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19. Yüzyıl Dünya Fuarlarında Türk Tekstili

Author(s): Şefik Memiş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2020

The Ottomans took place in all of the world fairs starting with the first World Fair organized in 1851. They exhibited not only agricultural and animal product raw materials, but also manufactured products.Textile and weaving products were among the most popular products exhibited in Ottoman pavilions in particular, and in the pavilions of countries belonging to Islamic geography. Textile products ranged from fabric to clothing, from home textiles to carpets and rugs.While displaying their products the Ottomans were concerned about imitation. Because the fabricators of the Western countries, who had realized the industrial revolution and started fabricating production, were the most loyal followers of the exhibitions, instantly purchasing the products they saw and adapting them to mass production. These Ottoman products, which carried and displayed all the originality of the east, were sold at the exhibition stage, especially to palace members. From the fabric color to the processing and cutting style, Turkish textile products became well known around the World and carried Turkish fashion to European capitals. Also from the saddle to the belt,from bags to pillows, from tablecloths to ribbons, from shawls to embroidered products, many hand -made products also attracted attention. Textile products produced both in the private sector and state factories did not only attract the attention of the public, they were also granted many awards by jury members.The products that received the most awards were coming from Bursa, the center of textile today.Turkish textile products, which had not yet been fully influenced by machining, succeeded in attracting the attention of fabricators in almost all exhibitions with their innovative aspects.

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19. Yüzyılda Macaristan’dan At İthalatı Ve Osmanlı Atçılığına Etkileri

Author(s): Tolga Akay / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Spec. Iss./2021

Since the second part of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire, which reigned in geographies with a profound equestrian heritage and a wealth of qualified horse assets, has been experiencing difficulties in terms of horse existence and quality. This vulnerability was severe enough to cause an issue, particularly from a military standpoint. As a result, after the Crimean War (1853-1856), imports for military use began. In the imports debate, two sources stood out: Russia and Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman Empire bought a considerable number of horses from Hungary, which became a major source of imports for many European countries. The majority of the imports were horses that may be classified as ready-made army horses. Horses were also imported from Hungary in order to resurrect and strengthen the Ottoman Empire's horse breeding tradition. In this study, the amount and effects of stud horses imported for the improvement of horse existence in the country, as well as the need of the palace and the horses included in the guard regiments, were investigated, and the extent of foreign dependency was attempted to be determined, in addition to the Hungarian origin horses used by the Ottoman Empire in the army after the Crimean War.

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19. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI TARIMINDAKİ DÖNÜŞÜMÜN YEREL BASINDAN İZLENMESİ: TUNA VİLAYET GAZETESİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Cüneyt İpteş / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 22/2020

Prior to the industrial revolution, the agriculture sector dominated structure of the country's economies also existed in the Ottoman State. According to this, agriculture sector is the main determinant of the country's economy in the classical period. The çift-hane and tımar systems in the Ottoman agriculture sector, with its local and in-kind qualities, has been a means of ensuring continuity in production, obtaining tax revenues and meeting military expenses. This institutional structure belonging to the classical period of the Ottoman Empire started to change after the innovations that European states gained in economic, social and military fields. The Danube Province is one of the first places where the trend of innovation was witnessed in the Ottoman State. In our research, these developments will be examined with the Tuna Vilayet Newspaper, which is the printed press of the Danube Province. The news to be conveyed specifically for the agricultural sector reflects the transformation moves and includes the characteristics of the period. In this context, the understanding of ownership has changed in agricultural lands, commercialization and mechanization have been experienced in agriculture. Memleket sandıkları were established to regulate the agricultural credit mechanism. The collection method of aşar tax has been rearranged according to the current conditions. In the field of animal husbandry, animal diseases come to the fore.

