INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI &quot;STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS&quot; 21st Edition

BEYOND OIL: HOW GULF CO OPERATION COUNCIL ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY STRENGTHENS REGIONAL SECURITY

BEYOND OIL: HOW GULF CO OPERATION COUNCIL ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY STRENGTHENS REGIONAL SECURITY
(BEYOND OIL: HOW GULF CO OPERATION COUNCIL ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY STRENGTHENS REGIONAL SECURITY)

Author(s):Tudor OANCEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Security and defense
Page Range:11-18
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:economic diplomacy; foreign investments; geopolitical strategy; global influence; Gulf Cooperation Council; regional security; soft power; sovereign wealth funds.
Summary/Abstract:In the evolving landscape of international relations, economic diplomacy has become an essential instrument for states seeking to advance their strategic interests while reinforcing their security. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations – Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates – have increasingly relied on economic tools to shape regional stability and expand their global influence. By leveraging sovereign wealth funds, foreign direct investment, trade agreements, and foreign aid, GCC states have pursued economic diplomacy as both a complement to and substitute for traditional security measures.

STABILITY AND STRENGTH: THE ECONOMIC UNDERPINNINGS OF NATO'S ALLIED RESILIENCE

STABILITY AND STRENGTH: THE ECONOMIC UNDERPINNINGS OF NATO'S ALLIED RESILIENCE
(STABILITY AND STRENGTH: THE ECONOMIC UNDERPINNINGS OF NATO'S ALLIED RESILIENCE)

Author(s):Elena-Andreea STRUGARU, Mihai-Gabriel ALEXA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:19-26
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:policy; resilience; dependence; public-private partnership; supply chains.
Summary/Abstract:This article explores the concept of resilience within security science, focusing on the economic aspects of the NATO strategies and allied doctrines. In the light of increasing global volatility, resilience has become a crucial subject for analysis, particularly when talking about the Eastern Europe and supply chains. While the Romanian Military Strategy emphasizes the role that the army is playing in enhancing resilience, the article intends to examine the need for economic resilience, especially through public private partnership as it is articulated in Article 2 of NATO. What we wish to accomplish is underscoring the pivotal role, most often less discuss, of economic collaboration and policy in sustaining resilience amid diverse challenges.

ROMANIA’S GEOPOLITICAL CROSSROADS, NAVIGATING A VOLATILE GLOBAL FUTURE

ROMANIA’S GEOPOLITICAL CROSSROADS, NAVIGATING A VOLATILE GLOBAL FUTURE
(ROMANIA’S GEOPOLITICAL CROSSROADS, NAVIGATING A VOLATILE GLOBAL FUTURE)

Author(s):Oana Mihaela VLADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics
Page Range:29-34
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Romania; geopolitics; Black Sea; security; energy; NATO; economy; strategic scenarios.
Summary/Abstract:This research report offers a comprehensive and impartial analysis of Romania's geopolitical position in the contemporary international context. The document combines historical frameworks, strategic assessments, and statistical analyses to identify the risks, opportunities, and plausible scenarios for the 2025-2040 period. Public data IMF, World Bank, NATO, Eurostat, Reuters, Trading Economics, and foreign policy analyses are used to provide public policy recommendations and resilience options.

GREAT POWER INTERESTS IN THE ARCTIC

GREAT POWER INTERESTS IN THE ARCTIC
(GREAT POWER INTERESTS IN THE ARCTIC)

Author(s):Oana Mihaela VLADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, International relations/trade, Security and defense
Page Range:35-44
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Alaska; Arctic; Arctic security; Bering Strait; Northern Sea Route; Arctic policies; Indigenous communities.
Summary/Abstract:This article examines the strategic, economic, and legal interests of great powers in the Arctic region in mid-2025.Employing methods of documentary research, public policy analysis, synthesis of navigation data, and military exercise reports, the paper maps the competition between Russia, the United States, China, and the Euro-Atlantic allies(NATO/EU).The strategic position of Alaska in the geopolitical architecture of the Arctic is highly significant due to its historical, geopolitical, economic, military, and environmental dimensions, making it a central actor in the region. The main argument posits that, through its proximity to the Bering Strait, its existing military and civil infrastructure, and its institutional ties with the federal government and Indigenous communities, Alaska functions as the pivot of North American policy in the Arctic. It serves both as a platform for deterrence and power projection, and as a node for governance, maritime security, and climate change response. Contemporary challenges are discussed (Russian and Chinese competition, resource exploitation, environmental pressures), and public policy directions are proposed for strengthening Alaska's role within a cooperative yet vigilant framework. The final section outlines the economic interests of key actors and offers brief recommendations for future research.

FOOD SAFETY AND SECURITY CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS

FOOD SAFETY AND SECURITY CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS
(FOOD SAFETY AND SECURITY CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS)

Author(s):Oana-Mărgărita GHIMPEȚEANU, Cristin BORDA, Oana Mihaela VLADU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, International relations/trade, Security and defense
Page Range:45-55
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:food safety; food security; food crisis; food insecurity; development.
Summary/Abstract:Food safety and security are critical components of sustainable development, particularly in the face of the ongoing global food crisis. Food safety ensures that food is free from harmful contaminants, while food security guarantees consistent access to sufficient, nutritious food. The global food crisis, driven by climate change, conflicts, economic instability, and supply chain disruptions, has intensified challenges related to both safety and security. This paper explores the core concepts of food safety and food security, examining their interdependence and relevance in current global contexts. It highlights how poor food safety practices can undermine food security by causing health issues and food losses, while insecurity limits access to safe, quality food. The paper also presents international frameworks and the major food crisis that have existed in the last ten years. Understanding and effectively applying these concepts is essential for building resilient food systems that can withstand future crises and ensure global food sustainability.

THE CONCLUSION OF THE AFGHANISTAN MISSION: POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

THE CONCLUSION OF THE AFGHANISTAN MISSION: POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS
(THE CONCLUSION OF THE AFGHANISTAN MISSION: POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS)

Author(s):Ionuț-Iulian CĂLUGĂRU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics
Page Range:56-62
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Quad; United States of America; Afghanistan; Indo-Pacific.
Summary/Abstract:The topic we will address refers to the connections between the withdrawal of NATO military forces from Afghanistan and the events that followed thereafter, for example the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Thus, we may answer a research question that has emerged with the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, namely: What is the relationship between the withdrawal of NATO troops from Afghanistan and the event that subsequently took place at the global level?Therefore, through a realist approach and relying primarily on the analysis of documents and events, we will attempt to answer the established research question by providing relevant information intended to clarify the issues surrounding this topic. The article will be divided into two sections: the first will analyze the events preceding the withdrawal, and the second will examine the events that followed after 2021, considering that a chronological presentation of NATO’s actions and those of its members on the international stage may generate appropriate answers to our research question.

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE ROMANIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE ROMANIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
(THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE ROMANIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE FIELD OF NATIONAL DEFENSE)

Author(s):Marius Valeriu PĂUNESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Public Administration, Security and defense
Page Range:63-69
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Romania; public; administration; law; defense; security
Summary/Abstract:The Romanian public administration plays a capstone role in the planning and implementation of national defense policies, governed by a complex system of laws that ensures the effective functioning of defense-related institutions and their alignment with national and international obligations. In the context of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine which represents the gravest threat to Euro-Atlantic security since the fall of Berlin Wall, Romania has to prepare its central and local public administration to maintain even under the most demanding conditions three core functions: continuity of government, continuity of essential services to the population and continuity of civil support to military activities and operations. This paper provides an analysis of the legal structures that underpin the responsibilities of Romanian public administration in national defense, encompassing constitutional provisions, legislative acts, and administrative regulations. In present the delineation of attributes among various governmental bodies, highlighting the most relevant responsibilities of those institutions in the defense sector. Through this examination, the paper aims to elucidate the challenges and opportunities within the Romanian legal framework, offering insights into the landscape of national defense system and its implications for the requirements of the new generation of military plans for NATO’s actions in Deterrence and Defense of the Euro-Atlantic Area.

PERSPECTIVES REGARDING THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN NATIONAL SECURITY AND COUNTRY RISK

PERSPECTIVES REGARDING THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN NATIONAL SECURITY AND COUNTRY RISK
(PERSPECTIVES REGARDING THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN NATIONAL SECURITY AND COUNTRY RISK)

Author(s):Dumitru IANCU, Anca DINICU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:70-78
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Country risk; national security; global economy; national economy; risk assessment.
Summary/Abstract:The phenomena unfolding in the first years of this century are much more dynamic and challenging than those at the end of the last century, based on a much more acute interdependence. Although the areas of modern society can be analyzed and interpreted distinctly, there is a clear overlap between them that goes beyond the systemic. The issue of national security is multidimensional, both in structure and evolution, requiring an interpretation and solution along the lines of: "think globally, act locally”. The country risk highlights the internal state of affairs in continuous transformation under the influence of the external environment

THE STRATEGIC COMPETITION FOR RARE EARTHS UNITED STATES, CHINA AND THE NEW SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

THE STRATEGIC COMPETITION FOR RARE EARTHS UNITED STATES, CHINA AND THE NEW SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
(THE STRATEGIC COMPETITION FOR RARE EARTHS UNITED STATES, CHINA AND THE NEW SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA)

Author(s):Gabriel FLOREA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:79-85
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:resources; rare earths; geopolitics; defense industry; AI; United States; China; Africa.
Summary/Abstract:The scramble for resources has been a constant cause for conflicts that have shaped human history. In the XXI century, the competition between the United States and China reaches all domains, from politics and defense, to human rights and environment, and has impact on the entire world. The rising demand for natural resources represents an important aspect in this competition between the two rivals. Rare earth elements (REEs) constitute a key asset, since these are used in our modern life, from electronics and telecommunications, to green energy production and medical equipment, but are also very important for the defense industries. China controls the most REEs, natural resources andalso production, thus creating a strategic advantage. The US, the European Union or Australia try to counterweight by focusing on new sources of REEs, the African continent being such an option.

