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1876 Yılında Edirne Vilayeti’ndeki Asayiş Problemleri (826 Numaralı Ayniyat Defteri Verilerine Göre)

Author(s): Arzu Taşcan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2021

Ayniyat notebooks are the notebooks where the writings sent from Sadaret in the XIXth century to the provincial administrators, ministries and other authorities were recorded exactly. There are registries about the administrative, financial, military, legal, social and other different matters in these notebooks. The main aim of this study is to determine public order problems which were reflected in the documents sent by Sadaret to the Edirne province in 1876 and are in the 826 numbered Ayniyat notebook. The documents in this notebook contain short letters sent to the province. In the letters, to the provincial administrators were informed about what they should do in front of complaints and requests of the public. The documents determined from the notebook on public order problems are about pillage, extortion, robbery, murder, damaging the crop and property, settling on someone else's property by force, land and pasture conflicts. The behavior of the administrators in provinces and state in the face of public complaints about these events that occurred in 1876 and earlier were scrutinized in the context of the documents in the notebook.

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19. Yüzyıl Başlarında Kudüs, Abdullah Çakmak

Author(s): Orçun Nalezen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2021

Review of: Abdullah Çakmak, “19. Yüzyıl Başlarında Kudüs”, İLEM Yayınları, İstanbul, 2020. xxii+240, ISBN: 978-625-7800-05-1

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19. Yüzyıl Dünya Fuarlarında Türk Tekstili

Author(s): Şefik Memiş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

The Ottomans took place in all of the world fairs starting with the first World Fair organized in 1851. They exhibited not only agricultural and animal product raw materials, but also manufactured products.Textile and weaving products were among the most popular products exhibited in Ottoman pavilions in particular, and in the pavilions of countries belonging to Islamic geography. Textile products ranged from fabric to clothing, from home textiles to carpets and rugs.While displaying their products the Ottomans were concerned about imitation. Because the fabricators of the Western countries, who had realized the industrial revolution and started fabricating production, were the most loyal followers of the exhibitions, instantly purchasing the products they saw and adapting them to mass production. These Ottoman products, which carried and displayed all the originality of the east, were sold at the exhibition stage, especially to palace members. From the fabric color to the processing and cutting style, Turkish textile products became well known around the World and carried Turkish fashion to European capitals. Also from the saddle to the belt,from bags to pillows, from tablecloths to ribbons, from shawls to embroidered products, many hand -made products also attracted attention. Textile products produced both in the private sector and state factories did not only attract the attention of the public, they were also granted many awards by jury members.The products that received the most awards were coming from Bursa, the center of textile today.Turkish textile products, which had not yet been fully influenced by machining, succeeded in attracting the attention of fabricators in almost all exhibitions with their innovative aspects.

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19. YÜZYIL SAVUNMA YAPILARI: TRABZON TABYALARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2021

Trabzon maintained its importance and strategy throughout history because of its geographical position and harbour. The defense of the city against attacks and threats has been an important issue since it is an important location of Silk Road trade, which serves as a gateway to Europe and Russia by sea and a passageway to the inner parts of Anatolia, Caucasus and Iran. The city has witnessed the construction of a bastion which has changed the military architecture with the invention of firearms and emerged as a new type of building. The spatial organization of the local, which is now Kalepark/Ganita, has brought the castle to the fore and it became the military committee and command center. Trabzon and Çömlekçi bastions were built to protect especially harbors, coasts and regions where is concentrated active trade, including the main bastion in Güzelhisar. Hagia Sophia, which is the most important structure of the city and has many ideological and symbolic meanings, is located quite far from the city walls so it had to be defended against the attacks and dangers from the sea. For this reason, a bastion was built in front of Hagia Sophia. Also, another basiton was built in Polathane Harbour. Polathane Harbour, which was used in both commercial and military purposes, had been a strategic point especially in the 19th centruy as it was the first defence point in the sea aganist to Trabzon. So there were built Kireçhane and Sargana bastions due to Russian invasion to protect for harbour in the 19th centruy. Within the scope of the current study, a research was carried out regarding the bastions situated in Trabzon, and their importance was explained. This research employs archival material from Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Directorate of State Archives - Ottoman State Archives and Ottoman and French maps and plans. Bastionss are discussed in the light of archive documents in the context of repairs and reconstructions, budgets, construction decisions and architectures. Some financial difficulties in the construction of the buildings, have security problems caused by the location of bastions and sent from the central authority in the organization of the construction works and assist the city administrators were determined in the study.

