PROCEEDINGS 20th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI &quot;STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS&quot;

THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF THE US SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE BLACK SEA REGION

THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF THE US SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE BLACK SEA REGION
(THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF THE US SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE BLACK SEA REGION)

Author(s):Titus CORLĂȚEAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:13-18
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Black Sea; Security; US; Romania;
Summary/Abstract:This study is derived from my presentation named “The Importance and Impact of the US Strategy for the Black Sea”, delivered at the Black Sea and Balkans Security Forum on May 23-24, 2024, organized by the New Strategy Center. The research emphasize the strategic significance of the Black Sea for Euro-Atlantic security, with a particular focus on Romania. The analysis explores Romania’s core security objectives in the region, as contained in national defense strategies spanning from 2006 to 2024. A central element of Romania’s security policy is the promotion of a stable, democratic, and prosperous region, achieved through the advancement of European and Euro-Atlantic cooperation and the deepening of regional collaboration. The Black Sea, as an integral part of the EU’s immediate neighborhood, was a focal point during Romania’s Presidency of the EU Council in the first semester of 2019. Romania has consistently advocated for strengthened regional cooperation in the Black Sea, seeking a more proactive role for the EU and ensuring that Black Sea issues remain a long-term priority on the EU’s strategic agenda for research and innovation. The first ever US Strategy for the Black Sea became therefore a fundamental pillar for the Euro-atlantic interests in the region.

MIDDLE POWER DIPLOMACY IN ASEAN TOWARD THE U.S.-CHINA BINARY. THE CASE OF INDONESIA

MIDDLE POWER DIPLOMACY IN ASEAN TOWARD THE U.S.-CHINA BINARY. THE CASE OF INDONESIA
(MIDDLE POWER DIPLOMACY IN ASEAN TOWARD THE U.S.-CHINA BINARY. THE CASE OF INDONESIA)

Author(s):Maria-Mădălina BULANCIA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, International relations/trade, Geopolitics
Page Range:19-30
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Indonezia; China; US; UNSC; trade; cooperation; regional tranzition; ASEAN; South-East Asia;
Summary/Abstract:This article examines how ASEAN middle powers – focusing on Indonesia – navigate the strategic competition between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America through their diplomatic actions. Using a qualitative and quantitative methodology, the article analyzes Indonesia's foreign policy strategy by inferring its positioning towards the two states by analyzing the behaviors associated with Indonesia's voting options in the UN Security Council, analyzing the memorandums, agreements and treaties concluded between Indonesia and the US on the one hand and Indonesia and China on the other during 2020-2024, as well as by analyzing and interpreting the available data collected on the volume of trade relations between the US, China and Indonesia, as well as between the US, China and ASEAN countries as a whole in the period between 2014-2023. The paper proposes an analysis of how Indonesia, as an ASEAN member state, asserts its influence and manages the dynamics between great powers, highlighting their role in shaping regional outcomes beyond simple US-China Manichaeism. This research provides insights into ASEAN's strategic autonomy and its impact on regional diplomacy.

IMPLICATIONS OF CHINESE POLICY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAME STANDARDIZATION ON THE CHINESE STRATEGY OF GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

IMPLICATIONS OF CHINESE POLICY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAME STANDARDIZATION ON THE CHINESE STRATEGY OF GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
(IMPLICATIONS OF CHINESE POLICY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAME STANDARDIZATION ON THE CHINESE STRATEGY OF GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA)

Author(s):Maria-Mădălina BULANCIA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, International relations/trade, Geopolitics
Page Range:31-40
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:geographic name standardization; China; UNGEGN; place name geopolitics; soft-power;
Summary/Abstract:This article addresses and analyzes, building on the Chinese Division's 2023 report submitted to the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), the existing correlations identified between national approaches to regulating geographical names and chinese place name geopolitics, in order to infer links between the Chinese Communist Party's actions to change place names and the strategic importance that these actions have in China's broader geopolitical agenda, as well as the potential effects it has on the autonomy of regions such as Tibet and Xinjiang, as well as other disputed areas. The objectives and principles of the CCP's policy of standardizing place names, the geopolitical strategy of place names used by the People's Republic of China, and its effects at the national and regional levels are analyzed, one by one, în order to confirm the main hypothesis.

MEANS OF ACHIEVING THE CONVERGENCE OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PARTICULARITIES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN THE PROCESS OF PLANNING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

MEANS OF ACHIEVING THE CONVERGENCE OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PARTICULARITIES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN THE PROCESS OF PLANNING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(MEANS OF ACHIEVING THE CONVERGENCE OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PARTICULARITIES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN THE PROCESS OF PLANNING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Luiza SÎRBU (RADUSLAV)
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Geopolitics
Page Range:41-48
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:armed conflict; operations; multi-domain; humanitarian law; planning; convergence;
Summary/Abstract:The evolution of armed conflicts in contemporary society and in the foreseeable future imposes the need for deep reflections not only on the physiognomy of the confrontation itself, but also on the means of adapting the forms and procedures of military action to the demands of international law and the principles and norms regarding the protection of victims and different categories of people, material and cultural goods. “Multi-domain operations” have a considerably increased potential for generating combined destructive effects, obtained with means of combat based on new technologies, and by synchronizing military and non-military activities, this mix being able to generate, in turn, consequences that can fall under the incidence of the law of the armed conflict. In this context, in this material we propose to identify some aspects that concern the achievement of the convergence of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law with the particularities of multi-domain operations within the operations’ planning process.

THE DUAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN SAFEGUARDING CIVILIANS AND CULTIVATING RESILIENCE AMIDST ARMED CONFLICT

THE DUAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN SAFEGUARDING CIVILIANS AND CULTIVATING RESILIENCE AMIDST ARMED CONFLICT
(THE DUAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWbIN SAFEGUARDING CIVILIANS AND CULTIVATING RESILIENCE AMIDST ARMED CONFLICT)

Author(s):Elena-Andreea STRUGARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:49-58
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:International Humanitarian Law (IHL); Civilian Protection; Resilience; Armed Conflict; Proportionality Principle; Emergency Preparedness; Long-term Recovery;
Summary/Abstract:This article explores the intersection of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and civilian protection, emphasizing their critical roles in fostering resilience during armed conflict. It begins by examining the legal frameworks established by IHL to safeguard civilians and essential infrastructure, such as energy, water, food, and health services. The discussion then shifts to resilience in armed conflict, highlighting how the ability of individuals and communities to prepare for, withstand, and recover from crises is essential for societal survival. The article further analyzes the role of IHL in enhancing civilian resilience, addressing how protections for critical sectors and infrastructure contribute to stability. However, it also acknowledges the challenges faced by IHL in effectively promoting resilience amidst evolving threats and warfare tactics. Finally, the article assesses the effectiveness of IHL in enhancing resilience, considering its impact on civilian populations and the long-term recovery of societies affected by conflict.

QATAR’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND SOFT POWER: THE ROLE OF THE QATAR INVESTMENT AUTHORITY AND THE 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP

QATAR’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND SOFT POWER: THE ROLE OF THE QATAR INVESTMENT AUTHORITY AND THE 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP
(QATAR’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND SOFT POWER: THE ROLE OF THE QATAR INVESTMENT AUTHORITY AND THE 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP)

Author(s):Tudor OANCEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy
Page Range:59-65
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:economic diplomacy; FIFA World Cup; Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); national branding; soft power; sports diplomacy; Qatar Investment Authority (QIA);
Summary/Abstract:This paper focuses on Qatar’s strategic use of economic diplomacy and soft power, focusing on two key instruments: the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) and the nation’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. By analysing the QIA’s global investments, the study demonstrates how Qatar leverages its sovereign wealth to build strategic alliances and enhance its diplomatic influence. The paper also examines Qatar’s sports diplomacy through the World Cup, highlighting its role in national branding and geopolitical stance. Through these strategies, Qatar has not only increased its international stature but also addressed domestic challenges, such as labour reforms, in response to global scrutiny. This research underscores the effectiveness of economic and sports diplomacy in promoting soft power for small states in the Gulf region, offering a model for leveraging economic resources and cultural initiatives to achieve geopolitical goals.

VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER

VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER
(VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER)

Author(s):Andreea-Diana PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:66-73
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:veto power; jus cogens; peremptory norms; omission liability; mass atrocities;
Summary/Abstract:This article examines the legal significance and practical implications of jus cogens norms in international law. Jus cogens, or peremptory norms, are universally binding principles that no state can derogate from, even through treaties or agreements. Originating from natural law and entrenched in customary international law, these norms safeguard fundamental values such as the prohibition of genocide, torture, and other grave crimes. The article discusses how jus cogens norms constrain the actions of states and international bodies, including the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Specifically, it analyzes the legal implications of UNSC vetoes that obstruct responses to mass atrocities, suggesting that such actions might constitute a violation of jus cogens. By exploring concepts like omission liability and paralleling domestic legal trends with those of the international order, the article argues that jus cogens norms play a crucial role in ensuring accountability and protecting the moral fabric of the international legal system, even against the backdrop of geopolitical interests.

RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES

RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES
(RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES)

Author(s):Andreea-Diana PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Civil Society, Sociology, Studies in violence and power
Page Range:74-81
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Voluntary Veto Restraint; mass atrocities; French-Mexican Initiative; Israeli-Palestinian Conflict; Responsibility to Protect (R2P); Responsibility Not to Veto (RN2V);
Summary/Abstract:This article investigates the concept of voluntary veto restraint within the United Nations Security Council(UNSC) in contexts of mass atrocities, focusing on the 2015 French-Mexican initiative advocating for a non-binding declaration to limit veto use in such crises. This approach seeks to merge a symbolic commitment to human rights with the practical circumvention of the legal complexities inherent in amending the UN Charter. Employing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a case study, the article analyzes the potential of voluntary veto constraints to facilitate more timely and effective UNSC interventions. It further examines the underlying legal frameworks and institutional mechanisms, including the Accountability, Coherence, and Transparency (ACT) group’s 2015 Code of Conduct. The concept of “Responsibility Not to Veto” (RN2V) is emphasized, arguing for the ethical obligation of permanent members to abstain from veto use when confronting mass atrocities. Ultimately, this analysis underscores the need for a more responsive and effective UNSC aligned with Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principles.

COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN A NEW ERA OF ARCTIC DIPLOMACY

COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN A NEW ERA OF ARCTIC DIPLOMACY
(COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN A NEW ERA OF ARCTIC DIPLOMACY)

Author(s):Oana Mihaela VLADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Environmental and Energy policy, Security and defense
Page Range:85-95
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Arctic diplomacy; Arctic future; geopolitical competition in the Arctic; international cooperation in the Arctic; Arctic natural resources; Northern Sea Route; Arctic security;
Summary/Abstract:The Arctic, a strategically contested space for various powers, has often been seen as an isolated region. Climate change and the growing demand for natural resources in this region have significantly increased interest in the Arctic, leading to a race that reflects the broader evolution of the international system. The melting of the ice has opened up new trade routes and made rich natural resources accessible, transforming the region into a global geopolitical hotspot. While the United States seeks to maintain its dominance, Russia and China are expanding their presence in the Arctic, Norway wants to start deep-sea mining, and the European Commission is opening a new office in Nuuk, Greenland.

BRICS COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE ARCTIC

BRICS COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE ARCTIC
(BRICS COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE ARCTIC)

Author(s):Oana Mihaela VLADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Environmental and Energy policy, International relations/trade, Security and defense
Page Range:96-103
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:RICS; Arctic; cooperation; environmental protection; climate change; sustainable development; resource extraction; geopolitics;
Summary/Abstract:The BRICS group of nations, with their growing global influence, has shown increasing interest in the Arctic region. This paper analyzes the nature and extent of BRICS cooperation in the Arctic, with a particular focus on environmental protection and sustainable development. By examining specific case studies, this study highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with BRICS engagement in the Arctic and assesses the implications for global environmental governance.

RISK FACTORS SPECIFIC TO DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CURRENT GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT

RISK FACTORS SPECIFIC TO DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CURRENT GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT
(RISK FACTORS SPECIFIC TO DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CURRENT GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT)

Author(s):Dumitru IANCU, Anca DINICU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:104-111
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Geostrategy; risk; management; resources; defense; security; conflict;
Summary/Abstract:Contemporary challenges to national security have been of continuously increasing magnitude and diversity, which has led to the permanent redefinition of how the objectives of the national defense system have been met. It was, therefore, necessary to reconfigure the quality and quantity of the resources necessary to achieve these objectives. However, the temporal or spatial limitations specific to the management of defense resources determine a set of risks that are permanently "on the table" of decision-makers in this dynamic and versatile field, and it is necessary to pay attention accordingly.

GLOBAL DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH SECURITY

GLOBAL DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH SECURITY
(GLOBAL DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH SECURITY)

Author(s):Maria-Victorița TĂNĂSELEA (CĂLUGĂRU)
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Sociology, Security and defense, Health and medicine and law
Page Range:112-119
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:health security; disease; armed conflict; illness; death;
Summary/Abstract:Health security faces ongoing threats from biological, chemical, nuclear, radiological, cyber, and environmental factors; the utilization of any of these agents endangers public integrity and safety through the rapid and devastating effects they can induce. Infectious diseases are well-documented contributors to the deterioration of health security, impacting large population segments and leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly under conditions of armed conflict, where they are exacerbated by unsanitary living conditions, troop movements, and limited access to medical care. Diseases such as measles, bubonic plague, exanthematous typhus, Spanish influenza, and Ebola have marked human history with high mortality rates and significant damage caused by biological agents. These pathogens remain present today, posing an ongoing risk in the event of renewed outbreaks.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN BIOTERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF PREVENTION AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES

CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN BIOTERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF PREVENTION AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES
(CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN BIOTERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF PREVENTION AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES)

Author(s):Maria-Victorița TĂNĂSELEA (CĂLUGĂRU)
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Sociology, Security and defense, Health and medicine and law
Page Range:120-126
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:bioterrorism; dissemination; pathogenic agent; disease; panic;
Summary/Abstract:Bioterrorism represents a persistent global threat, alongside other forms of terrorism, and involves the deliberate dissemination of microorganisms with the purpose of causing disease, panic, and terror, with short-, medium-, and long-term effects. The distinctive characteristic of the biological agents employed lies in their volatility, making them particularly preferred as they are difficult to detect, lacking color, taste, smell, sound, or visual signals. Dissemination and contamination occur silently, exacerbated by the fact that humans can serve as primary transmission vectors. The initial signs and symptoms are nonspecific (e.g., fever, myalgia, cough), which often suggest known diseases. However, within an epidemiological context, these signs raise the suspicion of a bioterrorist attack, which must then be confirmed through diagnostic tests. These tests, however, are not universally available for all suspected infectious agents. In the absence of rapid diagnostic tests, specialized laboratories, including international facilities, are utilized alongside the initiation of supportive treatment or presumptive therapy based on the clinical diagnosis. The management of a bioterrorist attack is highly complex, involving the stabilization of patients presenting to emergency departments, concurrent reporting of cases to specialized institutions, and the implementation of measures to limit the spread of the disease and prevent subsequent bioterrorist incidents.

DEFINING STRATEGIC LINES OF EFFORT FOR OPERATIONALIZING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN ALIGNMENT WITH NATO'S ALLIANCE CONCEPT

DEFINING STRATEGIC LINES OF EFFORT FOR OPERATIONALIZING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN ALIGNMENT WITH NATO'S ALLIANCE CONCEPT
(DEFINING STRATEGIC LINES OF EFFORT FOR OPERATIONALIZING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN ALIGNMENT WITH NATO'S ALLIANCE CONCEPT)

Author(s):Ionuț-Iulian CĂLUGĂRU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:127-137
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:artificial intelligence; lines of effort; MDO; Romania;
Summary/Abstract:The North Atlantic Treaty Organization aims to operationalize the concept of Multi-Domain Operations at the organizational level. In this regard, Romania is initiating a continuous process of modernization of its National Defence System through the acquisition of technical elements, as well as by updating doctrinal and strategic frameworks. Economically and militarily developed countries represent the "spearhead" in this field, with the United States of America serving as the main pillar of the Alliance in launching efforts to operationalize the forces' capabilities across five domains: land, air, sea, cyber, and space. In this article, we aim to highlight, through document analysis, the main lines of Romania's efforts to operationalize this concept at the national level. Thus, the research effort of this paper will focus on three main chapters: the acquisition of multi-domain capabilities, the development of emerging and disruptive technologies, and the adaptation of the doctrinal and strategic framework at the national level.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICT PREVENTION IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICT PREVENTION IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT
(CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICT PREVENTION IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT)

Author(s):Luminita Ludmila ANICA (CÎRNICI)
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:138-150
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:Taiwan; conflict; crisis; conflict actors; Taiwan Strait; China;
Summary/Abstract:International conflicts dominate all other types of conflicts, always representing the most spectacular and dangerous form of conflict. Three causes of the increased dangerousness of interstate conflicts are identified: they break out suddenly, all actions are at the state level, state armies and paramilitary structures bring ready stocks of equipment, weapons and forces, amplifying the conflict, and, last but not least, they have the potential to to spread and involve other countries. The Taiwan Strait conflict is no exception and poses a threat to regional and even global security and peace. A combination of factors is needed to make crisis management and conflict prevention more efficient, including visionary and effective diplomacy, international support for peace and stability and peaceful resolution of disputes in the Straits.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AFTER THE TERRORIST ATTACK COMMITTED AGAINST THE TUSAS COMPANY ON OCTOBER 23, 2024

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AFTER THE TERRORIST ATTACK COMMITTED AGAINST THE TUSAS COMPANY ON OCTOBER 23, 2024
(CRISIS MANAGEMENT AFTER THE TERRORIST ATTACK COMMITTED AGAINST THE TUSAS COMPANY ON OCTOBER 23, 2024)

Author(s):Luminita Ludmila ANICA (CÎRNICI)
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:151-159
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Turkey; Terrorism; BKK; armed attack; TUSAS; Ankara; terrorist attack; crisis management;
Summary/Abstract:Considering the devastating impact that a terrorist attack against a company in a state's defense industry can have on the community, crisis management is essential, and it is crucial to effectively manage the aftermath and ensure the rapid restoration of security and stability. The aerospace industry is constantly under the threat of terrorism, espionage activities or economic sabotage, among which terrorist attacks can cause, with the lowest costs of committing, great damage and major psychological and physical trauma. In this hostile environment, an effective security policy must be developed, including preventive, deterrent and risk and threat detection methods for the safety of life and property.

A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE

A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE
(A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE)

Author(s):Ana-Maria FLOREA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, International relations/trade, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:160-167
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Deterrence; economic diplomacy; hybrid warfare; multilateralism; the balance of power;
Summary/Abstract:In an increasingly volatile international landscape, nations face the critical task of distinguishing allies from adversaries, making prudent decisions to safeguard their regional interests. Yet, in broader strategic considerations, it is essential to recognise that not only traditional alliances but also unconventional or "unholy" alliances can emerge, proving effective under the right conditions. Reaching agreements of this nature relies on shared interests, compatible visions, and an openness among involved parties. With the 20th-century order largely dismantled and a 21st-century system still in flux, negotiations are increasingly shaped by evolving rules and newly emerging power centres. This paper seeks to clarify the implications of these developments, providing insight into the new dynamics of engagement within regional and global contexts.

FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY
(FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY)

Author(s):Adrian IURA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:168-179
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:budgeting; conflict; crisis management; defense; multi-year budgeting;
Summary/Abstract:This article explores the financing architecture of public institutions and its impact on the sustainability and performance of national defense systems, with a focus on conflict prevention in the early 21st century. The study begins by examining the evolution of defense financing and its relationship to modern conflict prevention strategies, analyzing how institutional approaches have adapted to shifting global security dynamics. A combined methodology and literature review assess current financial frameworks, identifying key challenges and gaps in the research regarding sustainable defense funding. The analysis of strategic implications highlights how various financing models affect the ability of national defense institutions to prevent conflict effectively. The article emphasizes that sustainable, well-structured financial systems are essential for ensuring the resilience of national defense and improving crisis management capabilities. Ultimately, the study advocates for institutional reforms and innovative financial strategies to enhance the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of national defense systems in preventing conflict.

FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
(FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT)

Author(s):Costin MURARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Environmental and Energy policy, Security and defense
Page Range:180-185
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:urban crisis; AI; KPI; adaptation; future crisis; climate change; resilience; impact;
Summary/Abstract:Urban environments face mounting threats that arise from various sources, including climate change, technological advances, demographic shifts, and geopolitical instability. These multifaceted issues challenge cities globally to reconsider and reimagine their resilience strategies. This paper investigates the historical parameters of urban crises, examines the current dynamics shaping urban resilience, and offers insights into potential future threats. By applying Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to assess vulnerabilities, preparedness, and adaptation, this research explores how urban centers can strengthen their resilience strategies. Case studies from Rotterdam, Tel Aviv, and Hamburg provide concrete examples of how cities have addressed specific challenges, offering valuable lessons for the development of adaptive and integrated urban resilience approaches.

THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES

THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES
(THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES)

Author(s):Marian STANCIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
Page Range:186-193
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:resilience; operational; threat; resilience; capabilities.
Summary/Abstract:At each NATO member state level and of the Alliance as a whole, the development of the capabilities required to address current security risks in all its forms and international cooperation is the basis for resilience and the ability to adapt or recover from crises of an internal and external nature, to ensure critical infrastructure protection, to ensure resilience in the field of cyber defense, to innovate and implement advanced technologies and thus to adapt doctrines to the new coordinates specific to modern conflicts. By implementing both at the organizational and operational level both military and civilian components specific to operational resilience, armed forces can benefit from a high level of protection and success of military actions, even in the event of a major shock or complex threats and actions they face. The present research endeavor seeks to ground theoretical guidelines that can later be concretized in programmatic documents that will contribute to increasing resilience specific to the military domain, but also to the civilian elements that ultimately contribute to the protection of the population in situations of armed conflict or civil emergencies. Addressing the lessons learned from the Russian-Ukrainian war is a starting point for building capabilities and creating action scenarios to increase the resilience of both the military and civilians.

STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944

STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944
(STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944)

Author(s):Dorel-Marinel BUSE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Political history, Politics of History/Memory, Politics and Identity
Page Range:197-199
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Monarchy; totalitarianism; war; army; Romania; Germany.
Summary/Abstract:The relations between Marshal Antonescu and King Michael I are winding and difficult to reconstruct. "Completely different characters, temperaments and experiences, separated by a generation. After all, there was no real communication between them". (Giurescu, 1999, p. 207) Referring to Ion Antonescu, King Michael I was to declare: "As far as he was concerned, he was not against the monarchy. He was a legitimate military man who was concerned, I believe, about the future of his countr". (Desplaces, 1995, p. 79)

THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944

THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944
(THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944)

Author(s):Dorel-Marinel BUSE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Political history, Politics of History/Memory, Politics and Identity
Page Range:200-206
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Monarchy; political opposition; war; army; Romania
Summary/Abstract:This article analyzes the relations established between the young monarch of Romania, royal Michael I, and the prime minister with full powers, General Antonescu, starting from the influence that the leaders of the traditional political parties in Romania exerted both on the political life in Romania, and especially on the royal house, in a rather turbulent historical period, determined by the territorial abductions from the body of the country and then the outbreak of the Second World War.

ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913

ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913
(ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913)

Author(s):Florian BICHIR
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Military history, Political history, Politics of History/Memory, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:207-212
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Dobrogea; Quadrilater; 1940; Treaty of Craiova; Bulgarian revisionism;
Summary/Abstract:Romania's presence in the Second Balkan War was widely discussed at the time, most Western historians considering that the interests over the south-east of Dobrogea and its assertion as an indispensable arbiter in the establishment of the Balkan peace represent the main reasons that led the Romanian troops to cross the Danube and to hasten the end of the war. Jacob Gould Schuman (Schurman), in the work already cited, which appeared for the first time in 1916, stated that "Romania's request to receive territorial compensation in exchange for neutrality was harshly criticized by the independent press in the West". In his opinion, there were two reasons for Romanian participation in a war that, at first glance, did not concern the government in Bucharest: first, the possibility of Bulgaria becoming a much larger and, implicitly, much stronger country in the area, Romania in a position of inferiority, a fact that could not be accepted without any reaction; the second argument was the situation of the Vlachs from Macedonia but also from Albania, most of them loyal to the Greek cause, but linked to Romania by language and by belonging to the Orthodox Church.

1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education

1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education
(1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education)

Author(s):Florian BICHIR
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Post-Communist Transformation, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:213-219
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Romania; USSR; 1958; Warsaw Pact; Soviet occupation;
Summary/Abstract:On April 17, 1958, the USSR officially notified the Bucharest government of its intention to withdraw Soviet troops from Romania (Giurescu, 2010, pp. 149-150). On May 24, 1958, Romania and the USSR signed an agreement on the repatriation of Soviet soldiers stationed on the national territory. The agreement provided for a timetable for the staggered withdrawal of troops between June and August 1958, as well as so-called manifestations of Romanian-Soviet solidarity and friendship (Otu, 1958). On the same date, the Consultative Committee of the signatory states of the Warsaw Treaty (The warsaw Pact, 1955) approved this measure.

MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ

MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ
(MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ)

Author(s):Ionuț-Iulian CĂLUGĂRU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Military history, Political history, Politics of History/Memory
Page Range:220-229
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:military art; Petru Rareș; military art; Moldova; artillery;
Summary/Abstract:The common understanding often provides us with the familiar structure, "history repeats itself," which prompts a broader analysis when actions are considered necessary. This perspective primarily encourages us to be guided by the lessons learned from past events. The Middle Ages is, according to some authors, one of the darkest periods of human history and, according to other historiographical perspectives, merely a period like any other, where events unfolded in line with the societal development of the time. In the present study, we will analyze a brief segment of the Middle Ages, focusing on sixteenth-century Moldova and, more specifically, the reign of the Romanian voivode Petru Rareș. The main emphasis of this work will center on the military aspects of his reign, and, as indicated by the title, a significant portion of the discussion will be devoted to the art of war during this period. Historical analysis will serve as one of the primary research methods employed in this study, with bibliographical analysis of contemporary documents playing a key role in ensuring accurate terminological classification.

REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION

REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION
(REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION)

Author(s):Anton MURARU, Cornel Oancea, Petru MAZĂRE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:230-240
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:bipolarity; geoeconomics; geopolitics; geostrategy; multilateralism; multipolarity; unipolarity;
Summary/Abstract:The current competition of nations is deeply marked by the structural and functional reconfiguration of the system of international relations, mainly by the ongoing transition from unipolarity to multipolarity, and by economic globalization, based on large-scale investments and advanced technologies. The article presents some aspects of global geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic evolution, in the context of many crises, taking into consideration that nowadays, behind geopolitical development stand specific geoeconomic considerations, centered on economic competition. But the Russian-Ukrainian war has shaken current economic models, dealing a major blow to global growth, widespread environmental damage, global food crises and fragmentation, highlighting the fragility of the international system. However, despite the crises, there are many opportunities, which China is taking full advantage of with its huge global initiatives, challenging the World, while the West led by United States tries to fight back, but unfortunately with projects without sufficient vigor and scale.

DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA

DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA
(DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA)

Author(s):Gabriel-Ion DEGERATU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Diplomatic history, Politics of History/Memory
Page Range:241-249
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:du Cheyron; accident; trial; diplomacy; espionage; Bucharest; Paris;
Summary/Abstract:Between the 1968 visit to Romania of General Charles de Gaulle, president of the fifth French republic, his departure from the head of the country and the arrival of Georges Pompidou, and the general's death on November 9, 1970, the collaboration between the two countries has seen, depending on the field, small, but not substantial, increases or decreases. It was a signal that, in the first period after the change of presidency, the French side's vision of Bucharest was maintained. However, it was a fatal accident at Otopeni that caused excitement and suspicions in the diplomacy of the two republics. The Romanian press did not report on the event because of censorship, and the French press wrote with inaccuracies that were picked up and became, over time, certainties quoted in various materials published in both countries. One of them was that the car of the military officer in Paris who was keeping an eye on the secret services in the communist camp countries was hit by a truck. Romanian archival documents indicate otherwise.

GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA

GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA
(GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA)

Author(s):Alin L. MĂRGINEAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Special Historiographies:, History of Communism, Geopolitics, Politics of History/Memory, Politics and Identity
Page Range:250-255
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Red Army; communism; National Peasant Party; Tămădău; aggression;
Summary/Abstract:After the end of the Second World War, Romania and a large part of Eastern Europe underwent a process of forced communization as a result of the presence of the Red Army and the mobilization of local communists. This process had a radical impact on geopolitics on the European continent. The anti-communist opposition in Romania, led by the Nationalist-Tărăniks, tried to put the brakes on this process by trying to attract the involvement of the Western Allies. This led to a plan to send some of the PNȚ leaders into exile, a plan that failed and turned into a set-up by the communist regime's intelligence organs. The opposition's plans were inspired solely by the national interest. The group of National-Peasent politicians was sentenced to very heavy penalties by the Bucharest Military Tribunal, sentence no. 1988 of November 11, 1947. The outbreak of Russian aggression against Ukraine in February 2022 triggered a geopolitical earthquake in Europe, a context in which the comparison with the period of the 1940s is very instructive, in the hope that this time the international community will opt for the most just solutions.

ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA

ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA
(ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA)

Author(s):Răducu POPESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, International relations/trade
Page Range:256-262
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Yemen; Romania; economic co-operation; peacekeeping organizations; stability in Yemen; NATO and UE; China and Russia; the BRICS group;
Summary/Abstract:Romania has the opportunity to support the peace process in Yemen through a combination of diplomatic, humanitarian and economic interventions, in collaboration with international partners and peacekeeping organizations. Although Romania does not play a leading role in this crisis, it can contribute to the stability and reconstruction of Yemen through indirect support and active participation in international alliances.

NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES
(NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES)

Author(s):Ionuț Alexandru LUNGU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:263-270
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:values; peace; freedom; security; threats;
Summary/Abstract:Both NATO and the EU are based on common values, on the determination to face common challenges and on the unequivocal commitment to promote and protect peace, freedom and prosperity in the Euro-Atlantic area. The EU-NATO relations were institutionalized in the early 2000s, building on steps taken in the 1990s to promote greater European responsibility for defence. EU-NATO cooperation has been and remains essential for strengthening Euro-Atlantic security. NATO remains the foundation of collective defense for its members, but at the same time a stronger and more capable European defense to complement NATO is essential. This process is fundamental to maintaining security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area, now more than ever due to increasing challenges and threats.

THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA

THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA
(THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA)

Author(s):Ionuț Alexandru LUNGU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Military policy, Politics of History/Memory, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:271-280
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:historical; Union; modernism; evolutions; laws;
Summary/Abstract:Seen in itself, as a historical moment, the Union of the Romanian Principalities is an event of crucial importance in the process of fulfilling the ideal of the Union. At the same time, the Union of January 24, 1859 opens an era of foundation and building of Modern Romania. Once seated on the throne of the country, Cuza thinks and triggers a process of national rebirth, a large-scale program, a real country project. The initiatives and reforms of the Cuza administration begin the reconstruction of the foundations of the country, a work of overwhelming difficulty: education reform, justice reform, agrarian reform, secularization of monastic wealth, fiscal reform, organization of the national army, etc. Laws and codes appear that create a European framework for development in a country left behind due to historical conditions: Public Instruction Law, Rural Law, Fiscal Law, Electoral Law, Civil Code, Criminal Code, etc. In a very short space of seven years, capital things happen: a new country is born - Romania - from the union of two countries separated by history, it changes fundamentally in front of a civilization, caught in the reins of an extremely slow evolution and a progress difficult to observe for centuries due to a deeply hostile history.

AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS

AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS
(AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Diana CHIȘ-MANOLACHE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Gender Studies, Sociology, Military policy
Page Range:283-290
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:security; military operations; gender equality; military women;
Summary/Abstract:At the global level, ensuring security and maintaining peace represent strategic objectives of state actors, but also of international security organizations, such as the UN, OSCE and NATO, aspects that involve a series of mechanisms used in this regard. Events in today's security environment follow each other at an accelerated pace, so states and international security organizations must be constantly able to react and intervene. As early as 2000, the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) entitled "Women, Peace and Security" was adopted, aimed at promoting the role of women in the field of security and conflict prevention. UNSCR 1325 was subsequently implemented, at the level of UN member states, with the help of policies, strategies and action plans specific to each state.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION

THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION
(THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION)

Author(s):Diana CHIȘ-MANOLACHE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Hybrid Warfare
Page Range:291-298
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:resilience; security culture; national defense; hybrid threats; security environment;
Summary/Abstract:The article explores the impact that two defining concepts in the field of national security have on the mechanism of achieving national defense, namely security culture and resilience. Security culture facilitates and enhances societal resilience, resulting from the attitudes and customs of a nation, which aim to assimilate the concepts of security and defense, but also related ones, obtained with the sustainment of the formal or informal educational process. Societal resilience is also a desire of states in a world marked by imbalances and different threats from the full range of hybrid threats. Both at the national level and at the international level, different measures are being taken so that state actors, but also international organizations, permanently strengthen their resilience, on all its related pillars, so that they can face all the challenges in the security environment.

THE ROMANIAN’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK, POLICY AND STRATEGY TO CONTRIBUTE TO INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM ACTIVITIES

THE ROMANIAN’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK, POLICY AND STRATEGY TO CONTRIBUTE TO INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM ACTIVITIES
(THE ROMANIAN’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK, POLICY AND STRATEGY TO CONTRIBUTE TO INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM ACTIVITIES)

Author(s):Marius Valeriu PĂUNESCU, Nicolae-David UNGUREANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Public Law, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:299-307
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Romania; terrorism; counter-terrorism; criminality; security; defence; law;
Summary/Abstract:This paper presents Romania’s perspectives in terrorism/ counter-terrorism from the view of the policy, strategy, legislation and national and international actions taken by the country in support of the global approach on combating terrorism. The findings demonstrate that Romania has aligned itself with the international framework, having a coherent and proactive attitude in terrorism/ counter-terrorism issue. Consequently, the Supreme Council of National Defense, the highest level national security board, assigned the Romanian Intelligence Service as national authority in the domain of prevention and combating terrorism which plays the role of technical coordinator of the National System of Prevention and Combating Terrorism and runs the Antiterrorist Operational Coordination Center and the National System of Terrorist Alert. The mechanism which was created and which is constantly improved (depending on operational developments on the profile) has led to positive outcomes, taking into consideration the extent of the phenomenon. Emphasizing knowledge and prevention, without neglecting the combating and the counteraction, has represented the main objective of the all-national institutions, services and forces which have responsibilities in the terrorism/ counter-terrorism field.

THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH

THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH
(THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH)

Author(s):Marius Valeriu PĂUNESCU, Nicolae-David UNGUREANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:308-315
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Romania; terrorism; counter-terrorism; security; defence; law;
Summary/Abstract:The preventing and combating terrorism is a very important issue for Romania’s security approach and law enforcement commitment in the framework of the international community action based on the values like global peace and security, international law, and international justice. Romania, as many other states of international society, considers terrorism a major threat to peace and security in the world and reasons that a good response of such threat requires a global action, based on the rule of law and democratic values, human rights and fundamental freedoms. This paper presents some terrorist events in the Romania’s history that have shaped the present national policies of security and defence and introduces the national means of resilience in relation with the threat of terrorism.

SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY

SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY
(SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY)

Author(s):Florentina-Loredana Dragomir-Constantin, Cornel ZAMFIRESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:316-322
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:model; national security; security leadership; modeling;
Summary/Abstract:The paper proposes a security leadership model in the context of national security, a model built on three pillars, arguing the provenance of its components, components that originate from many other types of leadership models established in the specialized literature. The authors outline the profile of the security leader and propose two security leadership assessment tools: the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Transformational Leadership Scale (TLS).

INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS

INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS
(INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS)

Author(s):Ioan-Horia TARA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Environmental and Energy policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:323-330
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Energy security; European Union funds; renewable energy; energy infrastructure; Romania; energy resilience;
Summary/Abstract:Energy security has become a central theme in international relations and national defense, especially for countries like Romania, located in the geopolitically sensitive region of the Black Sea. Investing in renewable energy infrastructure is essential for ensuring both the security and sustainability of national energy grids. This paper explores how European funds have been used to finance key energy security initiatives in Romania, analyzing the impact of such investments on the country's energy resilience. By investigating the effectiveness of funding programs like the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Cohesion Fund (CF), and the Just Transition Fund (JTF), this study aims to highlight the successes, challenges, and future opportunities for enhancing energy security through European financial instruments.

SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES

SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES
(SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES)

Author(s):Adrian IURA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Environmental and Energy policy, Security and defense, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:331-341
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:sustainability; defense; Euro-Atlantic; security; financing; budgeting;
Summary/Abstract:The sustainability of national defense financing is increasingly critical in ensuring the security and resilience of European and Euro-Atlantic security architectures. Faced with evolving geopolitical threats, countries must navigate economic constraints while balancing national sovereignty and multilateral defense commitments. France, Italy and Germany provide diverse examples of how nations address defense financing, balancing budgetary pressures with strategic priorities. France emphasizes strategic autonomy; Italy faces significant economic challenges, and Germany has recently shifted toward increased defense spending. Each approach highlights the complex interplay between national defense needs and broader security obligations to NATO and the European Union. The case studies reveal that sustainable defense financing requires long-term planning, resource allocation and a collaborative multilateral approach to security. This paper explores how economic challenges impact the sustainability of defense spending and examines the policy implications for maintaining stability and security within European and Euro-Atlantic defense frameworks.

BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO

BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO
(BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO)

Author(s):Sofia FLORESCU-ZIDUREAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:342-349
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Regional Security Complex Theory; North Korea; Global Security; Cybersecurity; Romania; NATO; North Korea-Russia Pact;
Summary/Abstract:Barry Buzan’s Regional Security Complex Theory, which posits that security concerns are predominantly shaped by regional dynamics, is increasingly inadequate for addressing the complex, multifaceted threats of 2024. This paper critically examines the limitations of RSCT in the contemporary security landscape, characterized by transnational dangers such as cyberattacks, nuclear proliferation, and non-state actors. By using North Korea as a case study, it explores how its nuclear ambitions, missile capabilities, and cyber warfare transcend regional boundaries, making it a global security challenge. The recent alliance between North Korea and Russia further complicates the geopolitical landscape, particularly in light of the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. This paper also discusses the ramifications for Romania, whose security is intricately tied to NATO's collective defense posture, as emphasized in Romania's National Defense Strategy. The paper concludes by calling for a broader theoretical framework that better encapsulates the interconnected and transnational nature of global security threats.

RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
(RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY)

Author(s):Ilie IFTIME
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:350-355
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:ideology; radicalism; extremism; political activity; threat; human implications;
Summary/Abstract:Some of the most pressing threats facing society today are radicalism and extremism in their various forms. Moreover, we are witnessing their widespread rise. Important states in Europe and beyond have radical leaders, support certain discriminatory/abusive/undemocratic policies, or have parties with a radical agenda in their parliamentary structure, sometimes with certain extremist deviations. This article primarily aims to decipher these two ideologies to understand how they are triggered and function in today's society. Therefore, the research questions in this regard are: What represent contemporary radicalism and extremism? What are the forms of manifestation of these? What are the cognitive mechanisms at play among the population that allow these ideologies to spread? Therefore, to answer these research questions, various issues will be developed that refer to: right-wing and left-wing radicalism, other supporting/related ideologies, forms of manifestation (fascism, nativism, xenophobia, banal nationalism, latent and violent extremism, etc.), the difference between radicalism and extremism, political activity in this regard, social and psychological approaches.

THE THREAT OF CURRENT NATIONALISM. TYPOLOGY AND VARIOUS REGIONAL MANIFESTATIONS

THE THREAT OF CURRENT NATIONALISM. TYPOLOGY AND VARIOUS REGIONAL MANIFESTATIONS
(THE THREAT OF CURRENT NATIONALISM. TYPOLOGY AND VARIOUS REGIONAL MANIFESTATIONS)

Author(s):Ilie IFTIME
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:356-361
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:threa; nationalism; violence; isolationism; national identity;
Summary/Abstract:Nowadays, we are looking to the rise and spread of a dangerous phenomenon which has locally implications and also regionally/globally too. More and more political and military leaders are seizing and promoting a false patriotism, hidden within speeches that illustrate various values and symbols that are truly important for society. All this illustrate the interest to attribute themselves the label of nationalist, man of the people, and lover of the country. The purpose of this strategy is none other than to come to power or consolidate it. This article aims to theoretically develop the new phenomenon and describe some examples that support its scope. Thus, the research questions are: What does the current nationalist phenomenon entail and what distinguishes it from a genuine one? What negative implications could this have on security environment? Therefore, the following concepts will be addressed: civic nationalism, ethnic nationalism, latent nationalism, virulent nationalism, violent nationalism; trends of nationalism: isolationism, protectionism, conservatism, xenophobia, as well as aspects related to the propagation of the phenomenon, the dynamics of nationalist ideology, and the relationship between negative nationalism and corruption.

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN PRESERVING THE RULE OF LAW

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN PRESERVING THE RULE OF LAW
(THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN PRESERVING THE RULE OF LAW)

Author(s):Eliza ENE CORBEANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Criminal Law, International Law
Page Range:365-372
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Rome Statute; International Criminal Court; genocide; crimes against humanity;
Summary/Abstract:This article examines, from an objective and current perspective the role of the International Criminal Court in today's geopolitics, in a world dominated by armed conflicts that threaten to expand.I have also analyzed the positioning of important states vis-à-vis the Court's jurisdiction, as well as the Court's involvement in the investigation of important leaders of our time.

NAVIGATING HUMANITARIANISM: THE ICRC'S ENDEAVORS IN ILLIBERAL EURASIA

NAVIGATING HUMANITARIANISM: THE ICRC'S ENDEAVORS IN ILLIBERAL EURASIA
(NAVIGATING HUMANITARIANISM: THE ICRC'S ENDEAVORS IN ILLIBERAL EURASIA)

Author(s):Sofia FLORESCU-ZIDUREAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Government/Political systems, Politics and Identity
Page Range:373-381
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Humanitarian Assistance; ICRC; Illiberal States; Human Rights; Advocacy; Emergency Response.
Summary/Abstract:The International Committee of the Red Cross operates in complex and often hostile environments, particularly within illiberal states like North Korea, Russia, and China. This article examines the multifaceted challenges the ICRC faces in delivering humanitarian assistance while advocating for human rights in these politically charged contexts. Through a critical analysis of the ICRC's access and operational strategies, emergency assistance initiatives, collaboration with national societies, advocacy for humanitarian law, and addressing human rights concerns, the study highlights the organization's commitment to its fundamental principles of neutrality and impartiality. The findings reveal that the ICRC's efforts are not merely reactive; they also involve proactive engagement with local communities and state authorities to foster dialogue and enhance operational effectiveness. By integrating humanitarian law with broader human rights objectives, the ICRC seeks to promote accountability and safeguard human dignity amidst pervasive state repression. Ultimately, this article underscores the vital importance of the ICRC's role in advocating for and protecting human rights in illiberal contexts, contributing to a global discourse that champions humanitarian principles even in the face of significant political adversity.

THE MARTENS CLAUSE

THE MARTENS CLAUSE
(THE MARTENS CLAUSE)

Author(s):Claudio PIPER
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Page Range:382-388
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Martens Clause; international humanitarian law; common law; principles of humanity; dictates of public conscience; jus cogens;
Summary/Abstract:Using a simple and straight forward language, almost unaltered over time and synergistically weaving together its elements, the Martens Clause encapsulates the essence of international humanitarian law and keeps alive the memory of humanity, while remaining a plea for the conceptual transformation mankind has known while moving from the law of war to the law of peace and humanity. The Martens Clause becomes a "living flame" of humanity, since the almost unchanged form of its provisions, successively resumed in subsequent codifications, translates into predictable applying the jus cogens norms that ensure a minimum protection of the human being, even in situations not codified as such.

THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION

THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
(THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION)

Author(s):Luiza-Maria COSTEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Political Theory, Politics and society, Higher Education
Page Range:391-394
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:university; ethics; integrity; compliance; higher education;
Summary/Abstract:Compliance in universities is often seen as just another load of bureaucratic impediments that need be dealt with, and yet it is a crucial component of maintaining ethical standards in higher education. Whenever the higher education establishment conducts its activities ethically, fairness, respect and integrity are prioritized in the university environment. Compliance is mainly about following rules and regulations, but what it actually and truly does is fostering an ethical academic environment. Various areas including student rights, financial operations, academic integrity, and data protection function under its umbrella, and, what proves to be of utmost importance is that these areas require strict supervision. Thus, the university not only ensures and upholds high moral standards, but also protects the interests of its community and creates a trustworthy brand

ONLINE TEACHING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION IN TIME OF COVID-19. LESSONS LEARNED AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL

ONLINE TEACHING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION IN TIME OF COVID-19. LESSONS LEARNED AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL
(ONLINE TEACHING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION IN TIME OF COVID-19. LESSONS LEARNED AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL)

Author(s):Elena-Ramona RICHIŢEANU-NĂSTASE, Camelia STĂICULESCU, Monica-Elisabeta PĂDURARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Higher Education , Distance learning / e-learning
Page Range:395-404
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Online teaching; online learning; online evaluation; ICT tools; video conferencing software;
Summary/Abstract:Since March 2020, the way we think, teach, learn and assess has changed dramatically due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Teachers and students had to move all their work online, without prior training. After two years, we are back on campus but the new reality is not similar to the one before the pandemic, students are already demanding a mix of teaching and learning. The lessons learned during these years can contribute to improving the quality of teaching, learning and assessment and the advantages of different ICT tools used in face-to-face activities can be further exploited. The paper aims to capitalize on the experiences gained, providing in the first part the conceptual context (teaching, learning, online assessment), and in the second the findings of a micro-survey conducted on teachers and students who used different ICT tools and platforms during this period and formulates recommendations that can be applied in universities.

MENTORING IN EDUCATION

MENTORING IN EDUCATION
(MENTORING IN EDUCATION)

Author(s):Giorgiana RUSU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Higher Education , Pedagogy
Page Range:405-411
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:mentoring; mentor; mentee; educational mentoring; education;
Summary/Abstract:The concept of mentoring has been adopted in various fields, such as business, art, sports, defense, and education. This article aims to evaluate the relevant literature regarding the mentoring process in the academic environment and presents the theoretical framework of mentoring in education, its functions and the associated advantages and disadvantages. In order to grasp the differing perspectives in the scientific literature, we analyzed and assessed the similarities and differences among various sources. This approach allowed to draw out pertinent ideas and utilize them within the context of the topic discussed.