FINLAND'S INTEGRATION INTO NATO. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR COLLECTIVE DEFENSE

FINLAND'S INTEGRATION INTO NATO. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR COLLECTIVE DEFENSE
(FINLAND'S INTEGRATION INTO NATO. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR COLLECTIVE DEFENSE)

Author(s):Cătălina-Andreea TUFEANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics
Page Range:86-100
No. of Pages:15
Keywords:Finland; Russia; NATO; collective defense; history
Summary/Abstract:Finland’s integration into NATO is one of the most important recent developments on the international relations scene, highlighting geostrategic consequences to the public's attention and strengthening the northern flank of the Alliance. The article focuses on assessing the impact of Russian aggression on Euro-Atlantic security and the political and strategic reasons that determined the decision of the Finnish state to join NATO. The purpose of the research is to analyze the reasoning behind this decision and to demonstrate that the Alliance is returning to its original mission. The relevance of the article can be argued by the major impact on European security and by the historical context of neutrality that Finland has displayed so far on the international relations scene. Given the framework of the Eastern European War, it can be added that the relevance of the issue increases, the foreign policy decisions of states being influenced by global geopolitical dynamics. Cartographic, geopolitical analysis and documentary research stabilize the methodological course of the study and lead to an equivocal conclusion. The main results obtained only partially confirm the initial hypothesis, indicating a greater complexity of the analyzed phenomenon than anticipated. The presence of additional factors influences the course of the study, the working hypothesis specified in the introduction of the paper not being fully confirmed, but the research conclusions suggest its partial validity

THE EU’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY: PROGRESS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

THE EU’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY: PROGRESS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
(THE EU’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY: PROGRESS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS)

Author(s):Lorina ARITON
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:101-109
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:European security; Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP); strategic autonomy; geopolitical challenges; institutional framework.
Summary/Abstract:The security landscape of the European Union (EU) has undergone significant transformations in response to geopolitical shifts, emerging threats, and the increasing necessity for enhanced cooperation among member states. This study examines the evolution of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), analysing its implications for regional and global stability. The research explores key policy developments, strategic initiatives, and institutional frameworks that shape the EU’s security architecture. Furthermore, it assesses the challenges associated with political fragmentation, resource allocation, and external dependencies, which hinder the EU’s ability to establish a cohesive and effective security strategy. The findings suggest that while progress has been made in defence integration, a more unified and adaptable security framework is required to address contemporary threats.

THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN MANAGING THE SYRIAN CONFLICT

THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN MANAGING THE SYRIAN CONFLICT
(THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN MANAGING THE SYRIAN CONFLICT)

Author(s):Toma-Rareș PINȚOIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:110-120
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:UN Security Council; Syrian conflict; UN Resolutions; humanitarian interventions; peace negotiations.
Summary/Abstract:This article explores the genealogy of the Syrian conflict and examines the role of the UN Security Council in its mitigation. Structured along two primary axes, the article investigates the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, the impact on the civilian population, and the UN's crisis management efforts. The first chapter elucidates the internal factors that precipitated the crisis, the escalation of the conflict, and the war's impact on Syrian citizens. The second chapter illuminates UN involvement through international observers, peace negotiations, and humanitarian interventions. It also addresses the resolutions adopted by the Security Council to end hostilities and facilitate the reconstruction of the Syrian state.

ABDICATION OF KING CAROL II AND BRINGING GENERAL ANTONESCU AT THE HEAD OF THE ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT (4-6 SEPTEMBER 1940)

ABDICATION OF KING CAROL II AND BRINGING GENERAL ANTONESCU AT THE HEAD OF THE ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT (4-6 SEPTEMBER 1940)
(ABDICATION OF KING CAROL II AND BRINGING GENERAL ANTONESCU AT THE HEAD OF THE ROMANIAN GOVERNMENT (4-6 SEPTEMBER 1940))

Author(s):Dorel BUȘE
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
Page Range:123-128
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Ion Antonescu; King Carol II; Romanian political crisis; authoritarian regime; Second Vienna Award.
Summary/Abstract:This article analyses the political and institutional circumstances that enabled General Ion Antonescu’s accession to power in Romania in September 1940, against the background of profound territorial losses, internal political fragmentation, and the collapse of King Carol II’s authority. It examines the cumulative impact of the surrender of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, the Vienna Award, and escalating social unrest on the legitimacy of the royal regime. Particular attention is paid to Antonescu’s relations with the monarchy, the main democratic parties, the Legionary Movement, and the German diplomatic representatives, highlighting how both domestic pressures and external geopolitical considerations converged in his appointment. The study traces the gradual transfer of power through decrees granting full authority, the suspension of constitutional life, and the abdication of King Carol II, which collectively marked the end of parliamentary democracy and the establishment of an authoritarian regime. By contextualizing Antonescu’s rise within the crisis of the Romanian state in 1940, the article argues that his assumption of power was perceived at the time as a necessary solution to state disintegration, while simultaneously laying the foundations for a personal dictatorship reliant primarily on the army and conditional cooperation with the Legionary Movement.

THE LEGIONARY REBELLION (21st-23rd OF JANUARY 1941)

THE LEGIONARY REBELLION (21st-23rd OF JANUARY 1941)
(THE LEGIONARY REBELLION (21st-23rd OF JANUARY 1941))

Author(s):Dorel BUȘE
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
Page Range:129-136
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:National Legionary State; Ion Antonescu; Legionary Movement; authoritarian governance; January 1941 rebellion.
Summary/Abstract:This article examines the establishment, functioning, and collapse of the National Legionary State in Romania between September 1940 and January 1941, focusing on the relationship between General Ion Antonescu and the Legionary Movement. It analyzes the political rationale behind the creation of the National Legionary State, the composition of its government, and the constraints imposed by Romania’s external dependence on Nazi Germany and the growing Soviet threat. Particular emphasis is placed on the structural incompatibility between Antonescu’s authoritarian, state-centered conception of governance and the Legionary Movement’s totalitarian, revolutionary, and ideologically driven agenda. The study traces the progressive deterioration of relations between the two centers of power, culminating in the assassinations of November 1940 and the Legionary rebellion of January 1941. It also highlights the decisive role of German diplomatic and political support in enabling Antonescu to suppress the rebellion and dismantle the National Legionary State. Finally, the article analyzes the transition to a military-technocratic government after January 1941, arguing that this shift marked the consolidation of Antonescu’s personal dictatorship, grounded primarily in the army and administrative efficiency rather than mass political mobilization or party structures.

THE COLONIZATION OF THE CADRILATER, 1913-1940

THE COLONIZATION OF THE CADRILATER, 1913-1940
(THE COLONIZATION OF THE CADRILATER, 1913-1940)

Author(s):Florian BICHIR
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
Page Range:137-146
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Southern Dobruja (the Cadrilater); 1940; the Treaty of Craiova; Bulgarian revisionism.
Summary/Abstract:Colonization of the Cadrilater is not an isolated phenomenon in the Balkan area; rather, it must be linked with the major population exchanges that took place both between the Ottoman Empire and the new states that emerged from it, and among those successor states themselves. The aim was to create a unified ethnic majority – an idea subordinate to that of the nation-state – but also to counter external influences of the Great Powers: on one side, those of the Ottomans, whose way of life and administrative system had left a profound mark on the occupied peoples; and on the other side, those of the Western powers and of Russia, all directly interested in exerting influence in the Balkans. The population exchanges, especially between the new Turkish Republic and Greece, following the Convention of Lausanne, of 30 January 1923, did nothing more than formalize a demographic movement whose origins should be sought during the Balkan revolutions.

1968 THE PRAGUE SPRING AND ROMANIA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

1968 THE PRAGUE SPRING AND ROMANIA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
(1968 THE PRAGUE SPRING AND ROMANIA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE)

Author(s):Florian BICHIR
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
Page Range:147-151
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Cehoslovacia; Prague Spring; 1968; URSS; Ceaușescu
Summary/Abstract:At dawn on August 21, 1968, half a million Soviet, Bulgarian, Polish, East German, and Hungarian soldiers invaded Czechoslovakia and crushed the Prague Spring. Twenty-nine divisions, 7,500 tanks, and over 1,000 Warsaw Pact aircraft crushed the fledgling democracy and utopian dreams of the Czechoslovakians in the Soviet camp. The Prague Spring was melted away by Brezhnev's doctrine, by the storm, by the Moscow blizzard. A few hours later, after the invasion, Nicolae Ceaușescu stood on the balcony of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party in front of a huge crowd and said: "The invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops is a great mistake and a threat to peace in Europe, to the fate of socialism in the world, and it is a day of shame for the international movement. There is no justification and there is no reason that would make acceptable, even for a moment, the idea of intervening in the internal affairs of a fraternal socialist state [...]. No foreigner has the right to say what form the construction of socialism should take" (Retegan, “1968 – Din primăvară până în toamnă. Schiţă de politică externă românească”, p. 101). A genuine declaration of independence!