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19. Yüzyılda Livane Halkının Hukukî Talep ve Davaları (1800-1861)

Author(s): Zemzem Yücetürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 16/2022

The Ottoman Empire had many different ethnic elements. The state in question has managed to manage these different groups in terms of religion, language, race and culture for centuries with a tolerant administration and understanding of justice originating from the religion of Islam. It has provided the citizens of different religions with the opportunity of judgment, administration and administration according to their own religions. In local administrations, he allowed non-Muslims to be governed by their own clergy as long as they did not rebel against the state. Although there are congregational courts, it also gave the aforementioned subjects the right to bring their cases to the shari'a courts if they wished. In line with this right, non-Muslims often brought their cases to the sharia courts. In the study, the legal demands and lawsuits of the people of Livane, from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the reign of Sultan Abdülmecit, were handled separately as non-Muslims and Muslims. During this period, non-Muslims had requests and lawsuits regarding the church, estate, permission, receivables, conversion and denomination movement, appointment of proxy, executive director, consul and murder. Those of the Muslims are claims and lawsuits about inheritance, family law, permission, debt, theft and murder. As it is understood from the documents, both Muslims and non-Muslims conveyed their cases to Istanbul with petitions and demanded that orders be sent to the administrators of the sanjak to which Livane was affiliated, for the settlement of their cases in the shari'a courts. If it was not possible to resolve the case, they requested that the defendants be summoned to Istanbul and held their hearings. The state dealt with the complaints and demands of all the people and sent orders to the local administrations to solve the cases and to fulfill the requests. With the request to report the results of the cases to Istanbul again, the follow-up of the results was also carried out. As it can be understood from the documents, non-Muslims had their own courts and conveyed their cases to Istanbul with petitions. The state also approached the wishes of the people positively, without discriminating between Muslims and non-Muslims. Although the Ottoman Empire responded positively to the requests of non-Muslim subjects, it was understood from a document belonging to the period that these subjects did not behave tolerantly towards each other. When a non-Muslim changed his sect and got married to an Armenian nation, the Catholic nation imposed a fine on this person.

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19. Yüzyılda Macaristan’dan At İthalatı Ve Osmanlı Atçılığına Etkileri

Author(s): Tolga Akay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec. Iss./2021

Since the second part of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire, which reigned in geographies with a profound equestrian heritage and a wealth of qualified horse assets, has been experiencing difficulties in terms of horse existence and quality. This vulnerability was severe enough to cause an issue, particularly from a military standpoint. As a result, after the Crimean War (1853-1856), imports for military use began. In the imports debate, two sources stood out: Russia and Austria-Hungary. The Ottoman Empire bought a considerable number of horses from Hungary, which became a major source of imports for many European countries. The majority of the imports were horses that may be classified as ready-made army horses. Horses were also imported from Hungary in order to resurrect and strengthen the Ottoman Empire's horse breeding tradition. In this study, the amount and effects of stud horses imported for the improvement of horse existence in the country, as well as the need of the palace and the horses included in the guard regiments, were investigated, and the extent of foreign dependency was attempted to be determined, in addition to the Hungarian origin horses used by the Ottoman Empire in the army after the Crimean War.

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19. Yüzyılda Mardin ve Çevresinde Salgın Hastalıklar

Author(s): Arzu Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2022

Located in the Southeastern Anatolian Region, the city of Mardin resides on the southern slopes of the Mardin-Midyat border. Thanks to its geographical location, the city has been on the transit route of many civilizations throughout history. As a result of the victory of the Ottoman State in the Battle of Chaldiran in 1515, the city of Mardin came under the rule of the state and took its place in the administration organization as a Sanjak Center affiliated to the Province of Diyarbakır. Epidemics that spread to large geographical regions in short periods cause mass deaths and serious health problems. In addition to natural disasters such as famine, drought, flood, locust attacks, etc. many epidemic diseases such as plague, cholera, malaria, syphilis, and similar diseases cause great destruction. These destructions also affect societies economically, socially, and culturally. The city of Mardin, which will be investigated in this study at a micro level, is among the places affected by various epidemic diseases, especially plague and cholera. In this study, the diseases observed in and around the city of Mardin in the 19th century, the measures taken against these diseases, the treatment methods, the quarantine implementations, the allocations of quarantine stations will be evaluated. In the current study, it is also aimed to focus on the cultural, social, and economic changes caused by the epidemics in and around the city of Mardin. The documents in the Presidential Ottoman Archive are the primary sources that will form the basis of our study. Furthermore, our study will be supported by the previous studies conducted during the period in question in addition to the research and investigation resources.

