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93 HARBİ’NDEN SONRA LİVANE MUHACİRLERİNİN YAŞADIĞI SIKINTILAR

Author(s): Zemzem Yücetürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2022

With the Berlin Treaty signed after the Ottoman-Russian War between the Ottoman Empire and Russia in 1877-78, the Ottoman State left Kars, Ardahan and Batumi to Russia. The Livane District, which is the accident of the Batumi Sandjak, also known as the Sanjak of Lazistan, has thus passed under Russian rule. The people of this region abandoned to Russia did not want to leave the region they were in after the war, as they resisted the occupation during the war. However, since the Ottoman Empire decided to evacuate these regions, they had to migrate. According to the agreement made with Russia, many people settled in other lands of Anatolia in a period of three years. Migrations were made to cities such as Istanbul, Samsun, Çorum, Tokat, Yozgat, Adapazarı, Izmit and especially Bursa. In this study, it was tried to reveal the problems experienced by the people of Livane District during and after the migrations. People who wanted to migrate faced the obstacles of Russian and Armenian officials during real estate sales, and most of them had to sell their properties at low prices. The people who immigrated to the Ottoman State and remained in the Livane District, worried about the law of their properties and asked for help from the state. The Russian State tried to prevent the immigration of the people. When the immigration of the Muslim people was tried to be prevented by the local government, they asked for help from the Ottoman Empire. Most of the people, on the other hand, faced epidemic diseases during their migration as they were unable to pay even for the road and water costs. When they came to Anatolia, the people faced with settlement problems remained in misery. Despite all these negativities, the Ottoman Empire carried out the necessary work for the settlement of the refugees, and rewarded the people who were served in the treatment of those who were infected with epidemic diseases during the migration of the Livane immigrants and the provision of food during the transportation of these people to Anatolia. In this study, the problems experienced by the people of Livane during and after the migrations were tried to be revealed.

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A CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENT ON ŠAIH HAMZA FROM ORLOVIĆI (BOSNIA)

Author(s): Adem Handžić / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2019

Authors wrote earlier about Hamza Dede and his tekye, that he erected in 1519 in the village Orlovići, not far from the old castle Kušlat (on the road Vlasenica-Zvornik). Even S. Bašagić touched upon this in his works, and then others also referred to it (M. Karanović, R. Muderizović). Dr Muhamed Hadžijahić particularly dealt with that question. Based on four preserved Ottoman documents on the tekye (berats) and based on some other modest data, Hadžijahić tired to enlighten the formation of the tekye and its significance. He put special effort in the determination of the development and work of the Dervish Order, that is the Order of Hamzevije in Bosnia, that should – according to its name, and based on some other circumstances – originate from that tekye and which due its heretic teaching, and as it seems, also due to active participation of some followers in certain rebels against the Ottoman Empire, in the second half of the 16th century, was severely persecuted.

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A COPPER COIN OF THE ARTUQID RULER NAJM AL-DIN ALPI WITH SIX COUNTERMARKS

Author(s): Wolfgang Schulze / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Scope of the study. A specific series of copper coins of the Artuqid rulers Hussam alDin Timurtash and his son Najm al-Din Alpi were extensively countermarked during the twelfth century. The scientific novelty The author discusses this system of countermarking and presents a countermark naming Najm al-Din Alpi, which was applied six times on his own coins. The Artuqids were a Turkmen dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. On Il-Ghazi’s death in 516 (1122) his kingdom was divided among three heirs, with Timurtash retaining Mardin. He was succeeded by his only son Najm al-Din Alpi in 547 (1152), and the Artuqid kingdom of Mardin became the largest and most enduring, lasting until 812 (1409), when it was seized by Timur (Tamerlane) and later controlled by the Qara Qoyunlu (‘Black Sheep’) Turkmen. The description of the ‘copper dirhams’ of Husam al-Din Timurtash and Najm al-Din Alpi are given. One of the well-known problems in the series of the Artuqids of Mardin is the countermarking of the copper dirhams of Husam al-Din Timurtash and his son Najm al-Din Alpi. During the early part of the reign of Najm al-Din Alpi, the coins of his father continued to circulate. However, they were soon countermarked by Alpi, evidently to avoid confusion. We know of two countermarks, with ‘one line’ or with ‘two lines’ randomly applied on the obverses of Timurtash’s dirhams, sometimes both on the same coin. Alpi’s countermarks on the Timurtash coins could have been used to avoid confusion between the coins of father and son. The reasons of the appearance of the countermarks are described. Double countermarking did not necessarily occur simultaneously. Apparently, Alpi used the countermarks extensively to differentiate himself from his father and to achieve the greatest possible popularity through the medium of coin. This is also shown by the fact that the old Byzantine coins circulating in Alpi’s dominions were countermarked with his laqab ‘najm’.

