapting them to the Albanian institutional and financial reality, the study argues that the introduction of blockchain technology tends to reduce financial abuses, strengthen institutional accountability, and increase citizens' trust in all mechanisms of the public health system. This research will use a mixed-methods approach, combining three main components (interview, survey, and legal/institutional analysis) and the design of a pilot project for practical implementation. The application of blockchain in healthcare in developing countries such as Albania is considered a practical guide for policymakers towards transparent, efficient, and citizen-oriented financing.

Legal Regulation for Online Platforms in the EU. Harmonization of Albanian Legislation with the EU Legal Framework on Civil Liability

Legal Regulation for Online Platforms in the EU. Harmonization of Albanian Legislation with the EU Legal Framework on Civil Liability
(Legal Regulation for Online Platforms in the EU. Harmonization of Albanian Legislation with the EU Legal Framework on Civil Liability)

Author(s):Olta Stasa, Ersida Teliti
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Media studies, Communication studies, EU-Legislation
Page Range:803-820
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:online platforms; media market; Digital Services Act; EU legal framework; digital intermediaries; civil liability
Summary/Abstract:The evolution of the audiovisual market and the emergence of online platforms have fundamentally transformed the way media content is distributed and consumed. In addition to the obvious benefits related to access, diversity and innovation, these developments have also brought about a number of legal, ethical and economic concerns. The European Commission has responded by drafting a comprehensive legal framework, such as the Digital Services Regulation (DSA) and the Digital Market Services Regulation (DMA), which set out the obligations of online platforms, in particular those with very high impact (VLOP), to ensure transparency, accountability and the protection of users' rights. A key aspect of the discussion is the relationship between online platforms and media service providers, highlighting the obligations that online portals have to provide mechanisms that enable media service providers to declare their editorial status and independence, to respect transparency standards, to ensure human control over content generated by artificial intelligence and to establish direct contacts with national regulatory authorities. The paper also analyses the transposition of this framework in non-EU countries, with particular emphasis on Albania, where the current legal framework requires updating and full harmonization with the acquis communautaire. In conclusion, the article provides a critical overview of the need to strengthen Albanian legislation, proposing recommendations for increasing legal certainty and protecting the public interest in the digital space.

A Comparative Study of Claims Paid in Non-Life Insurance in Albania

A Comparative Study of Claims Paid in Non-Life Insurance in Albania
(A Comparative Study of Claims Paid in Non-Life Insurance in Albania)

Author(s):Jonida Methasani, Enida Istrefi, Ikbale Tota
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:821-829
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:claims ratio; non-life insurance; risks; gross written premium
Summary/Abstract:One of the reasons for purchasing insurance is financial compensation after an insured event occurs. A claim is both a right of the insured and an obligation for the insurance company. In the absence of compensation claims, the need for insurance would lose its meaning. Non-life insurance policies cover risks such as motor, fire, property, marine risks, etc, which form the classes of nonlife insurance. This study analyzes trends in gross written premiums, gross claims paid by eight companies, and the claims ratio for non-life insurance lines from 2019 – 2023. Interpreting these trends helps us understand the behavior of specific insurance lines and identify which are most exposed to risk in the Albanian market. Decision-making in the insurance sector, including setting or revising rates, comparing insurance lines, and evaluating company performance, highlights the importance of analyzing the claims ratio.

Firm Internationalization and Enterprise Sustainability Initiatives: evidence from Poland’s Manufacturing Sector

Firm Internationalization and Enterprise Sustainability Initiatives: evidence from Poland’s Manufacturing Sector
(Firm Internationalization and Enterprise Sustainability Initiatives: evidence from Poland’s Manufacturing Sector)