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19.YY İLK ÇEYREĞİNDE BÜYÜK GÜÇLER VE GÜNEY KAFKASYA

Author(s): Mehmet Bilgin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 13/2021

To understand the 19th century Caucasus, it is necessary to comprehend the tactics of non-regional expansionist powers, such as France, England, and Russia, which gathered momentum in the course of the rise of the so-called Western modern era, and the situation of the regional powers, namely the Ottoman and Qajar (Iran) empires. If we evaluate the activities of the local and external actors as a whole beginning from the commencement of Russian expansion in the 18th century and the Russian invasion that started in the early 19th century, we can get closer to learn the truth and get the picture more accurately. The interest-based policies adopted by all these powers between 1800-1825, their standpoints that can instantly change or be restructured in line with the policy shifts, and the impact of these shifts on the region are of significance to explain seemingly complex issues. The Russians, who invaded and settled in the North Caucasus in the 18th century, began to occupy the South Caucasus by trespassing the Caucasus Mountains near the end of the century. Russia had become the protector of Georgia against the local powers, namely Ottoman and Qajar Empires, by signing a patronage agreement with her, then Russia annexed the entire South Caucasus. This annexation was not only political and administrative, but it was far-reaching enough to incorporate the Georgian Church into the Russian Church, and to unite the Caucasian Albanian Church with the Armenian Church. To confront these developments, the local power in the Caucasus, the Ottoman and Qajar Empires, sought help from France and England, which were rising power in the West. Their mandates were shaped in accordance with FranceEngland-Russia relations, and accordingly alliances were built, and wars were fought. As an expected result of these conditions, the Ottoman and Qajar Empires were forged by the Russian hammer on the French or English anvil under the pressure of circumstances.

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1908 İhtilali’ni Başarıya Götüren Suikast: Şemsi Paşa’nın Katli

Author(s): Yasin Ersin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2021

That the Community of Union and Progressive included the Ottoman officers, who had gotten to know the committee organization by following the gangs in the Balkans, was taken the opposition to a different dimension for Sultan Abdulhamid. These officers, who called the rules of Abdulmamid II "despotism", thought that opposition did not work, and it should revolt the state with military units in order to be able to have the constitutional administration redeclared. In 1908, thus, some officers went up the mountain. The Sultan had assigned Şemsi Pasha, who was his most trusted soldier against this rebellion, to take the situation under control and provide security. However, the assassination of Şemsi Pasha by a Unionist officer in Manastır destroyed one of the sultan's greatest pillars. As a result of the fact that the control in Rumelia could not be fully achieved, together with the events that followed, constitutionalism was declared again on July 24, 1908. The subject of this study is the role and fate of Şemsi Pasha in the 1908 Revolution and the evaluation of the effects of this outcome on the revolution process.

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1913-1917 Yılları Arasında Bulgaristan'dan Yapılan Göçler ve Emlak-ı Metruke Sorunları

Author(s): Suat Zeyrek,Hasan Hakan Ulutin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 18/2020

In this article, despite being allied with the Ottoman Empire the policies of Bulgaria of which is force immigration against Turks and Muslims in Western Thrace between 1913-1917 will be discussed. In addition, land problems arising from migration will be discussed. Muslims were forced to migrate between the years 1913-1920, despite the explicit provision that "Turks staying in Bulgaria after the Balkan War will have equal rights with the Bulgarians" written in the Treaty of Istanbul (29 September 1913). The lands abandoned by the Muslims were occupied by the Bulgarians. During the war, some Bulgarians left the Ottoman lands and went to Bulgaria. The lands abandoned by the Muslims who left Bulgaria and the Bulgarians who immigrated to Bulgaria have become a problem between the two countries. A "miscellaneous commission" has been established to solve the problems that arise. It is understood that in this uncompromising policy followed by Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire, Bulgarians trusted the Germans.

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1920 Tarihli Çok Gizli İngiliz İstihbarat Notundan TürkRus İlişkilerine Dair İki Belge Ve Analizleri

Author(s): Fatih Turgay Eldem / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2021

In this article, the very secret departmental note annexes written by Major Norman N. E. Bray, who was a political intelligence officer attached to the India Office of the United Kingdom (UK) Government, on 18 November 1920 have been translated and analyzed. The first of the annexes is the text of the military-political agreement, whose written negotiations started with the famous letter of Mustafa Kemal to Vladimir Lenin dated 26 April 1920 and concluded in July 1920. The second annex is the telegram Kazim Karabekir sent to Mustafa Kemal in October 1920, stating the conditions under which the Bolsheviks asked Turkish Nationalists to be accepted. From the content analysis of the documents, it has been seen that the GNA Government agreed with the Bolshevik Russian Government long before the Moscow Treaty and that the Bolsheviks were very influential in the Atatürk Revolutions.