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A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF JANISSARY SOCIO-ECONOMIC PRESENCE IN ALEPPO (1700-1760S)

Author(s): Yahya Araz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Focusing on the Janissaries, and covering a period between the early eighteenth century and the 1760s, this study draws on preliminary findings from the Aleppo court records in order to highlight their roles in that city’s socio-economic life. Most of the Janissaries of Aleppo and their families came to the city from the surrounding countryside; they tried to survive and earned their livelihood as ordinary townsmen, a process that signaled their integration into the urban fabric. This process manifested itself in their relations with other social groups, their conglomeration in specific quarters, and their increasing capacity to diffuse into other areas and expand their economic activities. This expansion, however, resulted in a conflict between their interests and those of the eşraf/ashraf, who consisted of members of established merchant families, religious dignitaries, and other people who claimed to be descendants of the Prophet. The competing interests of the two groups, especially after the 1760s, were destined to reshape the role of the Janissaries in Aleppo as well as their interactions with other social groups. These confrontations also strengthened the solidarity and esprit de corps among the Janissaries, who had until then preferred to distinguish themselves by their ethnic, tribal, and country-based affiliations

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A muster-list from town Krupina from year 1559.

Author(s): Zoltán Péter Bagi / Language(s): English Issue: 24/2021

After the first muster and thus the initial payment, wages of the recruited were handed out rather erratically, and each time they were mustered again by appointed muster officials. Konrad Wallen von Aurach’s report on Francis Bornemissza’s accusations concerning the Krupina payment issues provide a good picture on both the musters and the payment process, also on the possible or actual methods of mistreatment and fraud. Documents of this type are, unfortunately, quite rare, but through them we can improve our view on 16th century military organization and the everyday life of the recruited.

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A Sequence Of Distance Education Lasting 5 Years in the Ottoman State: Literature Lessons From Ebuzziya Tevfik Bey to His Son Velid

Author(s): Yüksel Yıldırım / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The first example of distance education in the Ottoman State is the letters education that he gave to Ebüzziya Tevfik Bey's son Velid as an individual enterprise between the years 1902 and 1907. Ebüzziya Tevfik Bey was exiled to Konya on April 10, 1900. He was closely interested in the education of his younger son Velid, who stayed in Istanbul, and gave him literature courses by means of correspondence. He was closely interested in the education of his younger son Velid, who stayed in Istanbul, and gave him literature lessons by letter. Only two letters from the 6-year literature education were included in this study. Thus, how the letter teaching was done has been studied over the details of the two letters. This article, which is remarkable for shedding light on the education life of the period, it also is contributes to Turkish education history.

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A STRATEGY OF A BEAUTIFICATION, OR HOW ‘THE DECADENT ISTANBUL’ TURNED INTO THE ‘PEARL OF TURKEY’

Author(s): Kalina Peeva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The present study examines Istanbul’s transformation in the period between the proclamation of the Turkish republic in 1923 and the end of the Democratic Party’s rule in 1960. The reasons for the exclusion of the old imperial capital from early initiatives for constructing the modern Turkish nation-state are laid out, as well as the process of gradual integration of the Seljuk, Ottoman, and Byzantine architectural heritage into the paradigm of the ‘national’. The urban planning changes carried out under the direction of the French urbanist H. Prost are also examined, along with the radical spatial and architectural transformation undertaken during A. Menderes’ time which definitively destroyed the historical appearance of the city. The study further traces the attitude towards the minority clusters in Istanbul and imperial elites that proved to be a crucial element influencing government policy in one direction or another during the entire period of examination in line with the changes in state ideology.