Author(s):Cranmer Rutihinda
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:830-839
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:internationalization; sustainability; green business initiatives; small and medium-sized enterprise; firm capabilities
Summary/Abstract:Using the most recent survey data of firms located in Poland from the World Bank Enterprise Survey database, this study investigates the relationship between firms’ green initiatives, their degree of internationalization, and their firm capabilities. Building on international business theory, organizational learning theory, and the resource-based view of sustainable competitive advantage, it was hypothesized that firms with greater internationalization and internal resource capabilities would take more initiatives to transform their business models towards greener processes. After controlling for various firms’ characteristics, the estimated regression analysis results found a strong relationship between highly internationalized firms and greater firm initiatives towards green business practices. Regression analysis results also found firms with higher innovative, financial, and managerial capabilities to be more likely to undertake more significant green initiatives than other firms. However, the study sample's regression results found no significant relationship between firms’ green initiatives and their degree of digitalization or market power.

Evolution Of the EU’s Sustainable Development Concept and Goals Over the Last Decade

Evolution Of the EU’s Sustainable Development Concept and Goals Over the Last Decade
(Evolution Of the EU’s Sustainable Development Concept and Goals Over the Last Decade)

Author(s):Daniyl Tanev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:840-854
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:sustainable development; environment; circular economy
Summary/Abstract:Over the last decade, the concept of sustainable development in the European Union has undergone a significant evolution, moving from a common understanding of a balance between economic growth, social justice and environmental protection to strategic frameworks and policies. With the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the European Green Deal, sustainable development is at the center of its vision. The changes in the strategic goals are expressed in the integration of the green and digital transitions, the pursuit of climate neutrality by 2050, the circular economy and social sustainability, making the EU a global leader. The efforts are complemented by financing instruments as well as strengthening the regulatory framework in various areas. Comparative data for Bulgaria will also be analyzed within the framework of the study.

Volatility Dynamics of Bitcoin and Eurostoxx 50 In the Eurozone: an Empirical Garch Analysis

Volatility Dynamics of Bitcoin and Eurostoxx 50 In the Eurozone: an Empirical Garch Analysis
(Volatility Dynamics of Bitcoin and Eurostoxx 50 In the Eurozone: an Empirical Garch Analysis)

Author(s):Vasil Spasov
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Financial Markets, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:855-863
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:bitcoin; EuroStoxx 50; volatility; GARCH; portfolio
Summary/Abstract:This study empirically analyzes the volatility dynamics of Bitcoin and the EuroStoxx 50 index from 2014Q1 to 2025Q2 using GARCH methodology. The analysis focuses on comparing the volatility characteristics and persistence between digital and traditional assets within the European context. Results indicate that Bitcoin exhibits significantly higher volatility than EuroStoxx 50, with a ratio of 4.95:1. The average conditional volatility for Bitcoin reaches 43.23%, compared to 8.73% for EuroStoxx 50. These results highlight the distinct risk profiles of digital versus traditional assets.

Challenges and Solutions in Marketing Management of the Regional Tourist Products

Challenges and Solutions in Marketing Management of the Regional Tourist Products
(Challenges and Solutions in Marketing Management of the Regional Tourist Products)

Author(s):Milena Karailieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, Marketing / Advertising, Tourism
Page Range:864-873
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:marketing; management; tourist regions; regional product; challenges
Summary/Abstract:On the one hand, tourist region management concepts based on strategic approach providing innovative and well co-coordinated tourism products is exceedingly important for tourism regions. On the other hand, tourist region marketing is increasingly becoming extremely competitive at a global scope. Exactly competitiveness and tourism concentration create numerous challenges and problems in the creation of consumer loyalty and sustainable competitive advantage in the tourist product in a given region. In this context, the paper aims to analyze the regional concept and attempts to synthesize сhallengеs оf integrative marketing and management of the tourist regions. Balancing the strategic aims of all interested sides and increasing total economic and focusing on unique characteristics and attractiveness of each region are the most important objectives of the integrative marketing management on a regional level. Tourist regions need to differentiate their products and develop partnerships between the public and private sector locally in order to co-ordinate delivery at a regional level. Destination marketing must lead to the optimisation of tourism impacts and the achievement of the strategic objectives for all tourist organizations. Managing a destination brand presents many challenges, and this report opens by briefly reviewing the integrative marketing management context, without pretending to be sophisticated. The central focus, this report investigates is the best practices in tourist region as the attempt to identify successful management concepts at regional level.

