INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI &quot;TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES&quot; 21st Edition

BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE

BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE
(BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE)

Author(s):Marian-Vasile SAVA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:15-23
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:small navy; challenges; development solution; maritime domain; maritime security; unmanned systems;
Summary/Abstract:Small navies’ development is often hindered by unique challenges that demand strategic foresight. This article begins by defining the term "small navy," exploring the criteria that differentiate them from larger navies. By analyzing specialized literature, a broad definition of a small navy is formulated. Building on this, key features that characterize small navies are identified, highlighting their significance. The discussion then delves into the primary hurdles faced by small navies. To address these challenges, the article evaluates various structural approaches for small navies, emphasizing niche specialization as potential solutions. Additionally, the integration of unmanned systems and modular platforms is examined as a means to enhance operational efficiency. The novelty of this article lies in two key aspects: first, it identifies and presents the main features of a small navy while formulating a broad definition; second, it evaluates various structural approaches tailored to the unique needs of small navies. This qualitative research aims to support the development of small navies by recommending optimal structural frameworks.

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA
(THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA)

Author(s):Alexandru-Viorel CÎNJĂU, Corneliu MOLDOVEANU, Teodor POPESCU-NECAȘU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:24-31
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Security Strategy; Maritime Strategy; Romanian Naval Forces; Danube Commission;
Summary/Abstract:This article argues for the necessity of developing a Romanian national security strategy that reflects the strategic importance of the Danube and the Black Sea in the context of regional security. The research is descriptive in nature, aiming to identify the relevant characteristics and dimensions of the subject through the analysis of factual data and empirical observations. Furthermore, the article highlights that the integration of the Danube River and its Delta into a strategy dedicated to the Black Sea has been a constant concern for Romanian decision-makers. In the current geopolitical context, it is argued that such a strategy could be aligned with and integrated into the strategic initiatives of NATO and the European Union, contributing to the modernization and integrated efficiency of the Romanian Naval Forces.

A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE

A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE
(A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE)

Author(s):Mădălin-Adrian BANGALĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:32-42
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:mutual defence; collective defence; legal framework; features; limits; challenges;
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to highlight the key elements that enable a real applicability of the mutual defence clause written within the art. 42(7) of the Treaty for the European Union (TEU) by using a different approach and understanding on the field. In order to overview the main features and to understand the effects of the mutual clause we will provide a comparative analysis with the collective defence clause – art. 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO). The methodology used is represented by a synthetic qualitative documentary analysis with a comparative component. The research design will provide the key elements identified through a comparative analysis on mutual defence clause, common ground, terms and conditions, practical application, limitations, and future prospects needed to better understand the EU purpose in achieving a common defence.

DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE

DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE
(DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE)

Author(s):Cristian-Alexandru SALAC
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:43-49
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:military innovation; drones; artificial intelligence; autonomous weapons;
Summary/Abstract:Emerging technologies, particularly drones and artificial intelligence, are playing an increasingly influential role in shaping the characteristics of modern warfare. This paper focuses on the impact of these technologies on armed conflicts, emphasizing the transformations they bring to combat strategies, tactics, and existing legal frameworks. In the context of an ever-changing geopolitical landscape, where conflicts are no longer only fought between states but also by non-state actors, hybrid warfare has become an ever-present reality. Emerging technologies contribute to this shift by enabling more precise, faster, and harder-to-detect attacks, as well as creating new forms of information and cyber warfare. This paper will analyze how these technological innovations are being utilized on the battlefield and their implications for international law, particularly regarding the protection of civilians and the adherence to humanitarian norms. It will also address the ethical issues raised by the use of autonomous weapons and other advanced technologies, as well as the need for clearer and stricter international regulations to prevent abuse. The paper emphasizes the necessity for more effective regulation of the use of new technologies to maintain a balance between innovation and the protection of fundamental human rights. Finally, it argues that although emerging technologies offer a significant strategic advantage, they require careful and responsible oversight to prevent risks that could undermine global stability and international security.

THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS

THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS
(THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS)

Author(s):Marius-Daniel IONIȚĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies
Page Range:50-59
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Ukraine; war; OSINT; social networks;
Summary/Abstract:The War in Ukraine, which began in 2014, is an ongoing conflict. Since the commencement of hostilities, the new era of decentralized and technologically enabled intelligence has emerged. This new era is referred to as open-source intelligence (OSINT). The role of OSINT in shaping the global and domestic narratives surrounding the conflict has become increasingly prominent. Achieving dominance in this narrative domain is imperative for ensuring strategic and tactical success, both on the battlefield and in the broader geopolitical landscape. The volume and velocity of OSINT have increased exponentially since February 24, 2022, the point at which the hostilities escalated under the leadership of the Russian Federation. This surge in information can be attributed to a confluence of factors, resulting in an ongoing information battle that shapes the various aspects of the conflict, including the political, military, economic, societal, informational, infrastructural, physical, environmental, and temporal elements (PMESSI-PT). Shaping global, and in particular allied, perceptions of all the variables within the PMESSI-PT model is critical for sustaining and building support. The present article will examine how Ukraine's efforts to counter Russian aggression, which have recently seen a dramatic increase in OSINT, have both facilitated and hindered these efforts.

SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE

SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE
(SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE)

Author(s):Ioan-Andrei ITU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:60-68
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:drones; swarm drones; combined tactical maneuvers; capabilities;
Summary/Abstract:The article examines the implications and observations generated by the use of drones in current conflicts. In contemporary conflicts, the use of drones has rapidly evolved and played a crucial role in changing military tactics and strategy. Drones have been extensively employed for reconnaissance missions, real-time surveillance, and precision strikes, significantly impacting the balance of power. Drone attacks have been used to destroy vital enemy equipment and infrastructure, with kamikaze drones, such as those employed by Russia, demonstrating efficiency in targeting precise objectives without risking human personnel. Additionally, Ukraine has developed and deployed small-scale drones, including for "swarm" operations, coordinating a large number of drones for simultaneous attacks on Russian positions. The future of drone swarms in this conflict suggests an increasing integration of artificial intelligence, enabling more efficient and coordinated strikes, thus adding a new dimension to modern warfare. Considering these observations, this article proposes to further analyze how the armed forces could benefit from the development and implementation of these technologies, both for defensive purposes and within international security collaborations. In conclusion, the article highlights the importance of drone swarms in future conflicts and aims to present the advantages they could offer.

MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING

MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING
(MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING)

Author(s):Cláudio SOUSA, Rafael FREITAS, Carlos BERNARDINO
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Social Sciences, Communication studies, Security and defense, Peace and Conflict Studies, Fake News - Disinformation, Hybrid Warfare
Page Range:69-77
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:deepfake; fact-checking; cognitive warfare; information warfare; bibliometric analysis;
Summary/Abstract:Deepfakes have emerged as a powerful weapon in cognitive warfare, posing a significant socio-technical challenge that requires robust fact-checking methodologies alongside advanced technical detection systems and governance frameworks. This study examines the evolving intersection of deepfake technologies and fact-checking approaches within the context of information warfare, employing a bibliometric analysis of 44 publications from the Elsevier Scopus database. Our findings reveal substantial growth in research after 2023 and identifies two primary patterns of collaboration (regional partnerships among European nations and global networks led by English-speaking countries). The keyword analysis demonstrates how social media governance has emerged as a key area of research, reflecting the dual role of platforms in both the proliferation and mitigation of deepfake threats. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape, identifies emerging trends in deepfake countermeasures, and sets for the development of enhanced digital verification systems to combat threats in modern information warfare.

INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA

INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA
(INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA)

Author(s):Lucian Valeriu SCIPANOV, Dan-Andrei STRUGARIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:78-88
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Black Sea; naval battles; regional security; international relations;
Summary/Abstract:This article analyzes the influence of naval battles in the Black Sea on regional security, focusing on some of the landmark conflicts in the history of regional actors, between the Russian and Ottoman Empires, Georgia, Ukraine, and other international actors. The main events that marked the balance of power at the global level and influenced the regional security situation in the Black Sea were the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), World War I, World War II, the Russo-Georgian War (2008), the annex 2014 Crimea and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. (2022-2025). Using longitudinal historical analysis, it examines the strategic, operational, and tactical effects of these main confrontations on power dynamics and regional stability. The Black Sea is highlighted as a vital geostrategic space where competing political and military interests have fueled recurring tensions. The study underscores the continuity and evolution of maritime strategies, revealing their importance in addressing current security challenges. Targeted at military professionals and the general public, this article aims to provide a clear understanding of how these conflicts have shaped regional security and international relations, fostering further discussion and offering a framework for analyzing ongoing crises.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING
(CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING)

Author(s):Andrei PAVĂL
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:89-98
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:chief of staff; naval operations; planning; doctrine; comparative analysis;
Summary/Abstract:Operations planning is a fundamental process within military organizations, ensuring coherence, coordination and efficiency in decision-making at all levels of command. At the heart of this process is the chief of staff, whose role in structuring and managing the planning effort remains a subject of debate. Is the chief of staff truly involved in the substantive aspects of planning, or does their role primarily consist of administrative and organizational functions within the staff? This article seeks to explore this question by analyzing the doctrinal perspectives of key Allied nations contrasted with the national Romanian doctrine. Using a comparative analysis method, the study examines how different doctrinal frameworks define the chief of staff’s responsibilities in naval operations planning. The analysis assesses the extent to which the chief of staff directly contributes to planning decisions or primarily facilitates the procedural and structural organization of the staff, especially in naval operations.

ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?

ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?
(ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?)

Author(s):Cătălin BALMUȘ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:99-105
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:drone swarms; autonomous; collective intelligence; unmanned aircraft; artificial intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:Drone swarms represent a technological innovation with significant potential, but also considerable risks. These coordinated groups of autonomous unmanned aircraft can be used for both beneficial purposes, such as entertainment or rescue operations, and destructive purposes, such as attacks on critical infrastructure or destabilizing the security of a state. Their use in the military domain highlights the potential for coordinated attacks of unprecedented effectiveness and the impossibility to defend against them. The article analyses how drone swarms work, their applicability in various domains, possible countermeasures and their potential to become a real threat.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE MISSION COMMAND CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MARITIME AND RIVERIAN OPERATIONS AREAS

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE MISSION COMMAND CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MARITIME AND RIVERIAN OPERATIONS AREAS
(CONSIDERATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE MISSION COMMAND CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MARITIME AND RIVERIAN OPERATIONS AREAS)

Author(s):Cornel COJOCARU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Geography, Regional studies, Regional Geography, Security and defense
Page Range:106-112
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:mission command; maritime; riverian; operational; pillars; particularities;
Summary/Abstract:Mission command is the essential principle whose application supports the achievement of the objectives of an operation in environments with complex physiognomies where operational uncertainties can have a particular impact on the achievement of conditions that characterize a remarkable vision. Through this approach, I intend to fulfill an analysis of how the geographical particularities of the maritime and riverian operational environment can impact on the pillars that support the application of the mission command, as well as identifying the main essential elements that favor the exercise of centralized command and decentralized execution everything based on clear intention, competence, mission orders, mutual trust, shared understanding, disciplined initiative and risks acceptance.

CONSIDERATIONS ON CARRIER STRIKE GROUPS AS MARITIME POWER PROJECTION ENABLERS, THEIR ROLE IN ALLIED DETERRENCE OPERATIONS AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

CONSIDERATIONS ON CARRIER STRIKE GROUPS AS MARITIME POWER PROJECTION ENABLERS, THEIR ROLE IN ALLIED DETERRENCE OPERATIONS AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
(CONSIDERATIONS ON CARRIER STRIKE GROUPS AS MARITIME POWER PROJECTION ENABLERS, THEIR ROLE IN ALLIED DETERRENCE OPERATIONS AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA)

Author(s):Nicolae BOBEICĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:113-119
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:aircraft carrier; NATO; deterrence; maritime power projection;
Summary/Abstract:Carrier Strike Groups (CSGs) offer strategic adaptability and operational reach over large distances making them essential capabilities for the projection of maritime power globally. In deterrence operations CSGs are vital parts of contemporary naval forces especially within the context of NATOs strategic framework. This paper examines how crucial CSGs are to supporting allied deterrence operations and enabling maritime power projection. It also discusses the effects of NATOs Neptune Strike series of events, managed by STRIKFORNATO and goes over the limitations of employing aircraft carriers in the Mediterranean Sea, considering the geopolitical difficulties in the area. This project illustrates CSGs critical role in preserving regional stability and deterring possible enemies by examining their operational capabilities and strategic value.

RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS
(RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS)

Author(s):Florina-Mădălina BAROS, Cristina-Mihaela IONIȚĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:123-131
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:FMCW Radar; signal processing; block diagram design; distance; velocity;
Summary/Abstract:This study explores the role of signal processing in FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar systems for determining parameters such as distance and velocity. The paper discusses the algorithms used for these measurements, emphasizing both the technology's principles and its applications. The primary objective is to identify and implement the necessary algorithms to calculate distance and velocity with FMCW radar, focusing on signal processing techniques. FMCW radar emits continuous waves that travel through space and are reflected by objects encountered in their path. Operating in high-frequency bands, typically in the GHz range, this radar type requires a minimum frequency to detect small, slow-moving, and low radar cross-section (LSS) targets, such as those in the X band. The proposed radar system is designed with a block diagram, which is analysed and simulated using Simulink and MATLAB environments. The paper concludes with the presentation of the simulation results and identifies the optimal version derived from the simulations.

INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD

INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD
(INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD)

Author(s):Ion BICA, Ștefan CANTARAGIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:132-138
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:cybersecurity; cyber ranges; competency-based learning management;
Summary/Abstract:The increasing number and complexity of cyberattacks demand for a versatile training environment for cybersecurity professionals. This paper presents the concept of an integrated training system, addressing the need for realistic and comprehensive cyber warfare training. It integrates cyber ranges with learning management systems, battlefield simulation tools, virtual reality and security operations centers, to create a dynamic and immersive training environment. It facilitates both individual and team-based training scenarios, ranging from basic security awareness to complex cyber defense exercises.

FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS

FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS
(FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS)

Author(s):Alexandra-Codruța NEAGU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:139-144
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:artificial intelligence; fine-tuning; transfer-learning; problem adaptability; military field; digitalization;
Summary/Abstract:Artificial intelligence is capable of working with niche domains and can be easily adapted using techniques like transfer learning and fine-tuning. Existing AI applications offer the possibility to be adapted according to different languages or domain requirements. The military system is a specialized domain that uses different vocabulary, semantics, management styles, and organizational structures compared to civilian settings. This means that existing solutions need to be carefully adjusted to fit these unique requirements. This paper explains the possibility to use fine-tuning methods to adapt different AI models in context of military domain, offers examples that could solve different problems using existing implementations and outlines the advantages and disadvantages that come with using these solutions.

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon)

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon)
(MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon))

Author(s):Cristina-Mihaela IONIȚĂ, Florina-Mădălina BAROS
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:145-152
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:flight simulation; aircraft modeling; military aviation; F-16 Fighting Falcon; 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) model; MATLAB/Simulink simulation; flight control system;
Summary/Abstract:This paper presents the development of a real-time flight control simulator for the F-16 Fighting Falcon multi-role aircraft, focusing on modeling and simulation techniques used in military aviation. The simulator is implemented using MATLAB and Simulink for data processing and simulation, with FlightGear software providing real-time graphical visualization. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of simulation tools in improving aircraft control systems, pilot training, and tactical scenario development. The results validate the model’s capability to replicate real flight dynamics, supporting its application in both operational training and aircraft performance assessment. The integration of such simulation environments enhances military aviation strategies by enabling cost-effective, risk-free testing of complex flight scenarios.

COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
(COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE)

Author(s):Niculai-Tudorel LEHACI, Radu PRIOTEASA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:153-162
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:command and control; leadership; vision; historical view;
Summary/Abstract:Throughout an army existence, given the objective factors such as geographical context or subjective ones such as the allegiance of its leaders to a system of beliefs or the general leadership style imposed through the rules and manuals, there is a constant struggle, natural for the human being, to impose one’s will upon many. The main factor driving these forces has been, on every occasion, either genuine leadership, sheer force or a combination of both – the mild speech and the heavy stick rooseveltian type approach. This paper examines the concept of command and control both from an actual perspective, focusing on the present aspects of this framework and from its appliance to the Romanian Armed Forces history. There is an inherent need to examine one’s army development for multiple reasons starting with a pure historic interest, or a mean of enhancing one’s army relevance and heritage or finding a model that fits (or doesn’t) in the local historic framework in comparison with similar organizations.

FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY

FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY
(FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY)

Author(s):Dragoş VETRESCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:163-173
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Forward defense; Persistent engagement; Cybersecurity strategy; Romania; Proactive cyber defense;
Summary/Abstract:In an increasingly contested cyberspace, marked by persistent cyber-attacks and influence operations aimed at subverting the targeted societies, the doctrine of forward defense – focused on proactive engagement and continuous disruption of adversarial activities – has emerged as a potential solution in cybersecurity strategies. While larger cyber powers like the United States and Israel have operationalized this doctrine through persistent engagement and preemptive action, nations such as Romania face unique challenges and risks in adopting similar strategies while at the same time observing the potential benefits. This article explores the potential role of forward defense in Romania’s national cyber strategy, assessing its feasibility, benefits, and challenges. Key considerations include Romania’s geographical position in Eastern Europe, its growing cybersecurity sector, and its integration within NATO’s collective defense framework. The analysis highlights how elements of forward defense, such as enhanced cyber threat intelligence, proactive defense against disinformation, and regional collaboration with like-minded nations, could bolster Romania’s resilience against advanced cyber threats.

USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS

USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS
(USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS)

Author(s):Ioan MOLDOVAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:174-185
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:use of naval drones; drones; impact; conflict; unmanned surface vehicles (USVs); unmanned maritime vehicles;
Summary/Abstract:The use of naval drones in recent or ongoing conflicts requires different approaches from conventional ones in maritime actions and imparts new valences to the security of the future. The article aims to approach a less explored issue, namely the study of the impact of using naval drones in conflicts on naval forces capabilities and on commercial maritime vessels as it appears online. The main objective of this research article is the study of the impact of employing naval drones on naval and maritime capabilities as it appears online in the period 2000-2025. The scientific article utilizes online content analysis dedicated to identifying the application of naval drones in conflicts and represents an exploratory study for the military phenomenon of naval drones in the online environment. The novelty of this article is the study of the impact of using naval drones in conflicts on naval forces and commercial sea vessels. Through this approach, we address all naval drone researchers, naval forces military personnel, all those interested in the investigation of naval drones in military conflicts, as well as seafarers concerned about the security of sea lines of communication.

AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Daniel ROMAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:186-194
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:air defense; land forces; artificial intelligence; multidomain operation; Integrated Battle Command System;
Summary/Abstract:The war in Ukraine that has been going on for more than three years has demonstrated a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of the current battle space. The return to contact lines and trench warfare are merely two aspects of contemporary military confrontations. The current operational environment underscores the importance of force mobility, communications, security, and operational sustainment. New weapon systems have been designed and developed to meet the minimum requirements for achieving victory on the battlefield while significantly reducing human casualties. The use of long-range precision strikes has led to the expansion and diversification of drones in the air, on land, and at sea. Multi-domain operations (MDO) represent a fundamental shift in NATO’s approach, differing from “Joint Operations” due to their ultimate goal of enhancing freedom of action and force security. In this context, land forces' air defense faces new challenges from the aerial domain, which is why the inclusion of this article within the academic sphere and beyond was deemed relevant. Given the speed of information, data flows, and the enemy's capability to act against both military targets and civilian objectives, such as critical infrastructure, sustained efforts are required for technological advancement in land force operations within a multi-domain framework, leveraging the outcomes of artificial intelligence. In this article, we bring to the attention of specialists in the battle space, the new directions in which artificial intelligence applications can be exploited for air defense of land forces in the multi-domain operations.

HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS

HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS
(HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS)

Author(s):Adrian MIREA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:195-203
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:joint functions; joint functions framework; HIMARS; fire support; capability;
Summary/Abstract:This paper highlights the utility of a joint functions framework in thoroughly understanding the influence that an available capability can have on the operation. The article also argues the idea that a joint functions framework can be also used to identify deficiencies or new requirements for the entire force structure in direct relation to its mission statement and objectives. The joint functions framework can also be used to analyze available capabilities for the enemy or for other relevant actors present in the operational environment. For these purposes, I considered a recently acquired fire support capability that received worldwide attention in the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, the M142 HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System). After reviewing the fundamentals of a joint functions framework in the first part of the paper, I focused on the impact of equipping national force structures with HIMARS systems on planning and conducting operations. The article argues by example the possibility of using the joint functions framework to thoroughly understand the full potential of a current or prospective national force capability. In doing so I also highlighted a modern conflict relevance for the acquired M142 HIMARS (High Mobility Artillery Rocket System), thus creating a detailed perspective of their operational potential. The article also contains a perspective on equipping national force structures with HIMARS systems, materialized in a SWOT analysis, that highlights basic advantages and disadvantages of these platforms.

TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
(TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)

Author(s):Otilia LEHACI
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:204-213
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:tectonic disturbances; security; instability; crises; geopolitical factors;
Summary/Abstract:This study explores the nature, causes and implications of large-scale tectonic disturbances in the international security environment. These disruptions, defined as systemic events that produce structural changes in the global security architecture, can be generated by geopolitical, economic, technological, climatic, and health factors. The paper analyses the typology of these phenomena, their impact on international stability and institutional response mechanisms. Why “tectonics”? Although the name is related to the movements of the Earth’s crust, it can be considered that such coagulations and movements may also be observed in terms of masses (peoples), their relations with each other and movements in the geopolitical space.

WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
(WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT)

Author(s):Cristian SABOU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:217-223
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Multi-domain Operations; Large Scale Combat Operations; Wet-Gap Crossing;
Summary/Abstract:This paper examines river crossing operations in the context of large-scale combat within contested multidomain operational environments. The terrain analysis of Eastern Europe highlights the prevalence of numerous water obstacles of varying dimensions. Maintaining a high operational tempo in large-scale conflicts often necessitates successive crossings of water obstacles, a critical requirement for achieving operational objectives. The ongoing military conflict in Ukraine provides an opportunity to study river crossings in contested environments to identify potential operational lessons for land forces. To facilitate the identification of these lessons, the introduction outlines three key questions that guide the focus of this paper. In the first section, the origins and theoretical framework of multidomain operations are explored, followed by theoretical delimitations of river crossing operations and a detailed examination of two historical examples of large-scale river crossings. The second section presents two case studies of river crossings from the conflict in Ukraine: the first conducted as a hasty crossing, and the second a deliberate crossing in a contested multidomain environment.

EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES

EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES
(EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES)

Author(s):Marian SANDU, Silviu-Marian FARFARA, Vlad-Alexandru ORHEAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:224-232
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:civilian assets; shadow fleet; civil maritime infrastructure; security;
Summary/Abstract:The article aims to highlight how civilian assets can be utilized in maritime operations, particularly in the Black Sea region, and proposes countermeasures for cases where these assets are exploited within the „grey zone” of international law. The objectives of the article are structured around three key directions. The first focuses on studying clandestine networks, such as the "shadow fleet", used to evade international sanctions in terms of Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the second addresses identifying new methods for legitimate use of civilian resources, while the third concentrates on formulating effective solutions to counter them. The research methodology combines longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses, relying on specialized literature, reports and relevant studies. The article emphasizes that integrating civilian assets into maritime strategies can facilitate the circumvention of certain international restrictions while simultaneously posing significant threat to security of states in maritime operational zones, thus underlining the need for the development of effective countermeasures.

ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE

ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE
(ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE)

Author(s):Ștefania PETREUȘ, Aurelian SECUIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:233-239
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:NATO; Host Nation Support; logistic; national defence system; European Union;
Summary/Abstract:The support provided by Romania as Host Nation (HN) must integrate NATO standards and consider national administrative, logistical, and regulatory particularities. This mission is conducted in a framework strongly characterized by its joint, interministerial and multinational character. Anticipation ensures success and the early signing of the necessary multinational agreements underpins any subsequent planning for the support of allied forces.

COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS

COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS
(COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS)

Author(s):Katarzyna KURKIEWICZ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:240-246
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:military commander; leadership; management; adaptive leadership; team management; situational awareness; decision-making; emotional intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:The role of a military commander extends beyond tactical decisions to include both leadership and managerial responsibilities. In high-dynamics environments, effective team management requires a balance between structured decision-making and adaptive leadership. Commanders must allocate resources, manage logistics, and utilize emerging technologies like AI and real-time data to enhance situational awareness and mission readiness. As leaders, they must demonstrate emotional intelligence, resilience, and the ability to inspire teams under pressure. Military leadership requires rapid adaptation to changing threats, high-pressure decision-making, and maintaining team cohesion. Leadership theories offer insights into building trust and improving performance. The article also examines case studies and stresses the importance of continuous training and leadership development to prepare commanders for complex environments. Ultimately, integrating managerial skills with leadership is essential for mission success in modern military operations

THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT

THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT
(THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

Author(s):Silviu-Marian FARFARA, Ionuț CIORANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:247-257
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:autonomous; human factor; emotional intelligence; critical thinking; complementarity;
Summary/Abstract:This article aims to analyze the distinct characteristics and complementarity between human operators and autonomous systems in modern military operations, exploring the dynamics of their collaboration to optimize operational efficiency and mission success. The article seeks to demonstrate the complementarity between human operators and autonomous systems by examining both the ability of human operators to rapidly adapt tactics under uncertain conditions – thanks to their capacity to interpret contextual nuances, applying critical thinking and emotional intelligence – and the efficiency of autonomous systems, which rely on well-established algorithms, unaffected by fatigue or emotional factors. The research is based on a comparative methodology, integrating longitudinal performance analysis in repetitive scenarios and cross-sectional analysis through the investigation of case studies from specialized literature. Additionally, the original contributions include proposing innovative methods for integrating these two entities, which can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of military operations, considering both operational and strategic factors.

CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT

CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT
(CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT)

Author(s):Eduard Răzvan ȘOUCALIUC, Anca Ecaterina CANDALE, Cristina LEȘAN, Raul TURIC
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:258-264
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:contested logistics environment; supply chain; logistics decentralization; logistics hub; cybersecurity; artificial intelligence; civil-military cooperation;
Summary/Abstract:The article aim is to analyzes the concept of "contested logistic environment" in the modern context of military operations, highlighting the associated challenges and strategies and to identify possible solutions to mitigate these challenges. Traditionally, NATO forces, especially US forces, have benefited from uncontested logistics, but recent conflicts, such as Russia's invasion of Ukraine and tensions in the Indo-Pacific, have changed this paradigm. The contested logistics environment involves attacks on supply lines, infrastructure and cyber networks, creating major difficulties in conducting military operations. Key factors that contribute to challenging logistics are explored, including kinetic threats, cyber-attacks, competition for resources and the complexity of multinational operations. Also presented are adaptive strategies for operating in such environments, such as decentralization of logistics, use of advanced technologies, operational flexibility, and collaboration with local entities. Finally, the article uses the case study methodology with the purpose to identify solution on the “contested logistic environment” in the Ukraine conflict in order to demonstrates the importance of decentralized logistics, the use of emerging technologies and the support of allies in maintaining an efficient logistics flow. The lessons learned from this conflict emphasize the need for innovation and resilience in managing military logistics in contested environments.

ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT

ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT
(ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

Author(s):Traian MAGHERCĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:265-273
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:strategic resources; human resources; material resources; financial resources; technological resources;
Summary/Abstract:In general, resources have multiple roles for society, are essential for the economy, and in some situations can be generators of disputes between states. Some of these are referred to as strategic resources from a national security perspective. This paper presents the main types of strategic resources, divided into human, material, financial and technological resources. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the strategic role of these four types of resources.

A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

Author(s):Mihai-Marcel MURARU, Nicolae NENCU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:274-283
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Multi-Domain Operations; MDO; Joint Operations; Decision-Making; Adaptive Leadership; Situational Awareness; Command and Control Systems;
Summary/Abstract:The transition from joint operations to multi-domain operations (MDO) represents a significant evolution in military strategy and operational concepts. Whereas joint operations primarily emphasize inter-service collaboration, MDO extends this conceptual model to encompass a more comprehensive approach to warfare. By enhancing situational awareness, leveraging advanced technologies, and focusing on rapid decision-making, armed forces aim to operate effectively across all domains, maintaining a decisive advantage over potential adversaries. The key to success in this new operational environment lies in the ability to process and act upon information at the speed of relevance, staying ahead of the opponent’s decision-making cycle. This article examines the transition to MDO, highlighting the fundamental differences from joint operations. The paper focuses on the evolving principles, the imperative of digital transformation, the role of adaptive leadership, and the shift from traditional hierarchical command and control structures to more distributed models in the MDO context.