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20. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Toprakları Üzerinde Kurulan Nişantaşı Ġngiliz Erkek Mektebi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Abdullah Kara,Mustafa Çavdaroğlu / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 2/2021

Foreign schools had the opportunity to open as a result of the fact that the Europeans were given commercial privileges in the Ottoman state and these privileges became permanent over time. Foreign schools operating in the Ottoman lands were first opened by the French and then the British. Metin Ünver, with the study titled "The establishment of the English Boys' High School in Istanbul in the context of the debates on the decline of British Commerce in the Ottoman State against Germany", was previously related to the Istanbul British Boys' High School. He evaluated it in the context of schools opened as a means of competition for foreign states to have economic influence on the Ottoman lands. In this study, in the context of the Ottoman document titled "Zükura Mahsus Ġngiliz Mektebi", which is the original of the study called Nişantaşı English Boys School, which forms the basis of our subject, information such as the opening of the school, student admission conditions, structure, school organization and the lessons taught, the course contents were tried to be evaluated. This information was supported by archive documents related to the subject in the Ottoman archive of the Prime Ministry. With this study, it is aimed to contribute to the studies in the field of education history.

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276 Numaralı Mühimme-i Mektum Defterinin İncelenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Suha Oğuz Baytimur / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Spec. Iss./2021

The Muhimme-i Mektum Registration Book number 276, is included in the Muhimme Registration Books, which are among the written sources of the period, which have been inherited from the Ottoman Empire to the present day. In the registration book containing 44 pages, there are 133 provisions in total. Muhimme-i Mektum Registration Book number 276, which consists of two chapters, includes the provisions covering the years 1807-1810. While the provisions in the first chapter involve similar events with the classical muhimme-i mektum registration books, the provisions in the second chapter have the same content as the classifying registration of the kal'abend registration book. The provisions in the first chapter are about the cases that took place within the borders of the Ottoman Empire and the precautions should be taken against these cases. Here, administrative and social issues are mainly included. In the second chapter, the punitive executions belonging to the Ottoman Empire are included. In the registration book, the cases belonging to different regions are encountered. Therefore, the cases and issues belonging to different regions of the Ottoman Empire and the precautions taken against them can be understood from the provisions in the registration book. Generally, acts contrary to the laws and rules that occur, as well as cases that disturb the peace in the region and involve activities such as banditry, etc. are included in the provisions. The attitudes and behaviors of the Ottoman Empire in the face of these cases and the precautions taken with the aim of eliminating the issues are clearly seen in the provisions. In the precautions taken, the punishment of the criminals is intensely at the forefront. Punishments included in the provisions in the registration book are death sentence, hard labor (penalty applied by rowing on ships), kal'abend confinement (confinement in a fortress), monastic confinement, deportation and compulsory residence penalty.

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93 Harbi ve Sonrasında Artvin

Author(s): Zemzem Yücetürk / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 65/2020