Financial Stability in the Insurance Sector

Financial Stability in the Insurance Sector
(Financial Stability in the Insurance Sector)

Author(s):Ardit Gjeci, Andromahi Kufo, Athina Tori
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:874-885
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:COVID-19; insurance industry; performance
Summary/Abstract:The global pandemic COVID-19 had significant repercussions on numerous industries worldwide. We examine the side effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operational and financial outcomes of insurance firms operating in Albania. The selected sample consists of twelve insurance firms of the Albanian insurance market for nine years, from 2013 to 2021. This research is based on secondary data from the financial statements of both life and non-life insurance companies and investigates how performance, as the most important indicator of financial stability, is affected by different factors. Our findings show that the COVID-19 pandemic, the capital ratio, and the profitability significantly influence insurance firms' Return on Assets (ROA).

Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing

Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing
(Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing)

Author(s):Grigorina Boce
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:886-896
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:security; privacy; security risks; cloud service models; security requirements; SaaS; PaaS; IaaS
Summary/Abstract:Cloud computing has emerged as a transformative technology, enabling organizations and individuals to access scalable resources, reduce infrastructure costs, and improve operational efficiency. Despite these advantages, security and privacy remain critical challenges that hinder broader adoption. This article provides an introduction to cloud computing by outlining its essential technical characteristics, including on-demand self-service, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured services. However, along with these features come significant risks related to security and data protection. The primary concerns addressed in this paper include lack of control over stored data, untrusted access mechanisms, illegal or unauthorized data usage, and ambiguities in roles, authorities, and responsibilities between cloud providers and users. Specific threats such as unauthorized access, data breaches, loss or corruption of information, and resource exploitation are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the article presents current solutions and protective mechanisms, including strong encryption techniques, advanced access control systems, security policies, auditing mechanisms, and adherence to international standards. By analyzing both the challenges and mitigation strategies, the study highlights the importance of integrated security approaches that balance efficiency with user privacy. Ultimately, ensuring trust in cloud platforms is fundamental to their sustainable growth and to fostering widespread confidence in adopting cloud technologies worldwide.

The Digital Transformation of the European Union’s Economy: Competitiveness, Sustainability and the Future of the Digital Euro

The Digital Transformation of the European Union’s Economy: Competitiveness, Sustainability and the Future of the Digital Euro
(The Digital Transformation of the European Union’s Economy: Competitiveness, Sustainability and the Future of the Digital Euro)

Author(s):Aleksandra Nenkova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:897-904
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:digital transformation; digital euro; European Union; digital economy
Summary/Abstract:More than ever, the digital age is upon us. The number of individuals accessing and relying on the internet is increasing. One aspect of this future is the European Union's digitization. The economy, politics, and the social structure itself will all face changes as a result. The EU seeks to increase innovation, improve infrastructure, and promote digital skills while maintaining environmental responsibility through programs like the Digital Decade policy framework. Additionally, the introduction of the digital euro represents an important breakthrough in financial modernization, allowing us to make payments in all nations that are part of the euro area.

The Petrodollar System as a Tool of Geopolitical Power

The Petrodollar System as a Tool of Geopolitical Power
(The Petrodollar System as a Tool of Geopolitical Power)

Author(s):Teodor Dobrev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research, Geopolitics
Page Range:905-914
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:petrodollar; U.S.; oil; de-dollarization; BRICS
Summary/Abstract:With the establishment of the petrodollar system in the 1970s, the linkage of global oil trade to the United States dollar has both consolidated U.S. economic dominance and created various structural imbalances in global finance. This paper will examine the formation of the petrodollar throughout the late 20th century, its economic and geopolitical impacts and the systemic vulnerabilities that stem from it. It argues that while the system expanded U.S. power, it did so by fueling wars, dependency and inequality. Fundamental challenges such as de-dollarization efforts and emerging BRICS alternatives are on the rise.