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS
(CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS)

Author(s):Bogdan Daniel IOSIF
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:284-290
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:strategic thinking; critical thinking; creative thinking; analytical thinking; systemic thinking;
Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this scientific endeavor is to present a structural analysis of the concept of strategic thinking in the organizational environment, suitable to military field. Using documentary analysis and observation as qualitative research tools, the theoretical investigation started with analyzing the conclusions of ten studies that investigate the components of strategic thinking and the relationships between them. Thus, it identifies five fundamental components of strategic thinking: critical thinking, creative thinking, systemic thinking, future-oriented thinking and reflective thinking. At the same time, it was found that these elements relate, work together. Critical and creative thinking often function as complementary processes. Systemic thinking is described as the ability of individuals to understand organizational complexities and environmental connections. Associated with the analytical skills specific to critical thinking, they serve as fundamental elements of strategic thinking. The study also reports interactive effects, especially between intuitive and analytical processes, and components such as foresight and systems thinking, improve the overall capacity for strategic thinking. Considering all the requirements for a future with a high degree of uncertainty, we can appreciate that the spectrum of strategic thinking should contain: critical, creative and systemic thinking models. Such a spectrum increases our capacity for understanding and, consequently, enhances the ability to make appropriate decisions in conditions of complexity and uncertainty. Areas identified for further investigation include developing standardized definitions of the components of strategic thinking, understanding how these skills are developed, and examining how military culture is being influenced by strategic thinking processes.

FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY

FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY
(FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY)

Author(s):Adrian MIREA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:291-297
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:preparatory fires; fire preparation for attack; fire support; offensive operation;
Summary/Abstract:Planning and conducting preparatory fires, prior to an attack on enemy defensive positions, has been and continues to be an enabling element for assaulting land objectives. Fire preparation ensures, above all, the necessary degree of force protection to attacking elements while, at the same time, secures freedom of movement for maneuver units responsible with attacking the objective. In this paper I wanted to highlight the importance of preparatory fires, that are still relevant to this day, by presenting current doctrinal framework and clear examples of its employment in the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian conflict. The focus of this article is on planning and conducting fire preparation of attack taking into account employment differences of this procedure from a national perspective that are mainly determined by our different approach and current technological progress, elements that generally have an important influence on every aspect of a military operation. Arguments presented in this paper highlight the recurring fundamentals of preparatory fires while it also points out the influencing nature of current equipping state and technological progress of armed structures when preparatory fires must be employed. Modern fire support capabilities, available to our national armed structures, facilitate a new approach on preparatory fires for attack but its fundamental ideas and purposes of this action remain basically unchanged.

THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY

THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY
(THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY)

Author(s):Alin-Dumitru PELMUȘ, Ion ANDREI
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:298-306
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:new technologies; performance sports; military physical education; fitness; modern battlefield;
Summary/Abstract:The paper addresses a topic of great interest regarding the use of last generation technology in the field of physical education and sports in the military. But, obviously, we cannot talk about physical training in the military training process, if we do not address the field of physical education and sports in general. Thus, in the first part of the paper, the priority directions regarding the use of technologies in the reference field are highlighted. Then, issues are highlighted regarding the use of technology in the fitness sector, which is in a transformation process, marked by significant progress. In the following, some results of technological research and development in performance sports and new perspectives in the way of training and improving athletes' performances are presented. In the third part of the article, some important aspects of the impact of technological development on military physical education are presented. Last but not least, considering that military physical education is a fundamental component of the force training process, it is noted that it must evolve along with the development of new technologies of weapon systems, military techniques and equipment.

EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS

EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS
(EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS)

Author(s):Iulian-Radu MONORANU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:307-323
No. of Pages:17
Keywords:operational concept; multi-domain; synchronization; convergence; capabilities;
Summary/Abstract:In the context of rapidly evolving technologies and contemporary security challenges, operational concepts based on the synchronization of actions and convergence of force capabilities have become central elements in shaping modern military strategies. The study peruses how current doctrines are adapting to integrate diverse capabilities, from conventional to emerging ones, in a coherent and synergistic manner in order to achieve battlefield superiority. It also investigates new paradigms of multi-domain operations, which require an increased level of coordination across land, air, maritime, cyber and space domains. The conclusions highlight the importance of synchronizing actions and adapting doctrines to meet the complex requirements of the current and future operational environment.

EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS

EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS
(EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS)

Author(s):Mădălina SCIPANOV
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:324-332
No. of Pages:9
Keywords:funding; resources; defense; financial mechanisms and instruments; EU budget;
Summary/Abstract:This article presents the mechanisms, instruments, and sources of defense funding available to the European Union, designed to support the development of military capabilities, strengthen cooperation, and promote the European defense industry. It is assumed that these instruments and initiatives strengthen European security and defense, increasing the European Union's capacity to act autonomously and contribute to global stability. Defense in the European Union represents a field of cooperation and integrity between EU Member States, with the main aim of ensuring the security and common defense of citizens and the interests of the European Union. This cooperation is achieved through various instruments and policies which are constantly evolving to respond to current challenges and threats. The European Union intends to further strengthen defense cooperation in the field of defense, by developing joint programs and by increasing investment in military technology. Also, the European Union aims to strengthen its partnerships with third countries and to play a more important role in managing regional crises. The article deals with the issue of defense funding by the European Union from a procedural point of view and examples. Because the challenges that the European Union has to solve are complex and vary depending on geopolitical, economic, and budgetary factors, defense funding is crucial for the security, sovereignty, and global influence of the European Union. Investments in this area strengthen European military capabilities, stimulate cooperation and cohesion, increase efficiency, and allow the European Union to play a more active role in maintaining peace and stability at a global level. The novelty of this article starts from the need for defense funding by the European Union, presenting arguments for and against strengthening the defense capabilities of the European Union and its strategic autonomy. In the author's opinion, it is important to find a balance between common funding and national sovereignty, ensuring an efficient and transparent use of funds, as well as close coordination with NATO. Decisions in this regard will shape the future of European security and defense.

THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY

THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY
(THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY)

Author(s):Ruxandra-Elena ȚEPEȘ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:335-340
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Artificial Intelligence (AI); Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI); types of AI Hallucinations; integrating Gen AI in Military Operations; AI hallucinations;
Summary/Abstract:Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) is a type of AI model that, by learning from existing data and applying it, generates content based on specific inputs. Gen AI can produce "AI hallucinations", which are defined by inaccurate data generation due to factors such as incomplete data, generating patterns that don't reflect reality, and model complexity. In military operations, while Gen AI offers significant advantages in decision-making and operational support, it also presents risks, such as distorting strategic assessments and spreading misinformation. The research method used for this article was literature review, where relevant sources in the field of artificial intelligence (Google, IBM, SAP) were analyzed. Given that generative models are relatively new, the available scientific literature is limited, with major efforts being undertaken by companies in the field. This paper presents the causes, types, and impact of AI hallucinations. It focuses on their implications in military applications and emphasizes the need for human oversight to ensure the safe and effective use of AI in sensitive contexts.

THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY

THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY
(THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY)

Author(s):Bogdan-Vasile ATASIEI, Vasile-Cătălin CHIRUȚĂ, Marian PLĂCINTĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:341-348
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Black Sea security environment; energy security; offshore critical infrastructure; Romanian Naval Forces; systematic actions;
Summary/Abstract:Energy security is a fundamental pillar of regional and global stability, with a direct impact on economic development and national security. In this context, the Romanian Naval Forces can play a vital role in protecting critical energy infrastructure in the Black Sea basin, including offshore extraction platforms, pipelines and submarine cables, and maritime transport routes for energy resources. This article examines the contribution of the Romanian Naval Forces to energy security by assessing existing capabilities and cooperation within regional and international alliances. It also explores emerging challenges, such as cyber threats and hybrid risks, against the backdrop of increasing geopolitical competition in the wider Black Sea region. With the aid of PMESII analysis crossed with ASCOPE elements, we will highlight the current security framework in the Black Sea region. The article proposes solutions to enhance the operational capacity of the Romanian Naval Forces, emphasizing the need for fleet modernization and strengthening international cooperation to safeguard energy flows and contribute to collective security.

THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES

THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES
(THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES)

Author(s):Marius-Alexandru VOICU, Olimpiu-Valentin LEFTER
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:349-356
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:artificial intelligence; military algorithms; computer vision; autonomous drones; cybersecurity; geospatial intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:The Ukraine conflict, which escalated dramatically in February 2022, has had a profound impact on regional security and the defense strategies of Eastern European states. While the conflict shares some characteristics with 20th century confrontations, it is distinguished by the unprecedented speed of events and the transformative role of technology. This paper examines how Ukraine adopted artificial intelligence to obtain strategic advantages across multiple domains. AI-powered systems are revolutionizing planning and execution of military operations, enhancing the capabilities of unmanned systems, refining military training processes, and fortifying cyber warfare operations and geospatial intelligence. These advancements not only shape the dynamics of the conflict but also set new precedents for modern warfare. By analyzing these progresses, present paper highlights the strategic priorities and technological trajectories driving military innovation in one of the today's most significant conflicts.

THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE

THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE
(THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE)

Author(s):Horia-Daniel ȘTEFĂNESCU, Vasile COSTAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:357-369
No. of Pages:13
Keywords:High-Altitude Platforms; dual-use technology; the Wassenaar Arrangement; military surveillance; modern warfare;
Summary/Abstract:High-Altitude Platforms (HAPS) represent a transformative innovation in military and civilian technology, proving capabilities at the intersection of (pseudo) satellite functionality and airborne systems. Operating in the stratosphere to provide critical capabilities in surveillance, communication, and operational flexibility, HAPS prove their dual-use nature, serving both civilian applications, such as environmental monitoring and disaster response, and military applications, including intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and secure communications, placing them as strategic assets. Considered as the most viable method of telecommunications, HAPS has also importance in enhancing military operations due to real-time information, that is why, this paper explores the technical foundations, operational benefits, and strategic implications of HAPS for military applications while addressing their dual-use classification, and potential vulnerabilities. Through analysis of recent advancements and case studies, this research underscores the importance of HAPS in redefining battlefield dynamics and securing strategic advantages while also highlighting the need for responsible development and deployment of this emerging technology.

THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE

THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE
(THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE)

Author(s):Raul-Bogdan AGAPI
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:370-376
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:drones; UAVs; UAS; asymmetric warfare; war in Ukraine; technology;
Summary/Abstract:This theoretical paper sets out to explain how the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) in modern wars has become an asymmetric means rather than merely a sophisticated, expensive weapon through which a well-resourced competitor could gain a considerable advantage in achieving battlefield supremacy. Military conflicts today are far more complex compared to those from 100 years ago or the 19th century. Increasingly, actors who, based on empirical, quantitative analysis, would be deemed unlikely to oppose a powerful state adversary, manage to resist for extended periods or even achieve certain successes, with asymmetry being perhaps more prevalent than ever in the history of military conflicts. By analyzing published works in the field, I have explained and identified arguments supporting the inclusion of unmanned aerial vehicles among the means that can be used in asymmetric warfare. Although, at present, unmanned aerial vehicles do not have the capacity to decisively alter the course of wars, they will continue to be present on the battlefield, accompanied by a continuous evolution in their technological capabilities and operational methodologies

UNMANNED VEHICLES IN NAVAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING: CONFIGURATIONS AND MISSION CAPABILITIES

UNMANNED VEHICLES IN NAVAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING: CONFIGURATIONS AND MISSION CAPABILITIES
(UNMANNED VEHICLES IN NAVAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING: CONFIGURATIONS AND MISSION CAPABILITIES)

Author(s):Todor DIMITROV
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:377-388
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:Unmanned Vehicles; Monitoring; Naval operation; Mission Capabilities;
Summary/Abstract:Integrating unmanned vehicles in naval monitoring has transformed modern maritime operations by improving intelligence, surveillance, and threat response. This paper examines the configurations and mission capabilities of UAVs, USVs, UUVs, and UGVs within the Navy. It highlights their role in ISR, anti-submarine warfare, force protection, and environmental monitoring, addressing challenges such as cybersecurity vulnerabilities, electronic warfare threats, and ethical concerns. To achieve these objectives, considerations regarding the Classification and Configurations of Unmanned Vehicles in Naval Monitoring will be presented in the first instance. In the same manner, some Mission and Operational Effectiveness Capabilities Unmanned Systems will be analyzed. Joint Monitoring and Attack Capabilities, Human-AI Collaboration, and Autonomous Decision Making will also be presented. The result of the analysis will allow the formulation of Future Research Directions and Technological Advancements as a result of identifying advantages and disadvantages of using Unmanned Vehicles in the maritime environment.

CRITICAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

CRITICAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
(CRITICAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION)

Author(s):Pavel-Traian FETTI, Todor DIMITROV
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:389-399
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Critical Maritime Infrastructure; Protection; Security; Technology; Threats;
Summary/Abstract:In this article, the aim is to explore the essential role of critical maritime infrastructure (CMI) in ensuring security and stability for Romania, Bulgaria, NATO, and the European Union (EU), while also emphasizing the growing importance of safeguarding these assets in an increasingly volatile security environment. The primary focus is to assess the multifaceted challenges faced by CMI, such as threats from state and non-state actors, cyberattacks, the impact of emerging technologies in the CMI and a possible approach to maritime infrastructure governance. By doing so, it is expected to contribute to the ongoing discourse surrounding maritime security and underline the necessity of coordinated efforts to safeguard maritime infrastructure.The desired outcome of this article is threefold: first, to provide a general understanding of the threats and vulnerabilities that impact CMI; second, to highlight the indispensable role of modern technology and international collaboration in fortifying these infrastructures; and third a perspective about maritime infrastructure governance. Ultimately, this article seeks to raise awareness among policymakers, security experts, and the academic community about the criticality of maritime infrastructure protection and inspire innovative approaches to countering emerging threats. For that, in the first instance, will be presented some concepts about CMI and the strategic role of CMI for the analysed stakeholders, and in the last instance the analyses of the desired outcome will be presented in the conclusions.By examining the current state of CMI, identifying key vulnerabilities, and exploring technological advancements in defence mechanisms, we propose to offer a forward-looking perspective that promotes resilience and preparedness. As maritime infrastructure serves as the backbone of global trade, energy security, and strategic military operations, its protection is not only a national priority but also a cornerstone of regional and global security frameworks.