INTERACTIVE METHODS APPLIED IN MILITARY LEADERSHIP COURSES

INTERACTIVE METHODS APPLIED IN MILITARY LEADERSHIP COURSES
(INTERACTIVE METHODS APPLIED IN MILITARY LEADERSHIP COURSES)

Author(s):Cristian PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Education, Security and defense
Page Range:412-417
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Experiential Learning; Interactive Learning Methods; Military Leadership Training; Problem-Based Learning (PBL); Simulations and War Games;
Summary/Abstract:This article examines the use of interactive methods in military leadership training, emphasizing the effectiveness of techniques such as experiential learning, simulations, problem-based learning (PBL), and collaborative exercises. Traditional lecture-based approaches often fall short in addressing the dynamic and practical demands of military leadership, which requires active participation, quick decision-making, and adaptability. In contrast, interactive methods, grounded in educational theories like constructivism, experiential learning, and social learning, provide a more hands-on and immersive learning experience. Activities like live-fire exercises, war games, and virtual reality simulations allow military leaders to develop essential skills such as decision-making, teamwork, and problem-solving in realistic, high-pressure scenarios. Research consistently demonstrates that these methods significantly enhance leadership capabilities, fostering greater adaptability and situational awareness compared to conventional training approaches. The integration of advanced technologies, including virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI), further enriches the learning process by delivering personalized feedback and realistic, adaptable simulations. While there are challenges to implementing these interactive methods, they offer great potential in preparing military leaders for the complexities of modern operational environments. The article concludes by suggesting that the future of military leadership training will increasingly depend on these interactive and technology-driven methods to develop leaders who are highly capable and adaptable to changing conditions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF A MENTOR

THE IMPORTANCE OF A MENTOR
(THE IMPORTANCE OF A MENTOR)

Author(s):Cristian PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Education, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:418-422
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Coaching; Mentorship; Military Leadership; Professional Development; Counselling;
Summary/Abstract:Mentorship is an essential process for personal and professional development, holding particular significance in the military environment, where it contributes to the shaping of future leaders and the transfer of institutional knowledge. This article examines the motivations of mentors, including personal fulfilment, professional duty, and legacy-building, along with the impact of mentorship on career development, and the distinctions between mentor, leader, counsellor, and coach. While leaders are responsible for achieving organizational objectives, mentors focus on long-term individual growth, offering personalized guidance and support. Mentorship is also distinct from counselling, which addresses emotional issues, and coaching, which targets performance improvement in specific tasks. In the military context, clarifying these roles and implementing effective mentorship programs can aid in the development of competent leaders, well-equipped to face future challenges.

PREVENTION OF VIOLENT MANIFESTATIONS AND RADICALIZATION THROUGH INTERCULTURAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC EDUCATION

PREVENTION OF VIOLENT MANIFESTATIONS AND RADICALIZATION THROUGH INTERCULTURAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC EDUCATION
(PREVENTION OF VIOLENT MANIFESTATIONS AND RADICALIZATION THROUGH INTERCULTURAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC EDUCATION)

Author(s):Alexandra RADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Education, Civil Society
Page Range:423-431
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:resolution; radicalization; neurolinguistics; multiculturalism; interculturality;
Summary/Abstract:The Council of Europe Congress resolution of October 2015 on combating radicalisation and violence was an important initiative to address the growing problem of radicalisation, especially of young people, and to prevent acts of extreme violence such as terrorism. The resolution was adopted as Europe faced an increase in terrorist attacks and the threat of radicalisation among vulnerable segments of the population, including migrants and marginalised young people. In this context, the importance of intercultural education was underlined, as a tool to prevent violent manifestations in schools and to stifle negative feelings that arise from ignorance. This is where the fundamental role of neurolinguistics comes in, as a modern solution for an education of the future, but also that of education in the spirit of the principles of the multicultural society and interculturality.

ARE HUMANS CREATING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN AI?

ARE HUMANS CREATING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN AI?
(ARE HUMANS CREATING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN AI?)

Author(s):Ciprian PRIPOAE-ȘERBĂNESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:435-440
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:unconscious; bi-logic; neural network; non-monotonic logic; categorization; negative;
Summary/Abstract:Rapid developments in AI brought into focus not just the advantages of using machines on a large scale but also the nature of future interactions with it. We are particularly interested in the features of educational interactions between humans and AI and especially how the learning process could be changed. This article aims to investigate the possibility that in the very process of designing AI, humans may well recreate their own model of the unconscious mind. As the unconscious function of the human mind is recognized by cognitive psychology by using the notion of implicit cognition, it is of interest whether the design of the future AI teachers may inherently induce cognitive biases in their interactive programs. We advocate that the way we represent reality and build the discourse about it contains assumptions, presuppositions that are implicitly passed into the algorithms of AI. We propose a brief discussion on the evolution of designing AI, current situation and possible perspectives that can bring in focus the necessity to deeply analyze the relation between programmer’s mind and AI’s inner states. The relation between Deep Beliefs Networks and the change in the status of AI as machines with personality is further explored. The possible answers to these questions have impact on the ethical level and could possibly reshape our own self-understanding and the significance of rational knowledge in education.

THE DEEPFAKE PHENOMENON – A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE

THE DEEPFAKE PHENOMENON – A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE
(THE DEEPFAKE PHENOMENON – A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE)

Author(s):Mirela IONIȚĂ, Veronica PĂSTAE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Fake News - Disinformation
Page Range:441-446
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:deepfakes; fakenews; security threats;
Summary/Abstract:Public discourse nowadays repeatedly addresses the topic of security threats represented by deepfakes in the context of the AI ChatGPT applications rise. In this article we aim to outline what deepfake is and why it is such a worrying phenomenon at the moment. In a deductive approach, we try to systematize the information provided by specialized literature, following the argumentation of academic discourse, regarding the threats posed by the deepfake phenomenon and the effectiveness of combating slippages, focusing our attention on public communication.

ANALYSIS OF THE HABITS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF ADULT CLIENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY IN THE DOBROGEA AREA

ANALYSIS OF THE HABITS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF ADULT CLIENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY IN THE DOBROGEA AREA
(ANALYSIS OF THE HABITS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF ADULT CLIENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY IN THE DOBROGEA AREA)

Author(s):Răducu POPESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Communication studies, Theory of Communication, Higher Education
Page Range:447-452
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:communication; culture; respect; tolerance;
Summary/Abstract:Aim. This study aimed to identify the perceptions and threats present in communication within small social groups. In order to find out what is their perception of their own opinions and perceptions about the communication with people belonging to other ethnicities or from different cultures, we designed this questionnaire oriented to the main characteristics of the communication. Methods. The study was conducted with the participation of 104 clients of the Ovidius University of Constanta, to whom we addressed a questionnaire that made available to the participants of this study multiple response options. The subjects participating in this study were clients of the university, following the bachelor's cycle, at the time of inclusion in the working group for this study they had completed their studies or passed the first stage of the university course. Subjects were trained in completing the questionnaire. The subject values were analysed mathematically. The answers generated a number of questions, but also confirmations. Results. In Dobrogea, respect for the values and customs of each community was crucial to avoid conflict. The results underline that most respondents consider collaboration essential to understand the perspectives of others in multicultural environments. This perfectly reflects the tradition of collaboration in Dobrogea, where conflict resolution through dialog and collaboration was a common practice, based on mutual respect and empathy. A large majority of respondents 66.6% believe that a collaborative attitude is very often useful to understand the perspectives of the other side in an intercultural conflict. This result suggests that these people recognize the value of collaborating in overcoming cultural barriers and avoiding misunderstandings. They believe that through cooperation and openness to dialog, bridges of understanding can be built between the parties with different cultural values. Conclusions. Most respondents consider collaboration essential to understand the perspectives of others in multicultural environments. This perfectly reflects the tradition of collaboration in Dobrogea, where conflict resolution through dialog and collaboration was a common practice, based on mutual respect and empathy. Correlating the study values with the Dobrogea tradition, it is noted that mutual understanding and respect are essential values for peaceful coexistence between different cultures. Dobrogea offers a vivid example of the fact that tolerance, active listening and collaboration are fundamental for a harmonious intercultural relationship.

THE NEXT ROADMAP OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: THE IMPACT OF IOBT IN HYBRID WARFARE

THE NEXT ROADMAP OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: THE IMPACT OF IOBT IN HYBRID WARFARE
(THE NEXT ROADMAP OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: THE IMPACT OF IOBT IN HYBRID WARFARE)

Author(s):Daniel Doicariu
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies, Hybrid Warfare
Page Range:455-462
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:IoBT; disruptive; decision making; sensors; effects; hybrid warfare;
Summary/Abstract:Under the auspices of hybrid threats and conflicts, in this article I set out to answer the following questions: Is it appropriate to develop and deploy IoBT in the military domain? What are the challenges of deploying IoBT in an area of responsibility in the context of hybrid warfare? Studying the literature, research and testing IoBT in other militaries helped me answer the above questions. The development of emerging concepts such as IoBT (Internet of Battlefield Things) helps us to be visionary and anticipate the evolution of communications and information systems on the battlefield.

SHEAF STRATEGIES IN NETWORK SECURITY AND SAFETY OF SYSTEMS

SHEAF STRATEGIES IN NETWORK SECURITY AND SAFETY OF SYSTEMS
(SHEAF STRATEGIES IN NETWORK SECURITY AND SAFETY OF SYSTEMS)

Author(s):Elena ŞENDROIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:463-470
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Network Security; Attack detection; Authentication; sheaf condition; respectiv sieves; well structured sites;
Summary/Abstract:This study is focusing to use the properties of Sheaves as potential strategies in Network Security and Safety of Systems. We consider the most general notion of a sheaf, as a functor on a site, which is a category equipped with a Grothendieck topology. The Sheaf Relation (i.e. sheaf condition) is a strong tool to achive our goals. So, this paper presents the following applications : authentication procedures, distributed encryption methods and a new secret sharing scheme by using sheaves

LANCHESTER EQUATIONS AND THE UKRAINIAN WAR

LANCHESTER EQUATIONS AND THE UKRAINIAN WAR
(LANCHESTER EQUATIONS AND THE UKRAINIAN WAR)

Author(s):Lucian Dragoş POPESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Special Historiographies:, Peace and Conflict Studies, Russian Aggression against Ukraine, Russian war against Ukraine
Page Range:473-477
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Lanchester equations; salvo combat model; offensive power; defensive power; staying power; human resources;
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this article is to present the importance of quantity and quality of the opposing force. This approach starts from an analysis of the parties involved in the conflict. In this respect, it is necessary to quantify three parameters: offensive firepower, defensive firepower and staying power. These characteristics make the transition from a purely quantitative analysis of some objective parameters (the number of soldiers under arms, of units, ships, aircraft and different weapon systems) to the use of some qualitative parameters (the good state of operation, the relative retirement of the systems, their efficiency under certain conditions of use). We believe that these parameters should be supplemented with subjective parameters (the morale of the soldiers or the support of public opinion).

DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM A PROJECT MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM A PROJECT MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
(DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM A PROJECT MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE)

Author(s):Ionuț-Alexandru RADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Sociology, Security and defense, Management and complex organizations
Page Range:478-482
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Defense resource management; Project management in defense; Military project management; Agile methodologies in defense; Project integration;
Summary/Abstract:This article explores the critical role of project management principles in optimizing defense resource management. As defense sectors face growing complexity, both in scale and technological demands, the integration of structured project management frameworks becomes increasingly essential. The study traces the evolution of project management within defense, highlighting how modern methodologies such as Agile and low-code/no-code technologies are reshaping traditional processes. By addressing common challenges such as budget constraints, risk mitigation, and resource allocation inefficiencies, the article underscores the significance of a project-based approach. The findings demonstrate that embracing project management tools not only improves operational efficiency but also ensures strategic alignment with long-term defense objectives, ultimately enhancing decision-making and overall project success.

WARFARE INTELLIGENCE AND MILITARY TRANSPORTATION IN THE THE UKRAINE WAR

WARFARE INTELLIGENCE AND MILITARY TRANSPORTATION IN THE THE UKRAINE WAR
(WARFARE INTELLIGENCE AND MILITARY TRANSPORTATION IN THE THE UKRAINE WAR)

Author(s):Dragoș GHERGHINOIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:483-490
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:military logistics; warfare intelligence; supply chain management; cyber warfare; real-time intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:The ongoing war in Ukraine has illuminated the critical intersection of military logistics and warfare intelligence, highlighting their roles in sustaining operations and achieving tactical advantages. This article explores the complexities surrounding military transportation and intelligence in the context of Ukraine's defense against Russian aggression. It identifies key challenges faced by both Ukrainian and Russian forces, including logistical strains due to infrastructure damage, the integration of diverse intelligence sources, and the impact of cyber and disinformation warfare. As the conflict evolves into a war of attrition, the necessity for adaptive supply chain management and real-time intelligence becomes paramount. The article emphasizes the importance of maintaining operational readiness through resilient transportation networks and effective intelligence utilization, illustrating how these elements are vital for success in modern warfare.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: THE EFFECTS OF SECESSIONIST TENDENCIES ON THE NATO INTEGRATION PROCESS

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: THE EFFECTS OF SECESSIONIST TENDENCIES ON THE NATO INTEGRATION PROCESS
(BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: THE EFFECTS OF SECESSIONIST TENDENCIES ON THE NATO INTEGRATION PROCESS)

Author(s):Mădălin BUZEA, Cristian ICHIMESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Developing nations
Page Range:493-501
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Bosnia and Herzegovina; NATO; secession; tendencies; reform; integration; process; Russia; Serbia; Croatia;
Summary/Abstract:With the start of the war in Ukraine, the Western Balkans region has taken on a new significance because, initially, fears arose that the Russian Federation could generate unrest in states not integrated into Euro-Atlantic structures that could affect the regional security architecture. The Bosnian state continues to exhibit multiple features of insecurity, generated by the identity of its constituent peoples, and the preservation of a non-integrated area in the European geographic space will continue to provide insecurity. Misunderstandings and differences between the political leaders at the helm of the state, inter-ethnic tensions, but especially secessionist tendencies generate insecurity in Bosnia and Herzegovina and affect the process of the state's Euro-Atlantic integration.

USE OF ROBOTIC AND AUTONOMOUS ISR IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

USE OF ROBOTIC AND AUTONOMOUS ISR IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
(USE OF ROBOTIC AND AUTONOMOUS ISR IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT)

Author(s):Cristinel-Marius AMZA, Ciprian IGNAT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:502-508
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:ISR process; operational environment; intelligence; attritable assets; drones; autonomous robotic systems; artificial intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:Considering the development of the military activities on the battlefield in Ukraine, we believe that in the organization and structures of the Armed Forces, adapted to the future operational environment, the ISR hybrid drone structures are imperative. Those type of structures should be specialized in three areas: special reconnaissance drones, reconnaissance, surveillance and target identification drones, as well as ground attack drones. These tailored structures will provide better force protection, a two-plane image and save lives and injuries of the military.

THE FIGHT FOR INFORMATION ADVANTAGE: INSIGHTS FROM THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

THE FIGHT FOR INFORMATION ADVANTAGE: INSIGHTS FROM THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR
(THE FIGHT FOR INFORMATION ADVANTAGE: INSIGHTS FROM THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR)

Author(s):George-Ion TOROI
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:509-520
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:conflict; operating environment (OE); information advantage; command and control (C2); influence; intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:In the contemporary digital age information has become a crucial resource for every actor. The ability to analyze, process, and disseminate information effectively can determine the success or failure of military operations. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has exemplified this reality, where both sides have utilized information warfare strategies to gain an upper hand. Overall, the lessons learned from this war highlight the need for robust information management systems and the importance of adaptability in the face of rapidly changing narratives. This article explored the concept of information advantage applying a recognized framework to understand the strategies employed by both sides. It underscores the critical role that communication plays in warfare, particularly in shaping public perception and influencing international support. The conflict has demonstrated in countless instances that the ability to control narratives and counter misinformation is paramount for achieving information superiority. As both parties have leveraged social media and traditional outlets to disseminate their viewpoints, the implications for future military engagements are profound. The paper highlights that understanding how to harness information as a strategic asset is essential in the modern battlefield and will be of paramount importance in future confrontations.

KEY IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECENT SPIKE IN THE DRONE WARFARE

KEY IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECENT SPIKE IN THE DRONE WARFARE
(KEY IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECENT SPIKE IN THE DRONE WARFARE)

Author(s):Emil ȘERBAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:521-529
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:drone warfare; unmanned systems; strategy; capabilities; doctrine; economy.
Summary/Abstract:The ongoing conflict in Ukraine has marked a significant turning point in modern warfare, with drones playing a central role in military operations. Both Ukraine and Russia have increasingly relied on unmanned systems for intelligence gathering and direct combat operations. The war has driven rapid innovations in drone technology, including the integration of the artificial intelligence and the development of cost-effective unmanned aerial and surface vehicles. The conflict underscores the growing role of unmanned systems in modern warfare. It is prompting both state and non-state actors to innovate and adapt. As drone warfare expands, it reshapes military doctrine, global arms races, and geopolitical dynamics. The global proliferation of drones presents both opportunities for military advantage and significant security challenges, setting a precedent for future conflicts worldwide.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE
(THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE)

Author(s):Constantin MOCANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:530-539
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:artificial intelligence; technology; automation; decision-making; conflict; security;
Summary/Abstract:Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing modern warfare, building on a history of military technological advancements. Initially limited to logistics and basic decision-making, AI has evolved to enable missile guidance, drone operations, cybersecurity and intelligence gathering. It supports rapid data processing for situational awareness, enhances cyber defense and aids autonomous weapon systems. Ethical and legal concerns, including accountability, civilian safety and automation bias, present challenges. The international community faces urgent needs for regulatory frameworks to govern AI use in warfare and ensure responsible innovation, with AI poised to reshape global security dynamics.

MACHINE LEARNING AND MILITARY STRATEGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE WARFARE

MACHINE LEARNING AND MILITARY STRATEGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE WARFARE
(MACHINE LEARNING AND MILITARY STRATEGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE WARFARE)

Author(s):Florin TUDORACHE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:540-547
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:artificial intelligence; decision making; algorithmic warfar; disruptive technology; machine learning;
Summary/Abstract:Intelligent machines are poised to revolutionize warfare. While traditional machines have been mere extensions of human capabilities, these new intelligent systems hold the ability to learn, adapt, and exhibit unexpected behaviors. It's tempting to attribute human-like qualities to them, but this would be a mistake. These machines operate on the battlefield on fundamentally different logic and reasoning processes, making them unique actors apt to introduce disruptive capabilities that will reshape the future of warfare. This first part of the article analyses the views of different scientists and authors related to the Artificial Intelligence-assisted strategic and tactic decision making. The second part of the study presents the key findings of two recent situations when predictive algorithm informed political and military decision making. The paper concludes with considerations on the future of warfare, taking into account the scientific advancements, novel means of warfare, and the need for organizational adaptation to technological evolution.

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
(OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE)

Author(s):Dragoș-Mihai LECOIU, Arcadiu-Alin KOVACS
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:548-558
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:artificial intelligence; machine learning; big data analytics; quantum computing; cybersecurity; space-based intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:The rapid evolution of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data, quantum computing, and cybersecurity is transforming intelligence collection and defence strategies. These innovations offer unprecedented opportunities for intelligence agencies by enhancing the speed and efficiency of data collection and analysis, enabling better forecasting of threats and real-time monitoring. However, they also introduce challenges like algorithmic bias, ethical concerns, and security risks, particularly in balancing intelligence needs with privacy rights. Ukraine's use of smartphones and digital tools in its defence against Russian aggression exemplifies the operational potential of these technologies, particularly in rapidly gathering and transmitting battlefield intelligence. As technologies continue to evolve, intelligence agencies must remain agile, ensuring responsible use while adapting to the fast-changing landscape of global competition and security. Whoever becomes the leader in developing, understanding, and integrating these technologies will gain a strategic advantage on the intelligence battlefield.