The Role of International Financial Institutions in Developing Countries

The Role of International Financial Institutions in Developing Countries
(The Role of International Financial Institutions in Developing Countries)

Author(s):Jurij Regenda
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:915-922
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:international finance; development; emerging economies; IMF; world bank
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines the role of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the regional development banks in shaping the economic development of emerging and low-income countries. IFIs provide financial assistance, policy guidance and technical support to promote macroeconomic stability, poverty reduction and sustainable growth. Drawing on evidence from Africa and Latin America, the paper explores how financial institutions arrangements influence development trajectories, while also considering criticisms of conditionality and public expenditure management. The findings emphasize how IFIs are evolving in response to global challenges such as climate change, digital transformation and geopolitical shifts.

Short-Term Forecasts of Price Changes of Goods in Bulgaria After the Conversion to Euro, January 1st 2026

Short-Term Forecasts of Price Changes of Goods in Bulgaria After the Conversion to Euro, January 1st 2026
(Short-Term Forecasts of Price Changes of Goods in Bulgaria After the Conversion to Euro, January 1st 2026)

Author(s):Martina Tinkova
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:923-930
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:euro adoption; consumer price inflation; Bulgaria; inflation forecasting
Summary/Abstract:This report aims to examine the short-term forecasts of price changes in Bulgaria following its adoption of the Euro on 1 January 2026. It examines the likely short-term inflationary effects that accompany currency transition by analyzing previous data, cross-country experiences and econometric forecasting models. The analysis will include changes in Bulgaria’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP). The main data sources used in this report will be extracted from Eurostat, as well as the Bulgarian National Statistics Institute. The four main categories we are going to explore are Food and non-alcoholic beverages; Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics; Clothing and footwear and Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels. A comparison with Croatia will be made in order to gain insight as to what they experienced when going through the euro changeover in 2023.

From the European Union to the United States of Europe: how a Federal State Could Restore Europe’s Global Influence

From the European Union to the United States of Europe: how a Federal State Could Restore Europe’s Global Influence
(From the European Union to the United States of Europe: how a Federal State Could Restore Europe’s Global Influence)

Author(s):Kristiyan Barakov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Economic policy, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Financial Markets
Page Range:931-941
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:federation; Fiscal Union; Capital Markets Union (CMU); common foreign: defence policy
Summary/Abstract:In this paper, it is argued that the European Union should adopt a federation model of governance to regain its economic and geopolitical competitiveness. By examining fiscal policy, capital market integration, defence capabilities, and foreign policy, it reveals that the current confederal structure is insufficient to ensure long-term prosperity and strategic autonomy. Through comparison with the United States, it demonstrates that the absence of a unified framework in these areas has led to persistent structural divergence in favour of the US. The paper concludes that federalisation would strengthen the EU’s economy and security, positioning it as a unified global power.

Adapting Marketing Campaigns Across Cultures: Lessons from International Companies

Adapting Marketing Campaigns Across Cultures: Lessons from International Companies
(Adapting Marketing Campaigns Across Cultures: Lessons from International Companies)

Author(s):Kalina Shagova
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Sociology, Sociology of Culture, Marketing / Advertising
Page Range:942-948
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:cross-cultural marketing; localisation; brand identity; adaptation; international companies
Summary/Abstract:In the age of worldwide digital media, marketing managers have to find a careful balance between keeping a consistent brand image and changing campaigns to fit different cultural views. This article looks at how five global companies- Dove, Netflix, KFC, Coca-Cola, and H&M- have dealt with this problem. It uses cultural and branding ideas from Hofstede, Hall, and Levitt to point out key lessons and suggest a new tool: the Brand Resonance Matrix (BRM. The matrix helps marketers decide how much to change a campaign based on cultural differences and how central the brand image is. The study suggests that brands do well across cultures when they value local symbols and views while protecting their global image.