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A temesvári vilajet (1552–1716). Emberek, intézmények, épületek

Author(s): Ferenc Csortán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2020

Present-day Banat, in the Middle Age Temesköz (between the Maros, Tisza, Danube rivers and the Carpathians), an area which had always several different ethnic, linguistic and relegious communities, belonged till 1552 to the Hungarian Kingdom, then to the Habsburg Empire. It is shared after 1918 between Romania, Serbia and Hungary. Between 1552-1716 it was part of the Ottoman Empire. The paper presents the society of this area in those years, soldiers and civilians, Muslims, Jews and Christians of different denominations, the Ottoman administration, the economic and cultural life, with a special focus on its main settlement, Timişoara.

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ABDULLÂH EL-KÂTİB VE TEZKİRE-İ RUMÂT ADLI ESERİ

Author(s): Saddam Bzour / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 69/2021

This work consists of the archery book "Tezkire-i Rumât", which is written by the Sheikh and archer Abdullah Al-khateeb who is also the author of the 17th century. Yet, five copies of this book were discovered. Moreover, many studies were conducted to define this book. In these studies information is introduced about the history of writing, the archers of that period and the content of the book. In this work, We could not find the lost copies, hence we did not review the missing copies of the book. This study compares the copy that has barcode number NEKTY2638 in Istanbul University to copy number 395 in Michigan University that was recently reproduced. This article discusses the content, copies, archery terms and the archery fields in the book. This book is considered as a historical document since it provides information about the archers who lived between the year of 1453 and 1689, the names of the cities and places, the challenges held during that period, the archery fields, the archery distances, the records achieved by the archers, the names of the wind that they used to hold archery sessions in, the ottoman archery and the archery terms. Moreover, this work studies linguistics, phonetics, spelling, the diverse structure and words that were not unused previously, as well as revealing the features of orthography as much as possible. Many examples are presented under those titles.

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About Us and Our Neighbours: History Textbooks in the Republic of Moldova, Romania and Ukraine

Author(s): Sergiu Musteaţă / Language(s): English

The principal research question pursued by this work is as follows: How do the Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine present one another in their history curricula and textbooks? How do the history textbooks of each of these three countries present the relationship between majorities and minorities?This book is thus focused on two main objectives: first, to generate improved understanding of the state of the discipline of history in these countries via discussion of reforms to and debates around history curricula in each country, and second, to shed light on the ways in which history textbooks in each of the three countries represent the other two and their peoples.Curriculum development and textbook production in all three countries still remain centralised. Textbooks are produced by state and private publishing houses. Most textbooks are curriculum-based and developed according to the guidelines issued by the Ministries of Education. Through their textbook publishing policy, these ministries control the content and quality of textbooks. History curricula and textbooks in all three countries have progressed, but we still encounter many problems. Among them are the following:• the content of curricula and history textbooks continues to place too much emphasis on national aspects to the detriment of the world, regional, and local dimensions of history;• it reflects the history of wars and violence instead of giving more space to periods of peaceful coexistence, cooperation and cultural communication, or of mutual enrichment between various social groups as well as between nations;• it neglects regional history and cultural and historical links with neighbouring countries;• as it stands, it causes problems in history education and the development of ethnic identity, as well as the relationship between “Us” and “Others”;• it leads to or accepts poor textbook design.The relationship between national and European history remains a closely debated topic in all three societies. Their shared reality, as evidenced by this study, is that all three countries are currently not presenting one another in any meaningful way in their history textbooks at all educational levels. In all three countries, history education and textbooks are dominated by political history and narratives of victimisation. National histories do not pay attention to their neighbours.History textbooks play an important part in the process of collective identity formation, building a relationship with the past and creating an image of the “other”. The content of textbooks determines, in many cases, students' attitudes to their neighbours. Therefore, in order to improve the situation in history education and to develop a tolerant approach to “others” in history textbooks, there is a great need for joint efforts by politicians, professionals and members of civil society in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine.