POLITICAL DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWIN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

POLITICAL DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWIN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(POLITICAL DIMENSION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAWIN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Luiza SIRBU (RADUSLAV)
Language:English
Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, History of Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Page Range:152-158
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:multi-domain operations; responsibility to protect; rules of engagement; humanitarian law.
Summary/Abstract:If the war as a social phenomenon has a strong political charge and the politics has the task of conducting the war in accordance with the national interest and the objectives of the national security policy of the states in confrontation, the political leadership also has the responsibility of establishing the guidelines of the behavior that has its center on the respect for the principles and rules of international humanitarian law, even in the conditions of the fierce struggle for victory. This role is reflected in the will and efforts of the political authority of states and international organizations, made over time, to regulate violence in armed conflicts by establishing principles and rules incorporated in texts that have, through the common political will, a binding character. This communication presents how the power of the state, through its political dimension, contributes to the implementation of international humanitarian law in the context of multi-domain operations.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE REVOLUTION OF MILITARY AFFAIRS AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE REVOLUTION OF MILITARY AFFAIRS AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE REVOLUTION OF MILITARY AFFAIRS AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL)

Author(s):Alexandra POPA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economy, Security and defense, Military policy, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Transport / Logistics
Page Range:159-166
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:artificial intelligence; military logistics; blockchain; autonomous drones; cybersecurity; emerging technologies.
Summary/Abstract:This paper analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the global military industry, highlighting the ways in which emerging technologies are transforming combat strategies, military logistics, and operational decision-making. The study explores the benefits of AI, including the optimization of the military supply chain, the use of autonomous drones, and the integration of blockchain for data security. It also discusses associated vulnerabilities and challenges, such as technological dependence and cyber risks. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper emphasizes the need for a balanced approach in the implementation of AI in the military sector.

THE ARMISTICE OF FOCȘANI

THE ARMISTICE OF FOCȘANI
(THE ARMISTICE OF FOCȘANI)

Author(s):Horia DUMITRESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
Page Range:167-175
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Eastern Front 1917; Romanian Army; Russian Revolution; military indiscipline; Focșani Armistice
Summary/Abstract:The Romanian victories of the summer of 1917 at Mărăști, Mărășești, and Oituz represented the only Allied successes on the Eastern Front, yet they failed to produce decisive strategic outcomes. This article analyzes the rapid deterioration of the Russian military presence on the Romanian front following these battles, under the impact of revolutionary agitation, Bolshevik propaganda, and systemic indiscipline. The collapse of command authority within Russian units, manifested through insubordination, desertions, and the politicization of the troops, fundamentally altered the operational environment and placed Romania in an acute strategic dilemma. Faced with the imminent withdrawal of Russia from the war and the impossibility of maintaining the front independently, Romanian political and military leadership was compelled to reassess its options. The study examines the decision-making process that led to Romania’s participation in the negotiations for a purely military armistice, culminating in the Focșani Armistice of November/December 1917. Particular attention is devoted to the negotiations themselves, the positions of the belligerents, the contentious clauses of the agreement, and the broader implications for Romania’s security and international status. The article argues that the Focșani Armistice was not the result of political alignment with the Central Powers, but rather a coerced strategic choice dictated by the collapse of the Eastern Front and the disintegration of the Russian ally.

GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE AND THE DINAMO-RAPID FOOTBALL MATCH POSTPONED

GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE AND THE DINAMO-RAPID FOOTBALL MATCH POSTPONED
(GENERAL CHARLES DE GAULLE AND THE DINAMO-RAPID FOOTBALL MATCH POSTPONED)

Author(s):Gabriel-Ion DEGERATU
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
Page Range:176-183
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Charles de Gaulle; football match; Bucharest; Paris; Security; people; meeting.
Summary/Abstract:The presence of the French General Charles de Gaulle in Romania was the occasion of many extraordinary moments in the bilateral relations, which were on the rise at that time. There was the enthusiastic welcome of the Romanian people, sincerely expressed towards the first Western president to visit Bucharest, the record 350-kilometer visit, starting in Oltenia, continuing in Muntenia, without passing by the Pitești Car Plant, which in three months' time would put the first car on the treadmill, and ending in the capital of the R.S.R., the very large number of former graduates of the military schools of Saint-Cyr and Paris, present at all points of the routes through the country, other than those with whom he had arranged to meet the high guest and other very interesting aspects. It is also worth noting that a sporting event of the highest level did not take place at a time when the Romanian authorities had decided to put a stop to any situation that could cause disorder and destabilization during the six days initially set by the two sides

THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR AS SEEN BY THE PROMINENT GENERALS OF THE TIME

THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR AS SEEN BY THE PROMINENT GENERALS OF THE TIME
(THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR AS SEEN BY THE PROMINENT GENERALS OF THE TIME)

Author(s):Mircea-Andrei GANCZ
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Military history, Recent History (1900 till today), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
Page Range:184-193
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Second World War; Allied; Soviet; German; Romania; under-equipped.
Summary/Abstract:During the Second World War, Romania fought alongside the Axis against the Soviet Union, but also faced a few Allied air raids. The allied high-ranking generals barely mention Romania in their memoirs, General Eisenhower being the only one to mention the heavy anti-air defenses around the Ploiesti oilfields when talking about Operation Tidal Wave. Having participated in the conflict on the side of the USSR, Marshal G.V. Zhukov often BIBLIOGRAPHY the Romanian military when recounting the events of the Battle of Stalingrad. Here, he describes the Romanian forces' positions and describes them as under-equipped and having low morale. Field Marshal Erich von Manstein, an extensive description of the Romanian army in his memoir. He praises some of the Romanian high-ranking generals and the Romanian soldiers, but he is also critical of many aspects of the Romanian military. General Heinz Guderian also mentions the Romanian army a few times in his memoir, but doesn’t go into detail about their capabilities.

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NATIONAL ARMY: THE UNIFICATION OF THE ARMED FORCES UNDER THE REIGN OF ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NATIONAL ARMY: THE UNIFICATION OF THE ARMED FORCES UNDER THE REIGN OF ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA
(THE BEGINNINGS OF THE NATIONAL ARMY: THE UNIFICATION OF THE ARMED FORCES UNDER THE REIGN OF ALEXANDRU IOAN CUZA)

Author(s):Ionuț-Alexandru LUNGU
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
Page Range:194-202
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Historic; Union; Modernism; Evolutions; Laws
Summary/Abstract:The origins of the Romanian National Army lie in the process of unifying the armed forces of Moldavia and Wallachia under the reign of Alexandru Ioan Cuza. His election as ruler of both principalities in 1859 marked the first step toward the creation of a unified state, making the consolidation of a national army a crucial priority for the stability and defense of the new political entity. During a period of profound change, Cuza and his team of reformers initiated essential measures to modernize and organize the army. These reforms included the standardization of military structures, the introduction of compulsory military service, and the equipping of troops with modern weaponry, aligning them with European standards. Furthermore, the unification of the armed forces was not merely an administrative step but also a declaration of sovereignty and self-determination for Romanians in the face of the great powers. Through these measures, Alexandru Ioan Cuza laid the foundation for an army capable of supporting the consolidation of the Romanian state and ensuring national defense, creating the conditions for Romania's future military and political successes.

ATYPICAL SHIFTS IN THE CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC LANDSCAPE

ATYPICAL SHIFTS IN THE CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC LANDSCAPE
(ATYPICAL SHIFTS IN THE CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC LANDSCAPE)

Author(s):Anton MURARU, Cornel Oancea, Petru MAZĂRE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:203-214
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:atypical; BRI; BRICS+; geoeconomics; geopolitics; geostrategy; hybrid.
Summary/Abstract:A look at the current global geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic landscape reveals major changes in Europe and in the world, particularly following Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the re-election of Donald Trump as President of the United States of America (USA). Some countries abandoned their historical neutrality (Finland and Sweden as European Union (EU) members), and joined NATO, while others asked to join it (Georgia, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The EU is beginning to pay much more attention to strengthening common defense capabilities and ensuring strategic autonomy for energy and rare resources. The US seems more focused on domestic issues and the relative disengagement shown in terms of foreign policy facilitates the aggresive assertion of the global powers China and Russia. In the new context, non-military factors, especially geoeconomic instruments, are intensively promoted to achieve geopolitical and geostrategic objectives. In this landscape, some atypical shifts regarding conflicts, intergovernmental organizations, development strategies, leaders and their leadership, etc. are identified and further presented.

RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIAN AND GERMAN TROOPS DURING THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIAN AND GERMAN TROOPS DURING THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
(RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIAN AND GERMAN TROOPS DURING THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD)

Author(s):Alisia-Maria NEGOIȚĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history, Recent History (1900 till today), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
Page Range:215-220
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Stalingrad; World War II; Germany; Romania; Lascăr Group; resources.
Summary/Abstract:The Battle of Stalingrad was an emblematic event and at the same time a bloody lesson in the Second World War, which changed the course of the nations involved in the conflagration. The battle encompassed a vast space, where the German and Soviet troops, of the two alliance blocs, fought urban battles in extreme conditions, where strategy was a decisive factor in achieving victory. As for the relations between the German and Romanian troops, they were a topic of debate because of the defective interactions that took place, their association contributing especially to the failure in the military campaign. Ineffective communication, discrepancy of resources, training, and strategic ones, made the actions at Stalingrad difficult, tilting the victory to the side of the Soviet Union.

APPLICABILITY OF THE SWEDISH MODEL REGARDING THE PREPARATION OF THE POPULATION FOR DEFENSE IN THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE SISTEM

APPLICABILITY OF THE SWEDISH MODEL REGARDING THE PREPARATION OF THE POPULATION FOR DEFENSE IN THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE SISTEM
(APPLICABILITY OF THE SWEDISH MODEL REGARDING THE PREPARATION OF THE POPULATION FOR DEFENSE IN THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE SISTEM)

Author(s):Diana CHIȘ-MANOLACHE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:223-229
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:total defense; military service; volunteering; human resources; training.
Summary/Abstract:At the level of many European states, the defense systems have deficiencies in terms of recruitment and retention in the military system. A survey elaborated in 2014, conducted by the EUROMIL association highlighted some of the factors that determine these problems, elements that are also valid in our country. Given these aspects, this article suggests the implementation of an effective solution, applied by the Swedish state, namely selective military service. This model can also be implemented in the situation of the national defense of the Romanian state, having great long-term benefits.

HYBRID THREATS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY

HYBRID THREATS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY
(HYBRID THREATS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY)

Author(s):Mihaiela BUȘE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Hybrid Warfare
Page Range:230-236
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:hybrid threats; European Union; North Atlantic Treaty Organization; strategy; disinformation campaigns.
Summary/Abstract:Hybrid threats are not a new reality, quite the opposite. What is new is the extent to which they are used. Hybrid threats are a form of foreign meddeling that is difficult to attribute to specific actors. The advantage is that those who use hybrid threats to achieve their objectives cannot be clearly identified. However, the consequences of these hybrid threats in various forms, of political, unconventional warfare, of disinformation campaigns, attacks on critical infrastructure, interference in democratic elections can undermine institutions, can decrease citizens' trust in the state, can destabilize societies causing chaos, riots and loss of human lives. Both the European Union and NATO are faced with a wave of extremely diverse hybrid threats, which has determined on the one hand a close and effective collaboration between the two organizations, on the other hand their own measures to combat them.

THE ARCTIC AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY

THE ARCTIC AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY
(THE ARCTIC AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY)

Author(s):Mihaiela BUȘE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:237-240
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military competition; security; deterrence; cooperation; Arctic area.
Summary/Abstract:The Arctic is attracting increasing global interest due to its resources, which, due to global warming, are becoming much more accessible for exploitation. In a world where economic, military and political supremacy are desired or positions that must be maintained at all costs, the Arctic represents a territory that many non-Arctic states would like to own a part of. NATO and EU member states that have Arctic territories are concerned with ensuring the security of the area in the context of the military presence and competition from the Russian Federation and China. The Arctic is facing security challenges that require intense cooperation between Arctic countries. The common denominator in terms of war as a reality on the European continent and an increased military presence in the Arctic is the Russian Federation.

FRANCE FACING HYBRID THREATS AND THE GROWING ROLE OF CYBERSECURITY

FRANCE FACING HYBRID THREATS AND THE GROWING ROLE OF CYBERSECURITY
(FRANCE FACING HYBRID THREATS AND THE GROWING ROLE OF CYBERSECURITY)

Author(s):Lorin Nicolae BOGDAN-DUICĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Hybrid Warfare
Page Range:241-250
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Hybrid threats; Cybersecurity; France; Ransomware; Critical infrastructure; ANSSI; Digital sovereignty.
Summary/Abstract:The research examines the developing hybrid threat environment of the digital age through an examination of France's national cybersecurity strategy and its reaction to increasing cyber threats. The present analysis studies the modern conflict transformation which resulted from the combination of cyber operations with disinformation and economic disruption. It is an evaluation of France's institutional cybersecurity system together with its strategic plan and European regulatory compliance while pinpointing current system weaknesses. Ransomware attacks on French hospitals demonstrate hybrid threats in practice while showing the government's reaction to these incidents. The article finishes by emphasizing the need for resilience alongside strategic coordination and societal awareness as essential defenses against complex ambiguous forms of aggression.

NAVIGATING SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY: PROSPECTS AND PITFALLS OF A UNIFIED EUROPEAN INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION AGENCY IN THE WAKE OF THE NIINISTÖ REPORT

NAVIGATING SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY: PROSPECTS AND PITFALLS OF A UNIFIED EUROPEAN INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION AGENCY IN THE WAKE OF THE NIINISTÖ REPORT
(NAVIGATING SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY: PROSPECTS AND PITFALLS OF A UNIFIED EUROPEAN INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION AGENCY IN THE WAKE OF THE NIINISTÖ REPORT)

Author(s):Dragoş VETRESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:251-258
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:European intelligence; strategic autonomy; intelligence cooperation; hybrid threats; Niinistö Report.
Summary/Abstract:This paper critically evaluates the prospects, challenges, and feasibility of establishing a unified European intelligence agency, contextualized within contemporary geopolitical developments and the recent proposals of the Niinistö Report (2024). It examines the historical evolution of European intelligence cooperation, identifies the heightened need for enhanced collaboration arising from security threats such as the war in Ukraine and hybrid operations, and explores strategic rationales advocating for greater intelligence integration. The paper further analyzes significant obstacles including national sovereignty concerns, operational complexities, and legal barriers embedded within EU treaties. Drawing upon historical lessons the paper critically assesses the Niinistö Report’s pragmatic recommendations aimed at fostering deeper cooperation in intelligence matters up to creating an intelligence cooperation service.

THE SECURITY IN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME

THE SECURITY IN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME
(THE SECURITY IN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME)

Author(s):Ana-Nicoleta-Adriana ALDEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:259-270
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:organized crime; Spain; threat; measures; cross-border threats.
Summary/Abstract:This article highlights the difficulties that the Kingdom of Spain faces with regard to the threats of organized crime. Structured in three sections, it considers the diversity of organized crime present on Spanish territory, as well as the measures adopted in accordance with European Union directives.

THE SECURITY THREAT OF TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

THE SECURITY THREAT OF TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
(THE SECURITY THREAT OF TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION)

Author(s):Ana-Nicoleta-Adriana ALDEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:271-280
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:terrorism; European Union; threats; strategies; tehnologies.
Summary/Abstract:This article draws attention to the threat of terrorist attacks, which is becoming a challenge to the security of the European Union. Divided into three sections, it outlines how the European Union has attempted over the years to counter the spread of this transnational extremist phenomenon and to maintain a state of regional security by coordinating directives on international cooperation between state actors.

CHALLENGES OF EUROPEANISATION IN ROMANIA: ADAPTING MIGRATION AND ASYLUM POLICY TO EUROPEAN NORMS

CHALLENGES OF EUROPEANISATION IN ROMANIA: ADAPTING MIGRATION AND ASYLUM POLICY TO EUROPEAN NORMS
(CHALLENGES OF EUROPEANISATION IN ROMANIA: ADAPTING MIGRATION AND ASYLUM POLICY TO EUROPEAN NORMS)

Author(s):Alexandra Andrada COZMA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:281-289
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:European Union; Europeanisation; European Integration; migration policy; migration crisis.
Summary/Abstract:Asylum and migration policy has often been viewed as having limited potential for advancing European integration and Europeanisation due to its profound impact on national sovereignty. However, successive waves of migrants and refugees impacting the European Union have prompted the EU to expand its competencies and responsibilities in managing migration. These developments underscore asylum and migration policy as a critical area of interest for the study of Europeanisation, given its transnational nature and complex interactions with the national security interests of member states. In the case of Romania, both during the pre-accession and post-accession period to the European Union, the national migration and asylum policy underwent a process of Europeanisation, aimed at aligning with European requirements. This process was later conditioned by the national objective of joining the Schengen Area, making Romania an interesting case study for analysing the Europeanisation of this policy.

THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FIELD OF HUMANITARIAN AID

THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FIELD OF HUMANITARIAN AID
(THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE FIELD OF HUMANITARIAN AID)

Author(s):Toma-Rareș PINȚOIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, EU-Approach / EU-Accession / EU-Development
Page Range:290-301
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:European Humanitarian Aid; European Humanitarian Policy; ECHO (European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations); EU Civil Protection Mechanism; International Humanitarian Law; Institutional Governance of the EU.
Summary/Abstract:Ensuring an effective response to crises by the European Union has been made possible through a well-established legal framework, based on treaties and specific regulations. The creation of these norms has led to the development of organized mechanisms aimed at coordinating resources and facilitating humanitarian support actions in a prompt and structured manner. At the institutional level, the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) plays a key role in supervising the allocation of funds and the implementation of support measures. The European Parliament, through its legislative activity, influences both the regulations and the budgets allocated to this field, thereby contributing to a better management of interventions. Simultaneously, the EU Civil Protection Mechanism fosters cooperation among Member States, enhancing their collective response capacity in the face of disasters. The European Union's intervention following the earthquakes in Turkey and Syria in February 2023 demonstrated the efficiency of this system. Thanks to the rapid mobilization of response teams and the distribution of necessary resources, humanitarian aid reached the affected populations, highlighting the importance of a well-coordinated strategy in managing emergency situations.

THE USE OF DRONES CLOSE TO THE BORDERS OF NATO'S EASTERN FLANK MEMBERS

THE USE OF DRONES CLOSE TO THE BORDERS OF NATO'S EASTERN FLANK MEMBERS
(THE USE OF DRONES CLOSE TO THE BORDERS OF NATO'S EASTERN FLANK MEMBERS)

Author(s):Ilișca-Anișoara COMAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:302-308
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:NATO; revolution in military affairs; air power; UAVs; military tactics; Russian-Ukrainian conflict.
Summary/Abstract:The utilisation of unmanned aerial vehicles within the immediate vicinity of NATO’s easternmost member nations is a subject of considerable concern. This paper seeks to cover the manner in which Russia Federation and Ukraine integrated this technology in the operational architecture of the battlefield, and also the collateral effects produced to oher parties. As well, will highlight novel perspective to be considered in order to combat such attacks to enhance national and euro-atlantic security.

ENTROPY AND STRATEGIC DECLINE: A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

ENTROPY AND STRATEGIC DECLINE: A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
(ENTROPY AND STRATEGIC DECLINE: A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY)

Author(s):Alexandra-Maria GAVRILĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:309-321
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:Social Entropy Theory; regional security; Euro-Atlantic; geopolitical forecasting; systemic dissonance.
Summary/Abstract: This article examines the relevance and analytical utility of Social Entropy Theory in the study of regional stability and strategic dynamics within the Euro-Atlantic space. Rooted in systems theory and informed by the work of Kenneth D. Bailey, Social Entropy Theory conceptualizes society as a complex system subject to increasing disorder when cohesion, coordination, and adaptive capacity deteriorate. Applied to the contemporary Euro-Atlantic geopolitical environment, this framework allows for a critical reassessment of regional instability not merely as a response to external threats, but as a manifestation of internal systemic dissonance. Entropic indicators – such as normative fragmentation, geopolitical divergence, and informational overload – signal a transition from systemic equilibrium toward a far-from-equilibrium state. Such conditions undermine the strategic coherence of the Euro-Atlantic region, creating vulnerabilities that traditional risk analyses often overlook. By connecting entropy-sensitive dynamics with broader trends in strategic forecasting and regional security culture, the study positions Social Entropy Theory as a valuable heuristic tool in anticipating strategic fatigue, navigating uncertainty, and reframing regional resilience in the 21st century.

COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO DEFENSE FINANCING: EVALUATING NATO AND EU STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON NATIONAL DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY

COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO DEFENSE FINANCING: EVALUATING NATO AND EU STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON NATIONAL DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY
(COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO DEFENSE FINANCING: EVALUATING NATO AND EU STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON NATIONAL DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY)

Author(s):Adrian IURA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:322-334
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:defense financing; NATO; European Union security policy; strategic governance; national defense sustainability.
Summary/Abstract:This study investigates how NATO and EU defense financing strategies shape the performance and sustainability of national defense systems, with a focus on comparative institutional approaches. Grounded in public finance and institutional theory, the research analyzes key differences in defense budgeting frameworks and strategic priorities between the two organizations. A comparative case study of Germany and Poland – representing distinct economic profiles, strategic postures and defense investment trajectories – illustrates how national responses to shared security challenges are mediated by divergent financing models. Methodologically, the study combines policy analysis with budgetary data and strategic documentation. Findings highlight both convergence and friction between NATO’s collective defense logic and the EU’s emerging defense autonomy initiatives. The paper argues that sustainable defense financing depends not only on fiscal capacity but also on institutional adaptability and policy coherence. It concludes with actionable insights for policymakers seeking to align national financing models with the evolving Euro – Atlantic security architecture.

RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING CCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES

RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING CCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES
(RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING CCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES)

Author(s):Andreea-Diana PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:335-342
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Voluntary Veto Restraint; mass atrocities; French-Mexican Initiative; Israeli-Palestinian Conflict; Responsibility to Protect (R2P); Responsibility Not to Veto (RN2V).
Summary/Abstract:This article investigates the concept of voluntary veto restraint within the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in contexts of mass atrocities, focusing on the 2015 French-Mexican initiative advocating for a non-binding declaration to limit veto use in such crises. This approach seeks to merge a symbolic commitment to human rights with the practical circumvention of the legal complexities inherent in amending the UN Charter. Employing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a case study, the article analyzes the potential of voluntary veto constraints to facilitate more timely and effective UNSC interventions. It further examines the underlying legal frameworks and institutional mechanisms, including the Accountability, Coherence, and Transparency (ACT) group’s 2015 Code of Conduct. The concept of “Responsibility Not to Veto” (RN2V) is emphasized, arguing for the ethical obligation of permanent members to abstain from veto use when confronting mass atrocities. Ultimately, this analysis underscores the need for a more responsive and effective UNSC aligned with Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principles.

VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER

VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER
(VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER)

Author(s):Andreea-Diana PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:343-351
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:veto power; jus cogens; peremptory norms; omission liability; mass atrocities.
Summary/Abstract:This article examines the legal significance and practical implications of jus cogens norms in international law. Jus cogens, or peremptory norms, are universally binding principles that no state can derogate from, even through treaties or agreements. Originating from natural law and entrenched in customary international law, these norms safeguard fundamental values such as the prohibition of genocide, torture, and other grave crimes. The article discusses how jus cogens norms constrain the actions of states and international bodies, including the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Specifically, it analyzes the legal implications of UNSC vetoes that obstruct responses to mass atrocities, suggesting that such actions might constitute a violation of jus cogens. By exploring concepts like omission liability and paralleling domestic legal trends with those of the international order, the article argues that jus cogens norms play a crucial role in ensuring accountability and protecting the moral fabric of the international legal system, even against the backdrop of geopolitical interests.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF MVM’S ACQUISITION ON E.ON ROMANIA

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF MVM’S ACQUISITION ON E.ON ROMANIA
(FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF MVM’S ACQUISITION ON E.ON ROMANIA)

Author(s):Sorina-Denisa POTCOVARU, Marinel-Adi MUSTATA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:355-362
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:critical infrastructure; energy security; foreign direct investment (FDI); hybrid threats; MVM Group; E.ON Romania.
Summary/Abstract: In a tense geopolitical context, modern societies' dependence on essential services provided by critical infrastructures is becoming increasingly evident. The energy infrastructure, in particular, is a target for hybrid threats and a focal point in the struggle for influence among states and international organizations. Romania, located on the eastern border of the European Union and the North Atlantic Alliance, in a region of geopolitical interest, faces a case at the beginning of 2025 that could jeopardize its energy independence. This case concerns the potential transaction through which the Hungarian company MVM Group would become the majority shareholder of E.ON Romania, one of the main gas and electricity suppliers. As the case is still ongoing, awaiting a response from Romanian authorities during the finalization of the transaction procedures, this article analyzes the situation using scenario construction as a methodological approach, employing ontological representation.

CAN WE TEACH STUDENTS HOW TO LEARN WHILE TEACHING THEM WHAT TO LEARN?

CAN WE TEACH STUDENTS HOW TO LEARN WHILE TEACHING THEM WHAT TO LEARN?
(CAN WE TEACH STUDENTS HOW TO LEARN WHILE TEACHING THEM WHAT TO LEARN?)

Author(s):Sorina-Mihaela MARDAR
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Education, Higher Education
Page Range:363-367
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:students; teaching; learning how to learn; instructional methods.
Summary/Abstract:Is it still necessary, today, to teach students how to learn? Through technology, we interact with everything in our environment. But the influence of technology is much deeper: it affects human development, the way we do things, the decisions we make, the way we view our peers and even ourselves. Our entire lives are under the influence of technology. Recent generations of children are called “digital children” because they grew up with digital devices, and their use has left its mark on their way of being and acting. With the Covid-19 pandemic, technology has penetrated both education and our homes. But precisely in this context, of technological advancement, of today's children who are born with a technological intelligence that previous generations did not have, it is necessary to teach them how to learn. Today's children, growing up in a digital world, where the answers to any question are just a click away, no longer have enough patience to look for solutions to problems: for them, if the answer/solution does not come in 5 seconds, they give up the fight. Today's children know very well how to apply algorithms, but when you have a problem that requires a heuristic solution, divergent thinking, creativity, most of them cannot cope. Lack of patience becomes a character trait that is also reflected in school work, in the way children learn and, later, in their personal lives. Those children who demonstrate increased ability to concentrate and resist effort succeed in exams (national assessment, baccalaureate). One way in which school (at any level, including university) and family can help children/youth develop their thinking and the energetic-motivational system that supports intellectual activity is to teach children how to learn.