Together with the Turkish army, the people of Artvin resisted with all their might In the 1877- 1878 Ottoman-Russian War, which was the 93 War. During these invasions, migrations from the eastern region, including Artvin, to the interior of Anatolia, were the main situations that put the people of the region into trouble. Kars, Ardahan and Batum has been abandoned to Russia with the Berlin Treaty signed in 13 July 1878 after the Ottoman-Russian War. Artvin, Ardanuç, Borçka, Şavşat districts which are connected to Batumi Sanjak were left to Russia. The people of the region, including Artvin, have been subjected to many Russian persecution during the forty years of Russian rule until the reunification of the region to the Ottoman Empire in 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 in Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Russia signed the Treaty of BrestLitovsk on March 3, 1918. A vote was held in accordance with the decision taken in the Treaty. As a result of voting, Kars, Ardahan and Batum were connected to the Ottoman Empire. However, the Ottoman State was withdrawn from Artvin with the Mondros Armistice signed on 30 October 1918 as a result of the First World War. Artvin was then occupied by the British on 17 December 1918. After the withdrawal of the British in April 1920, the Georgians took over the region. The Georgian occupation continued until the beginning of 1921, and Artvin and its surroundings joined the territory of the Turkish State in 1921. In this article, we tried to reveal what happened in Artvin and to the struggle of the people of Artvin in 93 War and after that in the light of documents.

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93 Harbi’nde Macarların Osmanlı Devleti’ne Desteği

Author(s): Ferdi Çiftçioğlu,Erika Verešová / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 71/2021

The Ottomans and Hungarians share a long history together. Beyond historical kinship ties between the Turks and the Huns, their relationship had reached its peak when the Russians dared to threaten both in 19th century as a result of their desire to expand their territory. Alas, the Hungarian’s lost the War of Freedom to the Russians, and the pioneers of the struggle took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. During the 93 [Day] War, the Ottomans – who had fought against Russia many times in the 19th century – fell into difficult situation on all fronts; the Hungarians came to their rescue. Their support was monumental: they sent both medical and financial aid to the ever-weakening army. They organized demonstrations in various countries to inform the European public about what was going on, and they wrote motivational poetry and songs in order to boost Ottoman soldiers’ morale. Some Hungarians had even offered join the Ottoman military. All of this rapprochement played a major role both sides building a common future together (Turanism).

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A CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENT ON ŠAIH HAMZA FROM ORLOVIĆI (BOSNIA)

Author(s): Adem Handžić / Language(s): English / Issue: 8/2019

Authors wrote earlier about Hamza Dede and his tekye, that he erected in 1519 in the village Orlovići, not far from the old castle Kušlat (on the road Vlasenica-Zvornik). Even S. Bašagić touched upon this in his works, and then others also referred to it (M. Karanović, R. Muderizović). Dr Muhamed Hadžijahić particularly dealt with that question. Based on four preserved Ottoman documents on the tekye (berats) and based on some other modest data, Hadžijahić tired to enlighten the formation of the tekye and its significance. He put special effort in the determination of the development and work of the Dervish Order, that is the Order of Hamzevije in Bosnia, that should – according to its name, and based on some other circumstances – originate from that tekye and which due its heretic teaching, and as it seems, also due to active participation of some followers in certain rebels against the Ottoman Empire, in the second half of the 16th century, was severely persecuted.

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A COPPER COIN OF THE ARTUQID RULER NAJM AL-DIN ALPI WITH SIX COUNTERMARKS

Author(s): Wolfgang Schulze / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Scope of the study. A specific series of copper coins of the Artuqid rulers Hussam alDin Timurtash and his son Najm al-Din Alpi were extensively countermarked during the twelfth century. The scientific novelty The author discusses this system of countermarking and presents a countermark naming Najm al-Din Alpi, which was applied six times on his own coins. The Artuqids were a Turkmen dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. On Il-Ghazi’s death in 516 (1122) his kingdom was divided among three heirs, with Timurtash retaining Mardin. He was succeeded by his only son Najm al-Din Alpi in 547 (1152), and the Artuqid kingdom of Mardin became the largest and most enduring, lasting until 812 (1409), when it was seized by Timur (Tamerlane) and later controlled by the Qara Qoyunlu (‘Black Sheep’) Turkmen. The description of the ‘copper dirhams’ of Husam al-Din Timurtash and Najm al-Din Alpi are given. One of the well-known problems in the series of the Artuqids of Mardin is the countermarking of the copper dirhams of Husam al-Din Timurtash and his son Najm al-Din Alpi. During the early part of the reign of Najm al-Din Alpi, the coins of his father continued to circulate. However, they were soon countermarked by Alpi, evidently to avoid confusion. We know of two countermarks, with ‘one line’ or with ‘two lines’ randomly applied on the obverses of Timurtash’s dirhams, sometimes both on the same coin. Alpi’s countermarks on the Timurtash coins could have been used to avoid confusion between the coins of father and son. The reasons of the appearance of the countermarks are described. Double countermarking did not necessarily occur simultaneously. Apparently, Alpi used the countermarks extensively to differentiate himself from his father and to achieve the greatest possible popularity through the medium of coin. This is also shown by the fact that the old Byzantine coins circulating in Alpi’s dominions were countermarked with his laqab ‘najm’.