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19. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI TARIMINDAKİ DÖNÜŞÜMÜN YEREL BASINDAN İZLENMESİ: TUNA VİLAYET GAZETESİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Cüneyt İpteş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2020

Prior to the industrial revolution, the agriculture sector dominated structure of the country's economies also existed in the Ottoman State. According to this, agriculture sector is the main determinant of the country's economy in the classical period. The çift-hane and tımar systems in the Ottoman agriculture sector, with its local and in-kind qualities, has been a means of ensuring continuity in production, obtaining tax revenues and meeting military expenses. This institutional structure belonging to the classical period of the Ottoman Empire started to change after the innovations that European states gained in economic, social and military fields. The Danube Province is one of the first places where the trend of innovation was witnessed in the Ottoman State. In our research, these developments will be examined with the Tuna Vilayet Newspaper, which is the printed press of the Danube Province. The news to be conveyed specifically for the agricultural sector reflects the transformation moves and includes the characteristics of the period. In this context, the understanding of ownership has changed in agricultural lands, commercialization and mechanization have been experienced in agriculture. Memleket sandıkları were established to regulate the agricultural credit mechanism. The collection method of aşar tax has been rearranged according to the current conditions. In the field of animal husbandry, animal diseases come to the fore.

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19. Yüzyıldan günümüze Bebek’in değişen kentsel dokusu

Author(s): Sezgi Giray Küçük / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2022

Bebek, one of the important Bosphorus villages of the Ottoman period, was established in the second quarter of the 18th century on the shores of the Bosphorus, with its mosque, entails, school, Turkish bath and bazaar. The region developed in the 19th century and the settlement enlarged towards the hills. In this study, with the help of old maps, plans and photographs, the changing urban texture of Bebek Neighborhood, Beşiktaş district of Istanbul province, is examined from the 19th century to the present. After the consultation of maps, images and aerial photography it was determined that, by the shape of the topography, the first settlements of Bebek were on the shores of the Bosphorus, and then in the valleys of the Büyük and Küçük Bebek streams flowing into the Bosphorus. Over time, the streams in the region dried up and were replaced by streets with the same name. The settlement in Bebek developed from two separate branches around these two streams, and construction began first in Büyük Bebek and then in Küçük Bebek over time. In the 20th century, dead-end streets were opened with zoning activities, streets and avenues were enlarged, some wooden buildings that had been burned down due to fires were rebuilt as masonry, and the boundaries of Bebek Square and some apartment block buildings were changed. The second half of the 20th century was the period when the urban texture of Bebek was intensified, between 1970 and 1982, the hills between Büyük and Küçük Bebek were largely opened for construction and these two settlements were almost united. Today, these two settlements are called “Bebek” without being separated from each other. Today, although Bebek village cannot maintain its old rural character, it is one of the most preferred settlements in Istanbul, with its green areas such as Kortel Grove and Ayşe Sultan Grove and the advantage of the Bosphorus view offered by its sloping topography.

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19. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Osmanlıda Özel Amaçlı (Göreve Tahsisli) Şifre ve Kodlamalar

Author(s): Sedat Bingöl / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Sp. Issue/2022

In parallel with the change in the understanding of diplomacy during the reign of Selim III, the Ottoman Empire started to use diplomatic cryptography. For nearly half a century, simple-level "Single Alphabetic (monoalphabetic) Substitution" ciphers have been used. Over time, extensive Nomanculators (namers) have been created. It became the basis of communication in Codeencryption both in Ottoman external and internal bureaucracy. In this study, as a variant of the Ottoman general correspondence level, assigned (special purpose) ciphers are discussed.