THE RIPPLE EFFECT: HOW TEACHER WELL – BEING MEDIATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF STAFFING SHORTAGES

THE RIPPLE EFFECT: HOW TEACHER WELL – BEING MEDIATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF STAFFING SHORTAGES
(THE RIPPLE EFFECT: HOW TEACHER WELL – BEING MEDIATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL CLIMATE AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF STAFFING SHORTAGES)

Author(s):Cristian PANAIT
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Education, Pedagogy
Page Range:368-373
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:teacher well-being; burnout, school climate; student engagement; staffing shortages; workload; mediation.
Summary/Abstract:The interplay between school climate, teacher well-being, and student engagement is fundamental to educational success. Yet, this crucial ecosystem faces significant disruption from growing systemic challenges, particularly staffing shortages that intensify teacher workloads. Previous research extensively documents the negative impacts of teacher burnout characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment on educational outcomes. However, less attention has been given to explicitly examining how teacher well-being mediates the relationship between school climate and student engagement specifically within the context of staffing shortages. This conceptual synthesis addresses this gap by exploring how increased workloads disrupt the positive influence of supportive school climates. Drawing on recent literature, this essay argues that teacher well-being acts as a critical conduit, transmitting the effects of the school environment to student outcomes. Clarifying this "ripple effect" provides essential insights for developing targeted policies and practical interventions to support educators facing staffing pressures, ultimately ensuring sustained student engagement and academic success.

PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT

PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT
(PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

Author(s):Ştefan DUMITRU, Veronica-Marinela PĂSTAE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:377-380
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:public discourse; persuasive mechanisms; regional security.
Summary/Abstract:Given the cavalcade of events happening in the area of both national and international security, the current period is heated and highly dynamic. Various courses of action which can decisively influence the geopolitical configuration are often based on public speeches delivered by decision-makers. Discourses are meant to persuade audiences (wide or narrow, specialized or diverse) to adhere to a precise strategy. In the present article, we shall address those aspects that are relevant and illustrative of the way in which successful persuasion draws upon the mechanisms of the most efficient form of public communication – the discourse. Its internal structure, the sequence of arguments, the various discursive strategies constitute the leverage through which a modern orator can have an impact on public expectations, thus revealing the relevance of discourse in both communication and action. Just as in the era when it represented the fundamental instrument of mass influence, public discourse today is, par excellence, the modality of influencing through informing.

PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ORDER

PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ORDER
(PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN TIMES OF TRANSITION OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ORDER)

Author(s):Ecaterina HLIHOR
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Sociology, International relations/trade, Globalization, Geopolitics, Politics and Identity
Page Range:381-389
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Power Transition; Unipolarity; Bipolarity; Multipolarity; Public Diplomacy; Strategic Communication; National Interests.
Summary/Abstract:The role of public diplomacy changes substantially in periods of transition from one international political order to another. There are essential changes in the balance of power hierarchy, in the political and legal values of international law, in the ethics and morals governing the behavior of actors on the international political stage, and all of these have an impact on public diplomacy. Geopolitical events at regional and global level indicate that for some years now the world has been in a new transition from the unipolarism that emerged after the end of the Cold War to the multipolarism desired by the emerging powers of the so-called Global South. In the era of transition, major powers are competing to impose their vision of a new world order, and public diplomacy is one of the ways in which the new order can be realized. Government communication and public diplomacy are thus becoming priorities for governments, international institutions and private actors who aspire to restructure the international order, represent their own citizens and gain prestige in the world. From this perspective, the study will seek to identify the changes in the theory and practice of public diplomacy in a period that more and more analysts and political leaders see as one of transition from globalization to deglobalization.

COGNITIVE WARFARE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF AN INVISIBLE THREAT TO THE MIND AND SOCIETY

COGNITIVE WARFARE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF AN INVISIBLE THREAT TO THE MIND AND SOCIETY
(COGNITIVE WARFARE: THE ARCHITECTURE OF AN INVISIBLE THREAT TO THE MIND AND SOCIETY)

Author(s):Ciprian PRIPOAE-ȘERBĂNESCU, Daniel NISTOR
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:390-398
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:cognitive warfare; resilience; hybrid; communication; security culture.
Summary/Abstract:In the contemporary security environment, marked by the diffusion of the limit between peace and war, the emergence of unconventional forms of disruption and violence has become pervasive. In this context, cognitive warfare was advanced as an innovative notion, both in academia and military field, as a potential solution to delineate various forms of informational driven attacks. As the concept has yet to receive a final definition, it is of interest to investigate what are the potential measures that can be designed to mitigate the effects induces by cognitive warfare. As such, this paper aims to examine the most important parameters of cognitive warfare and subsequently the relevance and the feasibility of normative and institutional measures response aimed to tackle this new sophisticated and subtle form of aggression.

MEMES, THE UNDERESTIMATED, AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL MEDIA

MEMES, THE UNDERESTIMATED, AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL MEDIA
(MEMES, THE UNDERESTIMATED, AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL MEDIA)

Author(s):Alina Mihaela STOICA
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Psychology, Media studies, Communication studies, Behaviorism
Page Range:399-403
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:memes; social media; cultural; gene; repetition; paradigm; psychology; system.
Summary/Abstract:This paper attempts to study the manner in which memes affect our process of communication nowadays. We examine what memes are and how they work and affect our relationships. Furthermore, we observe the relationship between memes and social media as, depending on our age, we can use social media to get our information and to relax. Social media may represent for some of us the source of social engagement and personal development among others. However, there are instances where the negative effect of social media is present in our lives even though we have not been aware of it until major events occurred.

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN REBUILDING ROMANIA’S DEFENSE CAPABILITIES

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN REBUILDING ROMANIA’S DEFENSE CAPABILITIES
(STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN REBUILDING ROMANIA’S DEFENSE CAPABILITIES)

Author(s):Cornel ZAMFIRESCU, Cătălin-Relu BĂSESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:407-412
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:information systems; strategic leadership
Summary/Abstract:In a geopolitical context marked by strategic uncertainties, accelerated digital transformation, and technological dependence, a state’s ability to exercise sovereignty and ensure national security increasingly depends on its information infrastructure. This article analyzes how information systems can constitute the foundation for the reconstruction of Romanian military leadership. It is argued that the absence of an integrated information architecture severely limits the capacity for strategic response, coherent planning, and revitalization of the defense industry. Concepts such as adaptive leadership, decisional digitalization, institutional interoperability, and algorithmically assisted predictive analysis are explored. In this framework, the article proposes concrete strategic directions for reform, including the creation of a digital strategic command center, the institutionalization of a digital learning culture in the army, and the development of a national digital registry of military capabilities. The conclusion is that without assuming the integration of information systems, Romania will not be able to overcome strategic vulnerabilities and will not be able to play an active role in the European and Euro-Atlantic defense architecture.

TACTICAL DATA LINK – LINK 16

TACTICAL DATA LINK – LINK 16
(TACTICAL DATA LINK – LINK 16)

Author(s):Daniel DOICARIU, Doru MATEI
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:413-420
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:link 16; tactical data link; data transmission; satellite; air force.
Summary/Abstract:This article analyzes the importance of tactical data links (TDL) within the C4ISR system, pointing out their crucial role in ensuring a continuous and almost real-time exchange of information between military platforms in multiple domains (land, air, naval and space). The implementation of the NATO Link 16 standard for secure and jam-resistant tactical communications, as well as their deployment on combat platforms, facilitates the integration and interoperability of allied forces. The article examines advanced technologies for transmission, including the use of satellites to extend Link 16 connectivity, and their impact on the efficiency and success of military operations. In the context of the continued deployment of these capabilities by NATO member states, it underlines the importance of this infrastructure for the realization of a Common Operational Picture and effective mission coordination in multi-domain operations.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS ETHICS IN STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONS: BALANCING PROCESS TRANSPARENCY AND SENSITIVE INFORMATION PROTECTION

INFORMATION SYSTEMS ETHICS IN STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONS: BALANCING PROCESS TRANSPARENCY AND SENSITIVE INFORMATION PROTECTION
(INFORMATION SYSTEMS ETHICS IN STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONS: BALANCING PROCESS TRANSPARENCY AND SENSITIVE INFORMATION PROTECTION)

Author(s):Mădălina MIHĂILESCU, Cornel ZAMFIRESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:421-427
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:information systems; information governance; ethical dilemmas.
Summary/Abstract:The accelerated digitalization of organizational processes has led to a redefinition of the relationship between the transparency of internal operations and the protection of sensitive information, especially within strategic organizations. This article proposes a theoretical-normative analysis of how information systems can be designed and used ethically, so as to simultaneously support institutional accountability and operational security. It explores the recurring tensions between transparency and operational secrecy, as well as regulatory directions adapted to the specifics of strategic organizations.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS – DIGITAL SECURITY AXIS

INFORMATION SYSTEMS – DIGITAL SECURITY AXIS
(INFORMATION SYSTEMS – DIGITAL SECURITY AXIS)

Author(s):Florentina-Loredana DRAGOMIR-CONSTANTIN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:439-447
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:Information systems; cyberattack; unsupervised machine learning; national security.
Summary/Abstract:The intensification of cyber threats has determined that information systems have become an essential axis of national security, and their protection is a strategic priority. This paper explores the methodological and operational relevance of the MITRE ATT&CK framework in the analysis of cyber risks, offering an integrated approach that correlates the tactics, techniques, and sub-techniques identified in the matrix with the most frequent forms of attacks observed at national and international levels. By applying unsupervised machine learning methods in the WEKA environment, operational data from MITRE was segmented into clusters in order to identify recurring behavioral patterns in cyber attacks. The article proposes an in-depth interpretation of these patterns, offering concrete recommendations for strengthening national cyber resilience, starting from the contextual analysis of the data and culminating with institutional, technological, and educational recommendations, in accordance with Romania's current security strategies.

GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SECURITY DECISION OPTIMIZATION: A REPTREE-BASED APPROACH

GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SECURITY DECISION OPTIMIZATION: A REPTREE-BASED APPROACH
(GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SECURITY DECISION OPTIMIZATION: A REPTREE-BASED APPROACH)

Author(s):Florentina-Loredana DRAGOMIR-CONSTANTIN, Mădălina MIHĂILESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:448-455
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:information systems; decision trees; cryptographic algorithms.
Summary/Abstract:Interoperability of government information systems is an essential pillar in the modernization of public administration, by facilitating data exchange between institutions, optimizing decision-making processes, and reducing information redundancies. Despite its transformative potential, the implementation of interoperability faces structural, technological, and normative challenges, which derive from the heterogeneity of IT platforms, the need to comply with the international legal framework (including GDPR), and the exponential complexity of cyber risks in the context of accelerated digitalization. In this sense, the article proposes an automated decision-making model for the contextualized selection of cryptographic algorithms, based on the use of the REPTree algorithm in the WEKA platform, capable of integrating measurable risk factors and recommending adapted cryptographic solutions (AES, RSA, ECC, SHA-256), thus contributing to strengthening cybersecurity in public IT infrastructures and to configuring a scalable, auditable and interoperable decision-making framework from a semantic and technical point of view.

DETERMINISTIC DETECTIONS BY SHEAVES

DETERMINISTIC DETECTIONS BY SHEAVES
(DETERMINISTIC DETECTIONS BY SHEAVES)

Author(s):Elena ŞENDROIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:456-466
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Deterministic Detections in Network Security; Attack detection; Sheaves; Sieves; Grothendieck topology; Well structured sites.
Summary/Abstract:The properties of Sheaves provide Deterministic Detections in Network Security and Safety of Systems. We consider the most general notion of a sheaf, as a functor on a site, which is a category equipped with a Grothendieck topology. So, this paper presents the know-how of using sheaves as effective Tools for Deterministic Detections. Therefore the Sheaf Relation (i.e. sheaf condition) is a strong tool to achive our goals.

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY IN THE AGE OF ADVANCED THREATS: PREVENTION, DETECTION AND OPERATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES

INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY IN THE AGE OF ADVANCED THREATS: PREVENTION, DETECTION AND OPERATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES
(INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY IN THE AGE OF ADVANCED THREATS: PREVENTION, DETECTION AND OPERATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES)

Author(s):George-Valentin BAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:428-438
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:information systems; security policies; hardening
Summary/Abstract:The security of information systems is an essential component of the functioning of modern organizations, in a context marked by the exponential growth of cyber-attacks and the complexity of digital infrastructures. This paper explores the fundamental concepts of cyber vulnerabilities, the root causes of security breaches, and prevention methods applicable to private, government and military organizations. Major cybersecurity incidents such as the attack on the SolarWinds platform and the crisis caused by the CrowdStrike software update failure are analyzed, highlighting the global impact of such events on critical infrastructures. It also emphasizes the importance of transferring best practices from the private to the public sector by adopting international standards such as ISO/IEC 27001, NIST Cybersecurity Framework, GDPR or NIS2. Finally, concrete solutions for hardening systems are proposed, including the implementation of proactive security policies, resilient architectures and automated scripts for hardening server configurations. The study contributes to the understanding of the need for an integrated strategic framework for information security tailored to the operational requirements of the digital era.

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE SELECTION PROCESS OF PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO PARTICIPATE IN MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS

MODERN APPROACHES TO THE SELECTION PROCESS OF PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO PARTICIPATE IN MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS
(MODERN APPROACHES TO THE SELECTION PROCESS OF PERSONNEL ASSIGNED TO PARTICIPATE IN MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Alice-Claudița MANDEȘ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:469-472
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:staff personnel; security; international organizations; multinational operations; selection process; efficiency; modern military phenomenon.
Summary/Abstract:The participation of staff personnel and military units in multinational operations led by international security structures such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union or within coalitions of forces led by some of the NATO and/or EU member states has always begun with their selection process, which is why the completion of this process in highly efficient conditions and within the planned period represents not only a solid basis for the subsequent fulfillment of the missions undertaken by the Romanian military, regardless of the level and type of subordination, but also proof of a deep understanding of a modern military phenomenon.

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS: FEATURES AND CHALLENGES

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS: FEATURES AND CHALLENGES
(MANAGING INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS: FEATURES AND CHALLENGES)

Author(s):Luiza-Maria COSTEA, Veronica-Marinela PĂSTAE
Language:English
Subject(s):Social Sciences, Sociology, Management and complex organizations, Globalization
Page Range:473-478
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:intercultural management; project management; international manager; intercultural teams.
Summary/Abstract:Globalization has increased the demand for international projects, where teams, stakeholders, and resources span multiple countries. While offering unparalleled opportunities, managing such projects comes with unique challenges, including cultural diversity, regulatory differences, and logistical complexities. The present paper is aimed at drawing some features of international project management and at identifying challenges multicultural settings pose.

OWNING THE SKY. THE DRONE PERSPECTIVE IN RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR BETWEEN FEBRUARY 2022-MARCH 2024

OWNING THE SKY. THE DRONE PERSPECTIVE IN RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR BETWEEN FEBRUARY 2022-MARCH 2024
(OWNING THE SKY. THE DRONE PERSPECTIVE IN RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR BETWEEN FEBRUARY 2022-MARCH 2024)

Author(s):Ioan BABA, Cristian ICHIMESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:481-490
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:electronic warfare; drones; intelligence; tactical; precision strike; reconnaissance; surveillance.
Summary/Abstract:The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict has become a defining case study in the evolution of drone-centric warfare. This paper examines the operational and strategic impact of drones, with a focus on their role in intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR) and precision strikes. Through qualitative analysis of open-source materials, battlefield footage, interviews, and official reports, the study traces the development of drone tactics across seven major phases of the war. It highlights the initial Ukrainian dominance in drone innovation and adaptability, followed by Russia’s increasing effectiveness through the integration of mass-produced drones, electronic countermeasures, and tactical coordination. The research argues that the proliferation and adaptation of both commercial and military drones, particularly First Person View (FPV) and kamikaze models, have transformed the dynamics of close combat and artillery targeting. The findings demonstrate that drone warfare has not only compensated for the lack of traditional air superiority but has also reshaped doctrinal approaches to modern military operations.

ACCELERATIONISM AND NEW WORLD ORDER. IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY

ACCELERATIONISM AND NEW WORLD ORDER. IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY
(ACCELERATIONISM AND NEW WORLD ORDER. IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY)

Author(s):Ciprian IGNAT, Cristinel-Marius AMZA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Geopolitics
Page Range:491-499
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:accelerationism; MAGA; security; ideology
Summary/Abstract:The inauguration of President Donald Trump’s second term has triggered an unprecedented disruption in the international order, sending shockwaves across global security frameworks. This paper explores the hypothesis that the decisions of the current U.S. administration are ideologically grounded in accelerationism – a worldview fundamentally at odds with the liberal values underpinning European Union policy. We analyze the implications of this ideological shift for global, regional, and national security, particularly in the context of a potential U.S. withdrawal from NATO and Europe. Our findings suggest that accelerationism is not merely a fringe philosophy but a strategic framework influencing elite actors and institutions with tangible geopolitical consequences.

MIHAIL MORUZOV. THE SHADOW AND LIGHT OF ROMANIAN SECRET SERVICES

MIHAIL MORUZOV. THE SHADOW AND LIGHT OF ROMANIAN SECRET SERVICES
(MIHAIL MORUZOV. THE SHADOW AND LIGHT OF ROMANIAN SECRET SERVICES)

Author(s):Cătălina-Andreea TUFEANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Secret Service / Secret Police
Page Range:500-506
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Mihail Moruzov; Secret Intelligence Service; Intelligence; foreign policy; national security.
Summary/Abstract:The article analyzes the rise and influence of Mihail Moruzov within the Romanian intelligence services, highlighting his essential contributions to their development. It explores his biography, methods of intelligence gathering, and impact on Romania's domestic and foreign policy. Additionally, it addresses the dramatic circumstances of his arrest and death. The scientific approach emphasizes Moruzov's role in the consolidating the Romanian intelligence apparatus and his influence on national security in the first half of the 20th century.

BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY – A NATIONAL NECESSITY

BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY – A NATIONAL NECESSITY
(BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY – A NATIONAL NECESSITY)

Author(s):Iuri-Alexandru COVALEOV
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:507-513
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:regional policy; Black Sea; regional maritime security; critical undersea infrastructure.
Summary/Abstract:War in Ukraine has once again brought the maritime security in the Black Sea on the global agenda, in an emerging context marked by the re-emergence and globalization of geopolitical risks. The Black Sea remains essential for Russia’s self-perception as a great power. Its regional policy is to create and leverage vulnerabilities by challenging the territorial integrity of littoral states, weaponizing energy and trade dependencies, disrupting connectivity, and increasing its military presence. The Euro-Atlantic world will increasingly perceive the Black Sea as a region of strategic importance, but the effectiveness of the consequent approaches will depend on pragmatic relationship with the regional Allies and partners. Türkiye will remain a significant maritime security provider in the Black Sea, and the Mine Countermeasures Black Sea Task Group/MCM BLACK SEA may offer new cooperation opportunities which would enhance the regional maritime security, including through the use of naval drones by the riparian and non-riparian Allies. To date, Russia may face a radically altered and unfavourable naval balance of power in the Black Sea, but that does not mean NATO has secured sea control, nor can guarantee safety of navigation.

DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. ENDLESS SOLUTIONS

DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. ENDLESS SOLUTIONS
(DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. ENDLESS SOLUTIONS)

Author(s):Emilian-Mădălin BUZEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, EU-Legislation
Page Range:514-523
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:ECHR; BiH; DPA; constitution; fundamental rights; structural reforms; political implications.
Summary/Abstract:The Bosnian War was concluded with the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement (DPA) on December 14, 1995, leading to the creation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a state of unique complexity in the world. Although the signing of the DPA ended the war, the newly formed state continues to face structural issues that seem nearly impossible to resolve. The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is part of the DPA (Annex 4) and contains discriminatory provisions against certain social groups, as it does not fully respect fundamental human rights. Since 2009, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has issued definitive rulings in favor of Bosnian citizens Jakob Finci, Dervo Sejdić, Azra Zornić, Ilijaz Pilav, and Slaven Kovačević, obliging local authorities to adopt measures ensuring their civil rights and freedoms. However, to this day, BiH has failed to implement the ECHR rulings, which highlight violations of fundamental human rights by excluding certain ethnic groups from the electoral process. While a review of the specialized literature has identified these cases won at the ECHR by Bosnian citizens, there is a lack of sufficient explanations as to why the necessary steps have not been taken to eliminate ethnic discrimination in BiH, especially given that the country was granted EU candidate status on December 23, 2022. Therefore, this article aims to identify the reasons behind the failure to implement the ECHR decisions on ethnic and territorial discrimination in BiH and to contribute to the academic discourse on the subject by analyzing the case of Slaven Kovačević. By examining the Bosnian Constitution, this paper describes how members of the Tripartite Presidency and the House of Peoples of BiH are elected, highlighting the provisions that lead to territorial and ethnic discrimination – issues that resulted in the successful lawsuits at the ECHR. Furthermore, the study explains the details of these legal cases and outlines the necessary reforms that authorities should undertake to guarantee fundamental rights for all citizens. Using a deductive reasoning approach, the article argues that implementing the ECHR rulings would require structural reforms of the Bosnian state, ultimately leading to constitutional amendments, a document that is an integral part of the Dayton Agreement. This article is part of an ongoing study that will continue as further data is collected on the potential implementation of ECHR rulings in BiH. In this context, our scientific research aims to explore different scenarios for implementing the ECHR decisions on ethnic and territorial discrimination in BiH.

INTERROGATION – REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY DEFENCE OPERATION

INTERROGATION – REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY DEFENCE OPERATION
(INTERROGATION – REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY DEFENCE OPERATION)

Author(s):Tomasz GOLEBIEWSKI
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:524-532
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:interrogation; HUMINT; CPERS; detention; humanitarian law.
Summary/Abstract:The paper presents the theoretical concept of Human Intelligence (HUMINT) interrogations as part of Intelligence defence operation activity carried out under NATO Article V conditions and applicable Geneva Conventions. The proposed solution introduces organizational and functional elements for captured persons' interrogation and reflects an example of interrogation centre arrangement at the division and corps level during the military conflict.

INTELLIGENCE IN SUPPORT OF OPERATIONS IN THE POST ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS ERA

INTELLIGENCE IN SUPPORT OF OPERATIONS IN THE POST ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS ERA
(INTELLIGENCE IN SUPPORT OF OPERATIONS IN THE POST ASYMMETRIC CONFLICTS ERA)

Author(s):Emil ȘERBAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Economic policy, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:533-542
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:drone warfare; unmanned systems; strategy; capabilities; doctrine; economy.
Summary/Abstract:After approximately three decades of asymmetric conflicts dominated by the US and their Euro-Atlantic allies, the return to a contested world has seen the anti-Western bloc relying on significant economico-military capabilities, as well as strong regional and global partnerships. Following conflicts in which NATO benefited from a substantial technological advantage, intelligence support for Allied operations must adapt to both contemporary adversaries' capabilities and the evolution of current strategies and technologies. Optimizing intelligence collection and primary analysis, automating processing, and disseminating intelligence between military and civilian structures have become essential amid the urgent need to counter disinformation, hybrid threats and cyber operations. To maintain informational superiority, intelligence structures must assume a proactive role, combining defensive and offensive operations. Countering hybrid threats, cyberattacks, and clandestine operations is critical in this new strategic context, in which even lower capability opponents might receive significant support from the anti-democratic emergent powers. A profound transformation of military intelligence is crucial for the success of operations in the Cold War 2.0 era.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS" 21st Edition INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS" 21st Edition

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STABILITY AND STRENGTH: THE ECONOMIC UNDERPINNINGS OF NATO'S ALLIED RESILIENCE

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THE CONCLUSION OF THE AFGHANISTAN MISSION: POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS

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FINLAND'S INTEGRATION INTO NATO. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR COLLECTIVE DEFENSE

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THE ARCTIC AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY (THE ARCTIC AND EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY)

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THE SECURITY IN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME (THE SECURITY IN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME)

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ENTROPY AND STRATEGIC DECLINE: A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (ENTROPY AND STRATEGIC DECLINE: A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF EURO-ATLANTIC SECURITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY)

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RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING CCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES (RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING CCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES)

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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS" 21st Edition

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(THE CONCLUSION OF THE AFGHANISTAN MISSION: POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS)

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(THE COLONIZATION OF THE CADRILATER, 1913-1940)

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(ATYPICAL SHIFTS IN THE CURRENT GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL, GEOECONOMIC AND GEOSTRATEGIC LANDSCAPE)

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(RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIAN AND GERMAN TROOPS DURING THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD)

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(APPLICABILITY OF THE SWEDISH MODEL REGARDING THE PREPARATION OF THE POPULATION FOR DEFENSE IN THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL DEFENSE SISTEM)

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(HYBRID THREATS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN SECURITY)

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(THE SECURITY IN THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME)

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(THE SECURITY THREAT OF TERRORISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION)

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(CHALLENGES OF EUROPEANISATION IN ROMANIA: ADAPTING MIGRATION AND ASYLUM POLICY TO EUROPEAN NORMS)

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(THE USE OF DRONES CLOSE TO THE BORDERS OF NATO'S EASTERN FLANK MEMBERS)

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(COMPARATIVE APPROACHES TO DEFENSE FINANCING: EVALUATING NATO AND EU STRATEGIES AND THEIR IMPACT ON NATIONAL DEFENSE SUSTAINABILITY)

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(RETHINKING THE RED LINE: REIMAGINING CCOUNTABILITY IN THE FACE OF MASS ATROCITIES)

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(VETOED VALUES: WHEN PEREMPTORY NORMS CLASH WITH POWER)

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(FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN CRITICAL ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF MVM’S ACQUISITION ON E.ON ROMANIA)

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(CAN WE TEACH STUDENTS HOW TO LEARN WHILE TEACHING THEM WHAT TO LEARN?)

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(MEMES, THE UNDERESTIMATED, AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL MEDIA)

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(STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP AND DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN REBUILDING ROMANIA’S DEFENSE CAPABILITIES)

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(INFORMATION SYSTEMS ETHICS IN STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONS: BALANCING PROCESS TRANSPARENCY AND SENSITIVE INFORMATION PROTECTION)

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(INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY IN THE AGE OF ADVANCED THREATS: PREVENTION, DETECTION AND OPERATIONAL RESPONSE STRATEGIES)

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(OWNING THE SKY. THE DRONE PERSPECTIVE IN RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR BETWEEN FEBRUARY 2022-MARCH 2024)

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(ACCELERATIONISM AND NEW WORLD ORDER. IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY)

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(MIHAIL MORUZOV. THE SHADOW AND LIGHT OF ROMANIAN SECRET SERVICES)

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(BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY – A NATIONAL NECESSITY)

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(DECISIONS OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS ON ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. ENDLESS SOLUTIONS)

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