The Development of Sport in Bulgaria: 18 Years of European Integration

The Development of Sport in Bulgaria: 18 Years of European Integration
(The Development of Sport in Bulgaria: 18 Years of European Integration)

Author(s):Iliyan Georgiev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Economy, Governance, Sociology, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Sports Studies, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:949-956
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Bulgaria; sport development; EU funding; European integration; European Union
Summary/Abstract:This report analyzes the development of sport in Bulgaria throughout the country’s membership in the European Union. It explores EU-funded projects, changes in infrastructure and comparisons between Bulgaria’s experience and that of other member states along their path toward European integration. The document underscores the image of sport as a driver of modernization and a mirror reflection of Bulgaria’s evolving European identity.

The Impact of the European Union-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement on Global Agricultural Markets

The Impact of the European Union-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement on Global Agricultural Markets
(The Impact of the European Union-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement on Global Agricultural Markets)

Author(s):Mihail Andreev
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Agriculture, Economic policy, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:957-962
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Free Trade Agreement; European Union; New Zealand; agriculture; competitiveness
Summary/Abstract:The European Union-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which was signed in 2023 and entered force in 2024 marks a seminal moment for both sides. This paper examines its importance and its impact on global agricultural markets while focusing on tariff reductions, export competitiveness and different sectoral effects. The conclusion that is drawn indicates that while the agreement boosts economic activity, its benefits ultimately favour New Zealand’s export-orientated agricultural sectors more. Overall, the FTA promotes long-term prosperity while simultaneously introduces new challenges for European producers.

The Economic Role of Small States in the Eurozone

The Economic Role of Small States in the Eurozone
(The Economic Role of Small States in the Eurozone)

Author(s):Simeon Dimitrov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Governance, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:963-969
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:small states; Eurozone; economic resilience; European integration
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines the economic roles that small Eurozone states play within the EU economy, focusing on their structural characteristics, comparative specializations, and responses to major shocks. Using mixed methods – comparative macroeconomic data analysis and qualitative case evidence – it highlights diverse pathways: FDI-led services, financial intermediation, industrial integration, etc. The study finds that EU integration amplifies both constraints and buffers; institutional agility and sectoral positioning determine resilience and policy space.

Implementation of ESRS Standards Under the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD): Challenges and Opportunities for European Companies

Implementation of ESRS Standards Under the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD): Challenges and Opportunities for European Companies
(Implementation of ESRS Standards Under the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD): Challenges and Opportunities for European Companies)

Author(s):Dimitar Hristov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Energy and Environmental Studies, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Accounting - Business Administration, EU-Legislation, Green Transformation
Page Range:970-976
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:CSRD; ESRS; sustainability reporting; circular economy; transparency
Summary/Abstract:In this paperwork discusses the challenges and opportunities which befall EU companies from the implementation of ESRS Standards under CSRD. The essence of the CSRD is analyzed, especially the Double Materiality Assessment (DMA) which is a key concept of the directive. The CSRD is based on ESRS Standards which in turn establish the guidelines for sustainable reporting. There are designed to promote transparency and accountability. Following the European Green Deal which has promised to become the first climate neutral continent by 2025, acting sustainable might occur challenging for some businesses. However, it also paves the way to transformation: transition to circular economy, optimizing the use of resources, focusing on shared values, and long-term future orientation.

Unemployment and the Future of Work In EU

Unemployment and the Future of Work In EU
(Unemployment and the Future of Work In EU)

Author(s):Yana Georgieva
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Human Resources in Economy, Socio-Economic Research, Green Transformation
Page Range:977-983
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:unemployment; digital transformation; green transition; EU policies
Summary/Abstract:Unemployment remains one of the most persistent socio-economic challenges in Europe. This paper aims to explore the dynamics of unemployment and the future of work among digital transformation, automation, and green transition. By combining economic and technological perspectives and indicators, it analyses structural changes in the labour market, EU policy responses, and variations among countries. Even though technological advancements may display certain jobs, it also generates new forms of employment. The paper concludes the labour market policies and EU strategies which are crucial for sustainable employment in the digital era.