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ACTIVITATEA SPITALULUI DIN SULINA LA SFÂRŞITUL SECOLULUI XIX ŞI ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XX

Author(s): Ionuţ-Alexandru DRĂGHICI / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2020

In the late XIXth century, Sulina Harbor was important through its strategic position. It was just a few hours away from Odessa and Constantinople, as well as a gateway to Europe. Therefore, it was a meeting point for both epidemic propagation and prevention policies. The European Commission of the Danube adopted a series of measures that gave a new dimension to public health at the mouths of the river. Combining social and medical models, these were based on the findings and regulations made by doctor Petrescu Hadji Stoica, chief doctor of the ECD Hospital in Sulina, and by Romanian authorities. Our study looks at the hospital’s activity from the end of the XIXth century up to World War One. In this period, it responded to the purpose for which it had been created, offering a growing number of consultations and diverse medical services. This prolific activity is presented in the extensive annual reports prepared by Dr. Stoica since 1890. His records also provided recommendations on improving public health at the mouths of the Danube. After the outbreak of WW1, the ECD experienced difficult times. Both navigation along the Lower Danube and the financial situation of the organization were affected. However, the hospital in Sulina remained busy, given that there were military operations in the region. This paper analyzes the ECD’s attempts to provide medical services to its employees and to local inhabitants. Our main source of information were the annual reports submitted by chief physician Petrescu H. Stoica. Together, the international organization and the Romanian authorities provided not only medical, but also social services, and a series of measures taken during the war gave a new dimension to public health in a strategic hub for the transportation infrastructure of the Danube and the Black Sea.

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Activities of the Consular Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Years of the Austro-Hungarian Occupation 1878 – 1881

Author(s): Amila Kasumović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The system of capitulations was dominant from the 16th century in economic and political relations of the Ottoman Empire and the European countries. Capitulations had always emphasized the right of foreign consuls to execute consular jurisdiction in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Since the Eyalet of Bosnia was an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls included that area, which had especially become significant in the 19th century when the leading European powers increasingly started to open their consulates in this part of the Empire. However, after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, it aimed at terminating everything the capitulations contained regarding this area. The paper analyses the dynamics of termination of the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls, the termination of the Austro-Hungarian consulates and the establishment of the new practice of appointment of foreign consuls in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878.The system of capitulations was dominant from the 16th century in economic and political relations of the Ottoman Empire and the European countries. Capitulations had always emphasized the right of foreign consuls to execute consular jurisdiction in the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Since the Eyalet of Bosnia was an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls included that area, which had especially become significant in the 19th century when the leading European powers increasingly started to open their consulates in this part of the Empire. However, after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, it aimed at terminating everything the capitulations contained regarding this area. The paper analyses the dynamics of termination of the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls, the termination of the Austro-Hungarian consulates and the establishment of the new practice of appointment of foreign consuls in Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878.

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Adapazarı'nda Yaşanan Asayiş Sorunları (1876-1908)

Author(s): Cengiz Keskin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

Adapazari, where many nations from different ethnic origins live, has become even more confused with the immigrants coming to the region. In this region, which resembles a ball of problems, the main security problem that stands out is theft. It is seen that especially immigrants usurped the wealth of the rich people living in Adapazari. Those who resisted and tried to resist were battered, even killed. It is clear that the miserable situation of the refugees laid the groundwork for these crimes. These people, who came to Adapazari leaving all their assets from distant geographies, have been involved in such crimes. This chaotic situation has further increased the unrest in Adapazari and its surroundings. The danger of encountering a bandit or gang group at any moment has worried the people of the region. The studies conducted by states such as England and America on Armenians also disturbed the public order in the region. It is seen that Armenians living in Adapazari were greatly influenced by these missionary activities. Armenians, who took action with the dream of independence, caused some problems in the region. One of the public order problems in Adapazari emerged with the drying of the marshes that were not suitable for housing. Various public order problems have arisen due to the claims on the dried lands. The measures taken by the Ottoman Empire alleviated the problems to a certain extent, but could not end. Kidnapping, threats, assault, extortion, injury and murder are among the most common and almost ordinary public order problems in the region.

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Addenda from pre-meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -ci // -ici im osmanisch-türkischen” (Part 1)

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper presents a series of addenda to Stanisław Stachowski’s Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen (1996). The data are taken from transcription texts prior to Meninski (1680) ‒ comprising both lexicographical and documentary texts ‒ and listed in chronological order, according to the pattern I have already followed in previous papers of mine intended to supplement Stachowski’s other historical-lexicographical works.

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Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -ci // -ici im Osmanisch-Türkischen” (Part 2)

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This paper presents a series of addenda to Stanisław Stachowski’s Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen (1996). The data are taken from transcription texts prior to Meninski (1680) – comprising both lexicographical and documentary texts – and listed in chronological order, according to the pattern I have already followed in previous papers of mine intended to supplement Stachowski’s other historical-lexicographical works.

