OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE FAİZ ve TEFECİLİĞE KARŞI ZİRÂÎ KREDİ TEŞKİLATLARI

Author(s): Ferhat Güngör / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 31/2016

Until the second half of the 19th century, no state established agricultural credit organizations existed in the Ottoman Empire to serve the credit needs of farmers. Farmers, in turn, took out high interest rate loans from loan sharks and moneylenders. When farmers were unable pay their loans, they were thrown into an inextricable situation of interest being added onto the interest of the debt. Midhat Pasha, during his governorship of Nis, established “Memleket Sandıkları” (Country Funds) on November 20th 1863, the first agricultural credit organization in Şehirköy-Pirot, in order to rescue farmers from the grip of loan sharks and moneylenders as well as strengthen ties with Ottoman subjects. Over time, establishments with the same objectives, such as “Ziraat Sandıkları” (Agriculture Funds) and “Menâfi Sandıkları” (Benefit Funds) appeared, followed by the 1888 establishment of the modern organization “Ziraat Bankası” (The Agricultural Bank), which has maintained its presence. This paper explores in depth the historical development of the concept of loans as well as interesting events pertaining to the farmer exploiting moneylenders and loan sharks in the Ottoman State who were against the implementation of credit organizations.

DENİZCİLİKTE TÜRK YÖNETİM TARİHİ

Author(s): Polat Yücekaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

In this study, the naval history of Turkish nation has been examined. Especially the periods when the navy failed are examinated. Firstly,the reasons of failure were determined in order to have a strong navy in history. During this study, Review of Published books and magazines about the subject in the light of literature. Make Suggestions for future about historical events and their consequences.

OSMANLI TÜRKİYE’SİNİN GENCE – KARABAĞ EYALETİNDE VERGİ POLİTİKASI(1725 – 1735)

Author(s): Hatice Abbasli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2009

18.yüzyılın başlarında Safeviler Devletinin çöküşünden yararlanan Osmanlı Türkiye’si ve Çar Rusya’sı önemli ekonomik ve strateji önem taşıyan Azerbaycan topraklarını paylaştırmak uğruna mücadele başladılar. Bu mücadele 1724 yılında İstanbul Barış Antlaşmasının bağlanmasıyla sonuçlandı. Barışın koşullarınca Osmanlı Türkiye’si Azerbaycan’ın ve İran’ın Hazar kıyısındaki vilayetlerinin Rusya tarafından işgalini tanıdı. Rusya’ysa Azerbaycan’ın geriye kalan topraklarının Osmanlı Türkiye’si tarafından işgalini engellemeyeceğiyle yükümlendi. Osmanlı Türkiye’si 1724-1725 yıllarında yaptığı askeri operasyonlar sonucu Azerbaycan’ın topraklarının büyük bir kısmını işgal etti. İşgal edilmiş topraklar sırasında Gence – Karabağ Beylerbeyliği de vardı .

Записки по българска история на С. С. Бобчев от 1867–1868 г.

Author(s): Petar Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The text presents an unpublished source for Bulgarian development. Notes on Bulgarian history written by S. S. Bobchev in 1867-1868 years. They tracked Bulgarian history from antiquity to the time of their writing. Records give insight into the understanding of Bulgarian history during the 19th century, seen through the eyes of a fourteen to fifteen-years-old boy.

Prikazi

Author(s): Dželila Babović,Aida Smailbegović,Goran Pavelić,Ekrem Čaušević,Madžida Mašić,Muamer Hodžić,Amina Šiljak-Jesenković,Alma Omanović-Veladžić,Nihad Dostović,Nedim Zahirović,Adis Zilić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 67/2018