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A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF JANISSARY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRESENCE IN ALEPPO (1700-1760S)

Author(s): Yahya Araz / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Focusing on the Janissaries, and covering a period between the early eighteenth century and the 1760s, this study draws on preliminary findings from the Aleppo court records in order to highlight their roles in that city’s socio-economic life. Most of the Janissaries of Aleppo and their families came to the city from the surrounding countryside; they tried to survive and earned their livelihood as ordinary townsmen, a process that signaled their integration into the urban fabric. This process manifested itself in their relations with other social groups, their conglomeration in specific quarters, and their increasing capacity to diffuse into other areas and expand their economic activities. This expansion, however, resulted in a conflict between their interests and those of the eşraf/ashraf, who consisted of members of established merchant families, religious dignitaries, and other people who claimed to be descendants of the Prophet. The competing interests of the two groups, especially after the 1760s, were destined to reshape the role of the Janissaries in Aleppo as well as their interactions with other social groups. These confrontations also strengthened the solidarity and esprit de corps among the Janissaries, who had until then preferred to distinguish themselves by their ethnic, tribal, and country-based affiliations

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A muster-list from town Krupina from year 1559.

Author(s): Zoltán Péter Bagi / Language(s): English / Issue: 24/2021

After the first muster and thus the initial payment, wages of the recruited were handed out rather erratically, and each time they were mustered again by appointed muster officials. Konrad Wallen von Aurach’s report on Francis Bornemissza’s accusations concerning the Krupina payment issues provide a good picture on both the musters and the payment process, also on the possible or actual methods of mistreatment and fraud. Documents of this type are, unfortunately, quite rare, but through them we can improve our view on 16th century military organization and the everyday life of the recruited.

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A Sequence Of Distance Education Lasting 5 Years in the Ottoman State: Literature Lessons From Ebuzziya Tevfik Bey to His Son Velid

Author(s): Yüksel Yıldırım / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

The first example of distance education in the Ottoman State is the letters education that he gave to Ebüzziya Tevfik Bey's son Velid as an individual enterprise between the years 1902 and 1907. Ebüzziya Tevfik Bey was exiled to Konya on April 10, 1900. He was closely interested in the education of his younger son Velid, who stayed in Istanbul, and gave him literature courses by means of correspondence. He was closely interested in the education of his younger son Velid, who stayed in Istanbul, and gave him literature lessons by letter. Only two letters from the 6-year literature education were included in this study. Thus, how the letter teaching was done has been studied over the details of the two letters. This article, which is remarkable for shedding light on the education life of the period, it also is contributes to Turkish education history.

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A STRATEGY OF A BEAUTIFICATION, OR HOW ‘THE DECADENT ISTANBUL’ TURNED INTO THE ‘PEARL OF TURKEY’

Author(s): Kalina Peeva / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

The present study examines Istanbul’s transformation in the period between the proclamation of the Turkish republic in 1923 and the end of the Democratic Party’s rule in 1960. The reasons for the exclusion of the old imperial capital from early initiatives for constructing the modern Turkish nation-state are laid out, as well as the process of gradual integration of the Seljuk, Ottoman, and Byzantine architectural heritage into the paradigm of the ‘national’. The urban planning changes carried out under the direction of the French urbanist H. Prost are also examined, along with the radical spatial and architectural transformation undertaken during A. Menderes’ time which definitively destroyed the historical appearance of the city. The study further traces the attitude towards the minority clusters in Istanbul and imperial elites that proved to be a crucial element influencing government policy in one direction or another during the entire period of examination in line with the changes in state ideology.