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19.YY İLK ÇEYREĞİNDE BÜYÜK GÜÇLER VE GÜNEY KAFKASYA

Author(s): Mehmet Bilgin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2021

To understand the 19th century Caucasus, it is necessary to comprehend the tactics of non-regional expansionist powers, such as France, England, and Russia, which gathered momentum in the course of the rise of the so-called Western modern era, and the situation of the regional powers, namely the Ottoman and Qajar (Iran) empires. If we evaluate the activities of the local and external actors as a whole beginning from the commencement of Russian expansion in the 18th century and the Russian invasion that started in the early 19th century, we can get closer to learn the truth and get the picture more accurately. The interest-based policies adopted by all these powers between 1800-1825, their standpoints that can instantly change or be restructured in line with the policy shifts, and the impact of these shifts on the region are of significance to explain seemingly complex issues. The Russians, who invaded and settled in the North Caucasus in the 18th century, began to occupy the South Caucasus by trespassing the Caucasus Mountains near the end of the century. Russia had become the protector of Georgia against the local powers, namely Ottoman and Qajar Empires, by signing a patronage agreement with her, then Russia annexed the entire South Caucasus. This annexation was not only political and administrative, but it was far-reaching enough to incorporate the Georgian Church into the Russian Church, and to unite the Caucasian Albanian Church with the Armenian Church. To confront these developments, the local power in the Caucasus, the Ottoman and Qajar Empires, sought help from France and England, which were rising power in the West. Their mandates were shaped in accordance with FranceEngland-Russia relations, and accordingly alliances were built, and wars were fought. As an expected result of these conditions, the Ottoman and Qajar Empires were forged by the Russian hammer on the French or English anvil under the pressure of circumstances.

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1908 İhtilali’ni Başarıya Götüren Suikast: Şemsi Paşa’nın Katli

Author(s): Yasin Ersin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

That the Community of Union and Progressive included the Ottoman officers, who had gotten to know the committee organization by following the gangs in the Balkans, was taken the opposition to a different dimension for Sultan Abdulhamid. These officers, who called the rules of Abdulmamid II "despotism", thought that opposition did not work, and it should revolt the state with military units in order to be able to have the constitutional administration redeclared. In 1908, thus, some officers went up the mountain. The Sultan had assigned Şemsi Pasha, who was his most trusted soldier against this rebellion, to take the situation under control and provide security. However, the assassination of Şemsi Pasha by a Unionist officer in Manastır destroyed one of the sultan's greatest pillars. As a result of the fact that the control in Rumelia could not be fully achieved, together with the events that followed, constitutionalism was declared again on July 24, 1908. The subject of this study is the role and fate of Şemsi Pasha in the 1908 Revolution and the evaluation of the effects of this outcome on the revolution process.

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1913-1917 Yılları Arasında Bulgaristan'dan Yapılan Göçler ve Emlak-ı Metruke Sorunları

Author(s): Suat Zeyrek,Hasan Hakan Ulutin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2020

In this article, despite being allied with the Ottoman Empire the policies of Bulgaria of which is force immigration against Turks and Muslims in Western Thrace between 1913-1917 will be discussed. In addition, land problems arising from migration will be discussed. Muslims were forced to migrate between the years 1913-1920, despite the explicit provision that "Turks staying in Bulgaria after the Balkan War will have equal rights with the Bulgarians" written in the Treaty of Istanbul (29 September 1913). The lands abandoned by the Muslims were occupied by the Bulgarians. During the war, some Bulgarians left the Ottoman lands and went to Bulgaria. The lands abandoned by the Muslims who left Bulgaria and the Bulgarians who immigrated to Bulgaria have become a problem between the two countries. A "miscellaneous commission" has been established to solve the problems that arise. It is understood that in this uncompromising policy followed by Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire, Bulgarians trusted the Germans.