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Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen” (Part 3)

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

This paper presents a series of addenda to Stanisław Stachowski’s Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen (1996). The data are taken from transcription texts prior to Meninski (1680) – comprising both lexicographical and documentary texts – and listed in chronological order, according to the pattern I have already followed in previous papers of mine intended to supplement Stachowski’s other historical-lexicographical works.

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Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen” (Part 4)

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This paper presents a series of addenda to Stanisław Stachowski’s Historisches Wörterbuch der Bildungen auf -cı//-ıcı im Osmanisch-Türkischen (1996). The data are taken from transcription texts prior to Meninski (1680) – comprising both lexicographical and documentary texts – and listed in chronological order, according to the pattern I have already followed in previous papers of mine intended to supplement Stachowski’s other historical-lexicographical works.

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Administraţia moldoveană la începutul perioadei regulamentare: funcţionarii Ministerului de Interne şi ai Comitetului Sănătăţii (1834)

Author(s): Mihai-Cristian Amariutei,Simion-Alexandru Gavriş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 67/2021

The peace of Adrianople and the adoption of the Organic Statute brought about some important changes in the governance of the Moldavian Principality. New institutions, employing a significant number of civil servants, emerged. Perhaps the most influential of them was the Interior Ministry, which controlled the country’s administration both at the central and local level. Closely linked to the Interior Ministry was the Health Committee, an institution coordinating the sanitary policies adopted in the Principality. At the same time, the authorities established new rules governing the status and behavior of the public servants, and their relation to the superior authorities. In 1834, the government began the evaluation of his employees according to the so-called service records, containing professional, but also personal data. The National Archives in Iaşi are preserving two files containing the service records of the civil servants in the Interior Ministry and the Health Committee for the year 1834 – possibly the most complete and systematic collections of such documents. These general registries allowed us to sketch a „group portrait” of the bureaucrats in the two institutions, comprising information about their age, countries of origin, education, marital status, property, employment or professional experience.

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AFERA S UDŽBENICIMA U SRPSKIM ŠKOLAMA (1865)

Author(s): Todor Kruševac / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/1966

En juin 1865 les autorités régionales turques de Sarajevo avaient saisi un envoi de manuels envoyés de Belgrade et destinés aux ecoles serbes de Sarajevo et de Mostar. Cette saisie représentait pour les gens de l'epoquc une affaire politique et était liee aux événements importants de cette epoque, surtout a la promulgation de la nouvelle loi constitutionnelle pour la province de Bosnie et a l'inauguration de la premiere imprimerie moderne de Sarajevo - fondée en 1866. C'est dans le cadre de ces evenements-la que l'auteur essaie d'eclaircir, se basant sur les extraits des journaux de l’epoque et autres matériaux, cette affaire curieuse.

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Ahi Evran ve Ahilik Teşkilatının Emine Işınsu’nun Tasavvufî Romanlarındaki Yeri

Author(s): Ece Serrican Kabalcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2021

The founder of the Akhism is Sheikh Nasîrüddin Mahmûd, known as Ahi Evran, who was born in Hoy, Iran. Akhism is one of the formations that were effective in making Anatolia the homeland and the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. The Ahi organization, where Islamic-mystical thinking and living is valid, was called the union of tradesmen and craftsmen after the 18th century. The Ahi organization, based on honesty, trust, generosity and bravery; has become widespread in Anatolia because it creates order in the society, directs the economic life, and develops unity and solidarity. Emine Işınsu, who is one of the women writers of the Republican period and who mainly works in the genre of novel, has also written works called mystical novels-legendary novels. In her works called Hacı Bayram and Hacı Bektaş, which are among the Sufistic novels, she included Ahi Evran and the Ahi organization. Emine Işınsu conveyed information about the good virtues, their military success, their role in economic life and the functioning of the Ahi organization in Hacı Bayram novel. In her novel, Hacı Bektaş, she included Ahi Evran as a character of the novel. She also mentioned Bâcıyân-ı Rum, known as Anatolian Women, in both novels. In this study, it has been researched that which ways Emine Işınsu brought the Ahi organization together with the reader and how she fictionalized Ahi Evran as a novelist in her novels, Hacı Bayram and Hacı Bektaş. The data obtained were transferred in the form of quotations in the text, and complementary information was given about Ahi Evran and Akhism in the novels.

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