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A temesvári vilajet (1552–1716). Emberek, intézmények, épületek

Author(s): Ferenc Csortán / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 12/2020

Present-day Banat, in the Middle Age Temesköz (between the Maros, Tisza, Danube rivers and the Carpathians), an area which had always several different ethnic, linguistic and relegious communities, belonged till 1552 to the Hungarian Kingdom, then to the Habsburg Empire. It is shared after 1918 between Romania, Serbia and Hungary. Between 1552-1716 it was part of the Ottoman Empire. The paper presents the society of this area in those years, soldiers and civilians, Muslims, Jews and Christians of different denominations, the Ottoman administration, the economic and cultural life, with a special focus on its main settlement, Timişoara.

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ABDULLÂH EL-KÂTİB VE TEZKİRE-İ RUMÂT ADLI ESERİ

Author(s): Saddam Bzour / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 69/2021

This work consists of the archery book "Tezkire-i Rumât", which is written by the Sheikh and archer Abdullah Al-khateeb who is also the author of the 17th century. Yet, five copies of this book were discovered. Moreover, many studies were conducted to define this book. In these studies information is introduced about the history of writing, the archers of that period and the content of the book. In this work, We could not find the lost copies, hence we did not review the missing copies of the book. This study compares the copy that has barcode number NEKTY2638 in Istanbul University to copy number 395 in Michigan University that was recently reproduced. This article discusses the content, copies, archery terms and the archery fields in the book. This book is considered as a historical document since it provides information about the archers who lived between the year of 1453 and 1689, the names of the cities and places, the challenges held during that period, the archery fields, the archery distances, the records achieved by the archers, the names of the wind that they used to hold archery sessions in, the ottoman archery and the archery terms. Moreover, this work studies linguistics, phonetics, spelling, the diverse structure and words that were not unused previously, as well as revealing the features of orthography as much as possible. Many examples are presented under those titles.

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About Us and Our Neighbours: History Textbooks in the Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine

Author(s): Sergiu Musteaţă / Language(s): English

The principal research question pursued by this work is as follows: How do the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine present one another in their history curricula and textbooks? How do the history textbooks of each of these three countries present the relationship between majorities and minorities?This book is thus focused on two main objectives: first, to generate improved understanding of the state of the discipline of history in these countries via discussion of reforms to and debates around history curricula in each country, and second, to shed light on the ways in which history textbooks in each of the three countries represent the other two and their peoples.Curriculum development and textbook production in all three countries still remain centralised. Textbooks are produced by state and private publishing houses. Most textbooks are curriculum-based and developed according to the guidelines issued by the Ministries of Education. Through their textbook publishing policy, these ministries control the content and quality of textbooks. History curricula and textbooks in all three countries have progressed, but we still encounter many problems. Among them are the following:• the content of curricula and history textbooks continues to place too much emphasis on national aspects to the detriment of the world, regional, and local dimensions of history;• it reflects the history of wars and violence instead of giving more space to periods of peaceful coexistence, cooperation and cultural communication, or of mutual enrichment between various social groups as well as between nations;• it neglects regional history and cultural and historical links with neighbouring countries;• as it stands, it causes problems in history education and the development of ethnic identity, as well as the relationship between “Us” and “Others”;• it leads to or accepts poor textbook design.The relationship between national and European history remains a closely debated topic in all three societies. Their shared reality, as evidenced by this study, is that all three countries are currently not presenting one another in any meaningful way in their history textbooks at all educational levels. In all three countries, history education and textbooks are dominated by political history and narratives of victimisation. National histories do not pay attention to their neighbours.History textbooks play an important part in the process of collective identity formation, building a relationship with the past and creating an image of the “other”. The content of textbooks determines, in many cases, students' attitudes to their neighbours. Therefore, in order to improve the situation in history education and to develop a tolerant approach to “others” in history textbooks, there is a great need for joint efforts by politicians, professionals and members of civil society in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.

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