DEFENDING THE ROMANIAN COASTLINE WITH UNMANNED MILITARY CAPABILITIES

DEFENDING THE ROMANIAN COASTLINE WITH UNMANNED MILITARY CAPABILITIES
(DEFENDING THE ROMANIAN COASTLINE WITH UNMANNED MILITARY CAPABILITIES)

Author(s):Alexandru Ionuț DOBRE
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:400-407
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:unmanned military capabilities; coastline; air; surface; underwater;
Summary/Abstract:Since the beginning of the 21st century, unmanned military capabilities have gained great importance in the military field, but not only and their technology has developed greatly and continues to develop further. It can be seen how unmanned military capabilities have gained great importance in the military field through their increasingly frequent use on the battlefield and very often the use of unmanned military capabilities has been preferred to the detriment of conventional capabilities and due to their effectiveness, these capabilities have proven their importance in the military field. In addition to the conventional capabilities that Romania currently has, unmanned military capabilities will increase the way in which defence can be consolidated in all three combat environments, namely air, surface and underwater warfare.The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the advantages of using unmanned military capabilities in the defence of the Romanian coastline and the benefits that these capabilities can bring in such a situation. Moreover, this article wants to highlight the effectiveness of these unmanned capabilities, the minimization of loss of human life and their ability to carry out combat or information gathering missions in a very large operating area depending on autonomy. Each technology comes with its drawbacks such as limited autonomy or limitations in maintaining communication or operating these unmanned capabilities. The article highlights the importance of using these unmanned military capabilities by the Romanian Naval Forces, as well as the need to develop or acquire them. This article is addressed to decision-makers in the Romanian Naval Forces, but is not limited to them.

ENHANCING NATIONAL RESILIENCE THROUGH CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN TODAY’S HYBRID OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

ENHANCING NATIONAL RESILIENCE THROUGH CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN TODAY’S HYBRID OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
(ENHANCING NATIONAL RESILIENCE THROUGH CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN TODAY’S HYBRID OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT)

Author(s):Petru-Marian VEREȘ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:408-418
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:national resilience; hybrid warfare; critical infrastructure protection; sector – pillar relationship; cyber-attack;
Summary/Abstract:The events occurring in today’s operational environment reveal the need to establish an equivalency between modern war and hybrid war. This relatively new way of conducting war comes with great challenges for all the pillars of a nation’s resilience system, and gives a significant advantage to the one that employs hybrid warfare in the most creative, coherent and effective way. Hybrid warfare, as a combination of conventional and non-conventional actions, carried out through a combination of conventional and non-conventional capabilities, has become the usual way by which actors are trying to prevail in their conflicts, and there are many aspects of hybrid warfare that need to be explored, in order to find ways to counter it. This qualitative research endeavor aims to explore the role that critical infrastructure protection has in enhancing national resilience, by analyzing the effects of the various hybrid actions, employed in modern conflicts, on critical infrastructure.

PERSON DETECTION IN DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME ENVIRONMENTS FOR SEARCH AND PATROL MISSIONS

PERSON DETECTION IN DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME ENVIRONMENTS FOR SEARCH AND PATROL MISSIONS
(PERSON DETECTION IN DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME ENVIRONMENTS FOR SEARCH AND PATROL MISSIONS)

Author(s):Pedro MARGALHO, Gonçalo CRUZ
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:419-428
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Human Detection; Patrol; Search and Rescue; Unmanned Aircraft Systems;
Summary/Abstract:The search and rescue mission in Portugal is carried out by several entities, including the Portuguese Air Force (PAF). This mission can be significantly prolonged due to various factors, leading to higher-than-expected costs and, in extreme cases, causing fatigue among pilots and crew members. Furthermore, the FA is also concerned with patrolling areas of interest, such as airbases and squadrons. Considering this, the study's objectives are to develop an automatic person detection system capable of being used in both daytime and nighttime environments for real-time automated analysis and decision support in search and patrolling missions using low-altitude aerial images. The system was based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) using YOLOv8m. Several models were trained using publicly available datasets and additional data collection conducted to complement the military context. The models were subsequently validated on specific test sets, representing each type of scenario in line with the study’s objectives.

AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF UNIDENTIFIED SHIPS USING SATELLITE IMAGES

AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF UNIDENTIFIED SHIPS USING SATELLITE IMAGES
(AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF UNIDENTIFIED SHIPS USING SATELLITE IMAGES)

Author(s):Marta CAPITO, Diogo SILVA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:429-439
No. of Pages:11
Keywords:Maritime patrol; Artificial intelligence; Ship detection; Satellite images;
Summary/Abstract:The Air Force Integrates maritime surveillance into national defence, monitoring naval activities through Automatic Identification System (AIS) tracking and real-time aircraft inspections. Due to Portugal’s vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), continuous surveillance is challenging. This study develops an AI-based tool to detect ships in satellite images and cross-reference them with AIS data, triggering alerts for discrepancies. Using YOLOv8 for ship detection and Sentinel-2 satellite images, the tool was built in Python and validated through simulations. Experimental results confirm its effectiveness.

PROTECTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST TERRORIST THREATS

PROTECTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST TERRORIST THREATS
(PROTECTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST TERRORIST THREATS)

Author(s):Ana-Denisa CHELARIU, Mihaela-Alexandra ȘUȘNEA
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:440-445
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:terrorism; critical infrastructure; transport; protection; interconnectivity; risk;
Summary/Abstract:Comprising multiple sectors – aviation, maritime traffic, railways, pipelines, highways, and mass public transport – the diversity and scale of the transport sector make it vital for the national economy and security, including military mobilization and deployment. Critical transport infrastructures are essential pillars of a state's security and economy; however, they are constantly exposed to risks, particularly in the context of terrorist threats. This paper explores the vulnerabilities of these infrastructures, analyzing relevant cases and highlighting their impact on human lives, economy, and national stability. It also underlines the necessity of an integrated approach to minimize the devastating effects of terrorism on transport systems and ensure their continuous operation within an increasingly complex and unpredictable global landscape.

ADAPTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES FOR A CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE

ADAPTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES FOR A CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE
(ADAPTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES FOR A CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE)

Author(s):Mihaela-Alexandra ȘUȘNEA, Ana-Denisa CHELARIU
Language:English
Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense
Page Range:446-450
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:critical infrastructures; climate change; extreme weather events; adaptation; sustainability;
Summary/Abstract:Critical infrastructures are present everywhere in our daily lives. The global growth of temperature, the enhancement of extreme weather events and the accumulation of greenhouse gas emissions pose a real danger for infrastructures everywhere. The results obtained by researchers are leaning towards the necessity of implementing sustainable policies. In this context, preparing the infrastructures to reduce the vulnerability to climate change is essential for protecting society.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES" 21st Edition INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES" 21st Edition

BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE

BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE (BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE)

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA (THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA)

A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE

A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE (A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE)

DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE

DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE (DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE)

THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS

THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS (THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS)

SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE

SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE (SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE)

MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING

MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING (MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING)

INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA

INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA (INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA)

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING (CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING)

ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?

ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT? (ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?)

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE MISSION COMMAND CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MARITIME AND RIVERIAN OPERATIONS AREAS

CONSIDERATIONS ON CARRIER STRIKE GROUPS AS MARITIME POWER PROJECTION ENABLERS, THEIR ROLE IN ALLIED DETERRENCE OPERATIONS AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS

RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS (RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS)

INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD

INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD (INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD)

FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS

FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS (FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS)

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon)

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon) (MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon))

COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE)

FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY

FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY (FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY)

USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS

USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS (USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS)

AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS (AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS

HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS (HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS)

TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS (TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)

WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT (WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT)

EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES

EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES (EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES)

ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE

ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE (ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE)

COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS

COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS (COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS)

THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT

THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT (THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT

CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT (CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT)

ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT

ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT (ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS (A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS (CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS)

FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY

FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY (FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY)

THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY

THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY (THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY)

EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS

EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS (EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS)

EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS

EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS (EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS)

THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY

THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY (THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY)

THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY

THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY (THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY)

THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES

THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES (THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES)

THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE

THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE (THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE)

THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE

THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE (THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE)

UNMANNED VEHICLES IN NAVAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING: CONFIGURATIONS AND MISSION CAPABILITIES

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES" 21st Edition
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES" 21st Edition

BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE
(BIG CHALLENGES FOR SMALL NAVIES: OVERCOMING DEVELOPMENTAL HURDLES IN AN EVOLVING MARITIME LANDSCAPE)

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA
(THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF THE DANUBE IN DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED MARITIME SECURITY STRATEGY FOR ROMANIA IN THE BLACK SEA)

A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE
(A DIFFERENT APPROACH ON EU SECURITY AND DEFENCE MUTUAL DEFENCE VS COLLECTIVE DEFENCE)

DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE
(DRONES, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND INNOVATION: THE TECHNOLOGIES USED IN THE WAR IN UKRAINE ARE REDEFINING MODERN WAREFARE)

THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS
(THE IMPACT OF OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE ON MODERN CONFLICTS)

SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE
(SWARM DRONES IN CURRENT CONFLICTS: THE IMPACT AND CHALLENGES OF AUTONOMOUS TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN WARFARE)

MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING
(MANIPULATING PERCEPTION: THE ROLE OF DEEPFAKES IN COGNITIVE WARFARE AND FACT-CHECKING)

INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA
(INFLUENCES OF THE NAVAL BATTLES ON REGIONAL SECURITY OF THE BLACK SEA)

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING
(CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CHIEF OF STAFF’S ROLE IN NAVAL OPERATIONS PLANNING)

ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?
(ARE DRONE SWARMS A REAL THREAT?)

RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS
(RADAR SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND ANALYSIS)

INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD
(INTEGRATED TRAINING SYSTEM FOR THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD)

FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS
(FINE-TUNING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR ENHANCED MILITARY APPLICATIONS)

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon)
(MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A FIXED-WING MILITARY AICRAFT (F-16 Falcon))

COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
(COMMAND AND CONTROL, THE ESSENCE OF MILITARY SYSTEM. ROMANIAN ARMY’S VISION – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE)

FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY
(FORWARD DEFENSE IN CYBERSPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR ROMANIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY)

USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS
(USE OF NAVAL DRONES IN RECENT OR ONGOING CONFLICTS)

AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(AIR DEFENSE TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAND FORCES IN THE MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS
(HIMARS IMPACT ON JOINT FUNCTIONS)

TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
(TECTONICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT – A SUCCINT, MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS)

WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
(WET GAP CROSSING IN A MULTIDOMAIN CONTESTED OPERATING ENVIRONMENT)

EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES
(EXPLOITING CIVILIAN ASSETS IN MARITIME OPERATIONS AND CORRESPONDING COUNTERMEASURES)

ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE
(ROMANIA, HOST NATION IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC ALLIANCE)

COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS
(COMMANDER AS A MANAGER AND LEADER – TEAM MANAGEMENT IN HIGH-DYNAMICS ENVIROMENTS)

THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT
(THE HUMAN FACTOR – AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, A NECESSARY COMPLEMENTARITY IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT
(CONTESTED LOGISTICS ENVIRONMENT)

ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT
(ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES IN THE CURRENT SECURITY CONTEXT)

A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(A NEW PARADIGM SHIFT IN MILITARY STRATEGY – FROM JOINT OPERATIONS TO MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS
(CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MILITARY STRATEGIC THINKING FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS)

FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY
(FIRE PREPARATION FOR ATTACK – A TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONFLICT NECESSITY)

THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY
(THE IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE ARMY)

EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS
(EVOLVING OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS: FROM AIR-LAND SYNCHRONIZATION TO MULTI-DOMAIN CONVERGENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS)

EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS
(EUROPEAN UNION DEFENCE FUNDING MECHANISMS)

THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY
(THE IMPACT OF AI HALLUCINATIONS IN THE MILITARY)

THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY
(THE ROLE OF THE ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES IN ENSURING CRITICAL AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY)

THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES
(THE IMPACT OF AI SYSTEMS IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: LESSONS FOR AIR FORCES)

THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE
(THE ROLE OF HIGH-ALTITUDE PLATFORMS IN ENHANCING MILITARY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE)

THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE
(THE USE OF DRONES AS ASYMMETRIC MEANS IN MODERN WARFARE)

UNMANNED VEHICLES IN NAVAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING: CONFIGURATIONS AND MISSION CAPABILITIES
(UNMANNED VEHICLES IN NAVAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING: CONFIGURATIONS AND MISSION CAPABILITIES)

CRITICAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
(CRITICAL MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION)

DEFENDING THE ROMANIAN COASTLINE WITH UNMANNED MILITARY CAPABILITIES
(DEFENDING THE ROMANIAN COASTLINE WITH UNMANNED MILITARY CAPABILITIES)

ENHANCING NATIONAL RESILIENCE THROUGH CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN TODAY’S HYBRID OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
(ENHANCING NATIONAL RESILIENCE THROUGH CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION IN TODAY’S HYBRID OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT)

PERSON DETECTION IN DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME ENVIRONMENTS FOR SEARCH AND PATROL MISSIONS
(PERSON DETECTION IN DAYTIME AND NIGHTTIME ENVIRONMENTS FOR SEARCH AND PATROL MISSIONS)

AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF UNIDENTIFIED SHIPS USING SATELLITE IMAGES
(AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF UNIDENTIFIED SHIPS USING SATELLITE IMAGES)

PROTECTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST TERRORIST THREATS
(PROTECTION OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AGAINST TERRORIST THREATS)

ADAPTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES FOR A CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE
(ADAPTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES FOR A CLIMATE-RESILIENT FUTURE)