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A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE (A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE)

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FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY (FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY)

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FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT (FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT)

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THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES (THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES)

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STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944 (STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944)

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THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944 (THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944)

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ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913 (ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913)

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1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education (1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education)

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MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ (MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ)

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REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION (REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION)

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DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA (DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA)

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GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA (GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA)

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ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA (ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA)

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NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES (NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES)

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THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA (THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA)

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AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS (AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS)

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THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION (THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION)

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THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH (THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH)

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SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY (SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY)

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INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS (INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS)

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SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES (SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES)

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BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO (BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO)

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RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY (RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY)

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PROCEEDINGS 20th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"

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(THE IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF THE US SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE BLACK SEA REGION)

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(MIDDLE POWER DIPLOMACY IN ASEAN TOWARD THE U.S.-CHINA BINARY. THE CASE OF INDONESIA)

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(IMPLICATIONS OF CHINESE POLICY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAME STANDARDIZATION ON THE CHINESE STRATEGY OF GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA)

THE DUAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN SAFEGUARDING CIVILIANS AND CULTIVATING RESILIENCE AMIDST ARMED CONFLICT
(THE DUAL ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWbIN SAFEGUARDING CIVILIANS AND CULTIVATING RESILIENCE AMIDST ARMED CONFLICT)

QATAR’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND SOFT POWER: THE ROLE OF THE QATAR INVESTMENT AUTHORITY AND THE 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP
(QATAR’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AND SOFT POWER: THE ROLE OF THE QATAR INVESTMENT AUTHORITY AND THE 2022 FIFA WORLD CUP)

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(VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER)

RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES
(RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES)

COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN A NEW ERA OF ARCTIC DIPLOMACY
(COOPERATION AND COMPETITION IN A NEW ERA OF ARCTIC DIPLOMACY)

BRICS COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE ARCTIC
(BRICS COOPERATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE ARCTIC)

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(RISK FACTORS SPECIFIC TO DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE CURRENT GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT)

GLOBAL DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH SECURITY
(GLOBAL DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH SECURITY)

CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN BIOTERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF PREVENTION AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES
(CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN BIOTERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF PREVENTION AND RESPONSE STRATEGIES)

DEFINING STRATEGIC LINES OF EFFORT FOR OPERATIONALIZING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN ALIGNMENT WITH NATO'S ALLIANCE CONCEPT
(DEFINING STRATEGIC LINES OF EFFORT FOR OPERATIONALIZING MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN ALIGNMENT WITH NATO'S ALLIANCE CONCEPT)

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICT PREVENTION IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT
(CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICT PREVENTION IN THE TAIWAN STRAIT)

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AFTER THE TERRORIST ATTACK COMMITTED AGAINST THE TUSAS COMPANY ON OCTOBER 23, 2024
(CRISIS MANAGEMENT AFTER THE TERRORIST ATTACK COMMITTED AGAINST THE TUSAS COMPANY ON OCTOBER 23, 2024)

A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE
(A CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS UPON EU – CHINA TRADE WARFARE)

FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY
(FINANCING NATIONAL DEFENSE FOR CONFLICT PREVENTION: INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY)

FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
(FUTURE THREATS AND CRISES IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT)

THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES
(THE IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL RESILIENCE FOR THE NATO MEMBER STATES ARMED FORCES)

STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944
(STATUS OF THE MONARCHY IN ROMANIA BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944)

THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944
(THE ROMANIAN OPPOSITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MONARCHY BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 6, 1940 AND AUGUST 23, 1944)

ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913
(ROMANIA'S INTERVENTION IN THE BALKAN WARS 1913)

1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education
(1958. WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS FROM ROMANIA. The beginning of the return to the basics of Romanian military education)

MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ
(MILITARY ART AND STRATEGY IN MOLDAVIA UNDER PETRU RAREȘ)

REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION
(REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC COMPETITION)

DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA
(DU CHEYRON'S DEATH IN ROMANIA)

GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA
(GEOPOLITICS AND POLITICS: THE RED ARMY, THE NATIONAL PEASANTS AND FORCED RULE OF COMMUNISM IN ROMANIA)

ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA
(ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION IN YEMEN POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ROMANIA)

NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES
(NATO AND UE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES)

THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA
(THE UNION OF THE ARMIES UNDER CUZA: WALLACHIA AND MOLDOVA)

AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS
(AN APPROACH TO GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS)

THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION
(THE IMPORTANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN BUILDING A RESILIENT NATION)

THE ROMANIAN’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK, POLICY AND STRATEGY TO CONTRIBUTE TO INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM ACTIVITIES
(THE ROMANIAN’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK, POLICY AND STRATEGY TO CONTRIBUTE TO INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM ACTIVITIES)

THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH
(THE THREAT OF TERRORISM AND ROMANIA’S SECURITY APPROACH)

SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY
(SYNERGIES BETWEEN SECURITY LEADERSHIP MODEL AND EFFECTIVE NATIONAL SECURITY)

INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS
(INVESTING IN ENERGY SECURITY WITH EUROPEAN FUNDS FINANCING PROGRAMS)

SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES
(SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES IN NATIONAL DEFENSE FINANCING IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPEAN AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY ARCHITECTURES)

BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO
(BEYOND BORDERS: REIMAGINING GLOBAL SECURITY IN THE FACE OF NORTH KOREAN THREATS AND ROMANIA'S ROLE IN NATO)

RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
(RADICALISM AND EXTREMISM – CURRENT THREATS TO NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY)

THE THREAT OF CURRENT NATIONALISM. TYPOLOGY AND VARIOUS REGIONAL MANIFESTATIONS
(THE THREAT OF CURRENT NATIONALISM. TYPOLOGY AND VARIOUS REGIONAL MANIFESTATIONS)

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN PRESERVING THE RULE OF LAW
(THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT IN PRESERVING THE RULE OF LAW)

NAVIGATING HUMANITARIANISM: THE ICRC'S ENDEAVORS IN ILLIBERAL EURASIA
(NAVIGATING HUMANITARIANISM: THE ICRC'S ENDEAVORS IN ILLIBERAL EURASIA)

THE MARTENS CLAUSE
(THE MARTENS CLAUSE)

THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
(THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC ETHICS AND INTEGRITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION)

ONLINE TEACHING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION IN TIME OF COVID-19. LESSONS LEARNED AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL
(ONLINE TEACHING, LEARNING AND EVALUATION IN TIME OF COVID-19. LESSONS LEARNED AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL)

MENTORING IN EDUCATION
(MENTORING IN EDUCATION)

INTERACTIVE METHODS APPLIED IN MILITARY LEADERSHIP COURSES
(INTERACTIVE METHODS APPLIED IN MILITARY LEADERSHIP COURSES)

THE IMPORTANCE OF A MENTOR
(THE IMPORTANCE OF A MENTOR)

PREVENTION OF VIOLENT MANIFESTATIONS AND RADICALIZATION THROUGH INTERCULTURAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC EDUCATION
(PREVENTION OF VIOLENT MANIFESTATIONS AND RADICALIZATION THROUGH INTERCULTURAL AND NEUROLINGUISTIC EDUCATION)

ARE HUMANS CREATING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN AI?
(ARE HUMANS CREATING THE UNCONSCIOUS IN AI?)

THE DEEPFAKE PHENOMENON – A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE
(THE DEEPFAKE PHENOMENON – A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE)

ANALYSIS OF THE HABITS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF ADULT CLIENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY IN THE DOBROGEA AREA
(ANALYSIS OF THE HABITS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF ADULT CLIENTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY IN THE DOBROGEA AREA)

THE NEXT ROADMAP OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: THE IMPACT OF IOBT IN HYBRID WARFARE
(THE NEXT ROADMAP OF DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: THE IMPACT OF IOBT IN HYBRID WARFARE)

SHEAF STRATEGIES IN NETWORK SECURITY AND SAFETY OF SYSTEMS
(SHEAF STRATEGIES IN NETWORK SECURITY AND SAFETY OF SYSTEMS)

LANCHESTER EQUATIONS AND THE UKRAINIAN WAR
(LANCHESTER EQUATIONS AND THE UKRAINIAN WAR)

DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM A PROJECT MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
(DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FROM A PROJECT MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE)

WARFARE INTELLIGENCE AND MILITARY TRANSPORTATION IN THE THE UKRAINE WAR
(WARFARE INTELLIGENCE AND MILITARY TRANSPORTATION IN THE THE UKRAINE WAR)

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: THE EFFECTS OF SECESSIONIST TENDENCIES ON THE NATO INTEGRATION PROCESS
(BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: THE EFFECTS OF SECESSIONIST TENDENCIES ON THE NATO INTEGRATION PROCESS)

USE OF ROBOTIC AND AUTONOMOUS ISR IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
(USE OF ROBOTIC AND AUTONOMOUS ISR IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT)

THE FIGHT FOR INFORMATION ADVANTAGE: INSIGHTS FROM THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR
(THE FIGHT FOR INFORMATION ADVANTAGE: INSIGHTS FROM THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR)

KEY IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECENT SPIKE IN THE DRONE WARFARE
(KEY IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECENT SPIKE IN THE DRONE WARFARE)

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE
(THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN WARFARE)

MACHINE LEARNING AND MILITARY STRATEGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE WARFARE
(MACHINE LEARNING AND MILITARY STRATEGY: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE WARFARE)

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
(OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FROM EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY INTELLIGENCE)