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1920 Tarihli Çok Gizli İngiliz İstihbarat Notundan TürkRus İlişkilerine Dair İki Belge Ve Analizleri

Author(s): Fatih Turgay Eldem / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

In this article, the very secret departmental note annexes written by Major Norman N. E. Bray, who was a political intelligence officer attached to the India Office of the United Kingdom (UK) Government, on 18 November 1920 have been translated and analyzed. The first of the annexes is the text of the military-political agreement, whose written negotiations started with the famous letter of Mustafa Kemal to Vladimir Lenin dated 26 April 1920 and concluded in July 1920. The second annex is the telegram Kazim Karabekir sent to Mustafa Kemal in October 1920, stating the conditions under which the Bolsheviks asked Turkish Nationalists to be accepted. From the content analysis of the documents, it has been seen that the GNA Government agreed with the Bolshevik Russian Government long before the Moscow Treaty and that the Bolsheviks were very influential in the Atatürk Revolutions.

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20. Yüzyıl Başlarında Cidde’de Su Temininde Yaşanan Güçlükler ve Azmzâde Sâdık el-Müeyyed’in Teşebbüsleri

Author(s): Ömer Faruk Can / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 45/2022

The provision of potable water was one of the most pressing concerns of the Hijaz peninsula's cities. This issue, which has been significant since the Age of Ignorance, preserved its importance after the advent of Islam and evolved into public service over time. For ages, Muslim rulers were concerned about the lack of fresh water in Haramain, i.e., Mecca and Medina, and they invested there considerably. These investments have also benefited Jeddah, known as Mecca's gate. Even though the investments allowed the problem to be solved, the water scarcity was reiterated over time.

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20. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Toprakları Üzerinde Kurulan Nişantaşı Ġngiliz Erkek Mektebi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Abdullah Kara,Mustafa Çavdaroğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Foreign schools had the opportunity to open as a result of the fact that the Europeans were given commercial privileges in the Ottoman state and these privileges became permanent over time. Foreign schools operating in the Ottoman lands were first opened by the French and then the British. Metin Ünver, with the study titled "The establishment of the English Boys' High School in Istanbul in the context of the debates on the decline of British Commerce in the Ottoman State against Germany", was previously related to the Istanbul British Boys' High School. He evaluated it in the context of schools opened as a means of competition for foreign states to have economic influence on the Ottoman lands. In this study, in the context of the Ottoman document titled "Zükura Mahsus Ġngiliz Mektebi", which is the original of the study called Nişantaşı English Boys School, which forms the basis of our subject, information such as the opening of the school, student admission conditions, structure, school organization and the lessons taught, the course contents were tried to be evaluated. This information was supported by archive documents related to the subject in the Ottoman archive of the Prime Ministry. With this study, it is aimed to contribute to the studies in the field of education history.

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2021 YILI NİKSAR KALESİ KAZISI SERAMİK BULUNTULARINDA KAP TİPLERİ

Author(s): Davut Yiğitpaşa,Turgay Yazar,Şuayip Çelemoğlu,Bilge Bahar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2022

This study evaluated 655 ceramic kinds and types (form) found in the Niksar Castle 2021 excavation. The earliest examples of ceramics identified belong to the Hellenistic period, and the late examples belong to the last years of the Ottoman period. Most of the ceramics belong to the 11-14th century range, while the 81 examples introduced in total have typical medieval ware features. The ceramics spread over a broad period, with six main vessel types determined: Plates, bowls, pots, pottery, jugs and sphero-conical vessels. Pots are the numerically richest group in numbers, with 323 samples and their subtypes. Pottery ranks second with 143 samples, while pedestals rank third with 126 samples, jugs fourth with 31, caps fifth with 16, bowls sixth with 14 samples. Spherical-conical-bodied vessels rank last, with two samples making less than 1%. All of the ceramics were wheel-produced and constitute two main groups in terms of construction and decoration techniques: Glazed and unglazed, with glazed and unlined samples in both groups. In terms of paste, line, additives, baking degree, form, surface treatments, glaze and decoration features, the Niksar Castle finds show common features with other centers, and local production differences are not significant. The ceramics come from the building area in front of the eastern wall of the inner castle. The 2021 excavations could not yet reach the ground level of the buildings. This part shows the characteristics of the rubble of carelessly built walls, which were subsequently added to the main structure in the form of mortar or drywall, and that of a mixed structure including waste material that does not allow stratigraphy. The ceramics evaluated were daily used and came from areas in the trenches KIV-c5, KIV-d5, KIV-e5, KV-a5, KV-a5, LIV-d1, LIV-e1, LV-a1 and LV-b1; we could not define the functions of these trenches at the moment. Except for the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the ceramics are similar in terms of technology, form and decoration.