Religious Tourism as a Reliable Long-Term Source of Income at a State Level: the Case of Saudi Arabia

Religious Tourism as a Reliable Long-Term Source of Income at a State Level: the Case of Saudi Arabia
(Religious Tourism as a Reliable Long-Term Source of Income at a State Level: the Case of Saudi Arabia)

Author(s):Ognian Yavashev
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Tourism, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:984-991
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Saudi Arabia; religious tourism; Hajj; long-term source of income
Summary/Abstract:In Saudi Arabia religious tourism is a key part of the state’s economy. The Hajj which is done every year in Mecca is the best example of religious tourism as a reliable long-term source of income in the world. This is proven by the growing numbers of pilgrims who make the trip to Mecca every year as their religious duty. With globalisation it is easier for Muslims to fulfil their religious pilgrimage. With the growing numbers of Muslims, it seems that the religious tourism in Saudi Arabia will continue to grow and provide a long-term source of income for the country.

The Stagnation of Europe’s Strongest Economies

The Stagnation of Europe’s Strongest Economies
(The Stagnation of Europe’s Strongest Economies)

Author(s):Oleg Tochkov
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, National Economy, Business Economy / Management, Economic policy, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development, Socio-Economic Research
Page Range:992-1002
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:economic stagnation; structural reforms; demographic decline; EU integration; energy dependency
Summary/Abstract:Europe’s strongest economies – Germany, France and Italy – are facing a period of economic stagnation marked by weak growth, declining productivity, and structural imbalances. Once engines of innovation and industrial strength, these nations now struggle with aging populations, energy dependencies, and the lingering effects of inflation and global instability. Slow adaptation to technological change and shifting trade dynamics has further constrained competitiveness. The stagnation of these key economies not only threatens Europe’s overall economic vitality but also raises broader concerns about social stability, political cohesion, and the continent’s ability to maintain influence in an increasingly multipolar world.

Implementation of New Technologies for Automation and Increasing Public Transport Safety in Tirana: Economic Impact and Cost Analysis

Implementation of New Technologies for Automation and Increasing Public Transport Safety in Tirana: Economic Impact and Cost Analysis
(Implementation of New Technologies for Automation and Increasing Public Transport Safety in Tirana: Economic Impact and Cost Analysis)

Author(s):Grigorina Boce, Besmir Kanushi
Language:English
Subject(s):Economy, Business Economy / Management, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Transport / Logistics
Page Range:1003-1009
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:public transport; automation technologies; Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS); urban mobility; transport safety; economic impact; cost–benefit analysis; smart city
Summary/Abstract:This paper analyzes the implementation of automation and safety-enhancing technologies in Tirana’s public transport system using official statistical data. The study evaluates economic impacts, cost structures, safety benefits, and policy implications. Urban mobility in Tirana is increasingly challenged by high motorization rates, congestion, and persistent road safety risks. This study examines the potential of new technologies for automation and safety enhancement in Tirana’s public transport system, focusing on their economic impact and cost-effectiveness. Using official statistical data from INSTAT, municipal transport reports, and survey- based mobility studies, the paper analyzes current transport usage patterns, accident trends, and infrastructure constraints. The findings show that Tirana concentrates approximately one-third of Albania’s registered vehicles, with car ownership reaching 500–550 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants, while only around 22% of residents regularly use public buses. International empirical evidence demonstrates that Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), real-time fleet management, and automated safety technologies can reduce operational costs by 10–20% and accident-related costs by up to 40%. Applied to Tirana, these technologies could significantly improve service reliability, reduce congestion- related economic losses, and enhance passenger safety. Although initial investment costs are substantial, long-term savings and social benefits suggest that a phased implementation strategy supported by EU funding mechanisms and regulatory reform would yield a positive return on investment within a medium-term time.

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