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276 Numaralı Mühimme-i Mektum Defterinin İncelenmesi ve Değerlendirilmesi

Author(s): Suha Oğuz Baytimur / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec. Iss./2021

The Muhimme-i Mektum Registration Book number 276, is included in the Muhimme Registration Books, which are among the written sources of the period, which have been inherited from the Ottoman Empire to the present day. In the registration book containing 44 pages, there are 133 provisions in total. Muhimme-i Mektum Registration Book number 276, which consists of two chapters, includes the provisions covering the years 1807-1810. While the provisions in the first chapter involve similar events with the classical muhimme-i mektum registration books, the provisions in the second chapter have the same content as the classifying registration of the kal'abend registration book. The provisions in the first chapter are about the cases that took place within the borders of the Ottoman Empire and the precautions should be taken against these cases. Here, administrative and social issues are mainly included. In the second chapter, the punitive executions belonging to the Ottoman Empire are included. In the registration book, the cases belonging to different regions are encountered. Therefore, the cases and issues belonging to different regions of the Ottoman Empire and the precautions taken against them can be understood from the provisions in the registration book. Generally, acts contrary to the laws and rules that occur, as well as cases that disturb the peace in the region and involve activities such as banditry, etc. are included in the provisions. The attitudes and behaviors of the Ottoman Empire in the face of these cases and the precautions taken with the aim of eliminating the issues are clearly seen in the provisions. In the precautions taken, the punishment of the criminals is intensely at the forefront. Punishments included in the provisions in the registration book are death sentence, hard labor (penalty applied by rowing on ships), kal'abend confinement (confinement in a fortress), monastic confinement, deportation and compulsory residence penalty.

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93 Harbi ve Sonrasında Artvin

Author(s): Zemzem Yücetürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2020

Together with the Turkish army, the people of Artvin resisted with all their might In the 1877- 1878 Ottoman-Russian War, which was the 93 War. During these invasions, migrations from the eastern region, including Artvin, to the interior of Anatolia, were the main situations that put the people of the region into trouble. Kars, Ardahan and Batum has been abandoned to Russia with the Berlin Treaty signed in 13 July 1878 after the Ottoman-Russian War. Artvin, Ardanuç, Borçka, Şavşat districts which are connected to Batumi Sanjak were left to Russia. The people of the region, including Artvin, have been subjected to many Russian persecution during the forty years of Russian rule until the reunification of the region to the Ottoman Empire in 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 in Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Russia signed the Treaty of BrestLitovsk on March 3, 1918. A vote was held in accordance with the decision taken in the Treaty. As a result of voting, Kars, Ardahan and Batum were connected to the Ottoman Empire. However, the Ottoman State was withdrawn from Artvin with the Mondros Armistice signed on 30 October 1918 as a result of the First World War. Artvin was then occupied by the British on 17 December 1918. After the withdrawal of the British in April 1920, the Georgians took over the region. The Georgian occupation continued until the beginning of 1921, and Artvin and its surroundings joined the territory of the Turkish State in 1921. In this article, we tried to reveal what happened in Artvin and to the struggle of the people of Artvin in 93 War and after that in the light of documents.

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93 Harbi’nde Macarların Osmanlı Devleti’ne Desteği

Author(s): Ferdi Çiftçioğlu,Erika Verešová / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 71/2021

The Ottomans and Hungarians share a long history together. Beyond historical kinship ties between the Turks and the Huns, their relationship had reached its peak when the Russians dared to threaten both in 19th century as a result of their desire to expand their territory. Alas, the Hungarian’s lost the War of Freedom to the Russians, and the pioneers of the struggle took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. During the 93 [Day] War, the Ottomans – who had fought against Russia many times in the 19th century – fell into difficult situation on all fronts; the Hungarians came to their rescue. Their support was monumental: they sent both medical and financial aid to the ever-weakening army. They organized demonstrations in various countries to inform the European public about what was going on, and they wrote motivational poetry and songs in order to boost Ottoman soldiers’ morale. Some Hungarians had even offered join the Ottoman military. All of this rapprochement played a major role both sides building a common future together (Turanism).

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