Reviews of: Esad Duraković, "Klasično pjesništvo na arapskom, perzijskom i turskom jeziku. Poetološki pristup", Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Posebna izdanja LII, Sarajevo, 2018, 367.; by: Dželila Babović "Katalog arapskih, turskih i bosanskih rukopisa Muzeja Hercegovine Mostar", obradile Dželila Babović, Madžida Mašić, Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Muzej Hercegovine Mostar, Sarajevo 2017, 187.; by: Aida Smailbegović Ekrem Čaušević, "Ustroj, sintaksa i semantika infinitnih glagolskih oblika u turskom jeziku", Ibis grafika, Zagreb 2018, 358.; by: Goran Pavelić Marzanna Pomorska, "Russian loanwords in the chulym turkic dialects", Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2017, 266.; by: Ekrem Čaušević Ewa Siemieniec-Gołaś, "Anonymous italian-turkish dictionary from the Marsigli collection in Bologna", Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2015, 172.; by: Ekrem Čaušević "A Crimean Karaim - English Dictionary", Gulayhan Aqtay and Henryk Jankowski. Department of Asian Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan 2015; cca. 10 000 riječi, 493.; by: Goran Pavelić Alena Ćatović, "Tragom priče o šejhu Sanʼānu: Hasan Zijaija Mostarac i njegova pripovijest o šejhu Abdurezzāku", Posebna izdanja L, Orijentalni institut, Sarajevo, 2017, 288.; by: Madžida Mašić M. Fatih Köksal, Sana Benzer Güzel Olmaz, "Divan Şiirinde Nazire", Büyüyen Ay Yayınları, İstanbul, 2018, 190.; by: Madžida Mašić Aladin Husić, "Crna Gora u defteru Dukađinskog sandžaka iz 1570. godine", Posebna izdanja LI, Državni arhiv Crne Gore i Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Orijentalni institut, Cetinje – Sarajevo, 2017, 282.; by: Muamer Hodžić Faruk Taslidža, "Bosanski ejalet u doba Bečkog rata (1683-1699)", Izdanja Federalnog ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke, knj. 12, Mostar 2017, 220.; by: Adis Zilić "Bosna i Hercegovina u spisima Ahmeda Dževdet-paše", prevela s osmanskog i priredila Kerima Filan, Connectum, Sarajevo 2017, 262.; by: Amina Šiljak-Jesenković Hana Younis, "Od dućana do pozorišta: sarajevska trgovačka elita 1851-1878", Historijske monografije, knjiga 15, Institut za historiju, Sarajevo, 2017, 357.; by: Alma Omanović-Veladžić "Katalog osmanskih dokumenata (I)", obradila Azra Gadžo-Kasumović, Gazi Husrev-begova biblioteka u Sarajevu, Sarajevo 2018, 448.; by: Nihad Dostović Agron Islami, Selim Selimi, Hatixhe Ahmeti, "Epitafet në gjuhën Osmane: deshifrimi dhe përkthimi i tyre në regjionin e Prishtinës", Fakulteti i Studimeve Islame, Prishtinë, 2017, 133.; by: Nedim Zahirović Selami Şimşek, "Tasavvuf Edebiyati Terimleri Sözlüğü", Litera yayıncılık, Istanbul 2017, 416.; by: Aida Smailbegović İbrâhîm Hâs Halvetî, "Erenler Kitabi: Tezkiretü’l-Hâs", haz. Mustafa Tatçı, Musa Yıldiz, Yasin Şen, H Yayınları, İstanbul, 2017, 625.; by: Madžida Mašić İsam Tahkikli "Neşir Kilavuzu", haz. Okan Kadir Yılmaz, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara, 2018.; by: Madžida Mašić

CULTURE, LANGUAGES AND CUSTOMS IN THE BALKANS SEEN THROUGH THE EYES OF WESTERN TRAVELERS OF THE 15th CENTURY

Author(s): Ivayla Popova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

The present study focuses on texts of Western Travelers (Konrad Grünemberg, Pietro Casola, Arnold von Harff, Felix Fabri) and data pertaining to the culture, languages and customs of the Balkan people. Curious details about wedding and funeral customs in the Balkans we can found in the travel notes of Konrad Grünemberg. Arnold von Harff provides valuable data on Balkan languages – Slavic, Greek, Albanian and Turkish, including short dictionaries of these languages. In the travel notes of Western pilgrims and travelers, the ethnic diversity of the Balkans is consistently reflected. The western texts state that the majority of the Balkan population was Christian Orthodox. At the same time, there is interesting information on the minorities of Gypsies and Jews in a suburb of Modon, and their characteristic cultural features are discussed at length.

Недоразказаната история на робството: към предпоставките за една публична „война на термините“

Author(s): Olga Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

The article argues that speculation with the metaphorical use of the term “slavery”, which in recent years took over the Bulgarian public debate on the Ottoman past, is due not only to political and ideological reasons but also to the fact that the Bulgarian historical science does not pay enough attention to the study of the institution of slavery in the Ottoman empire. Very little, in particular, has been done for the research on domestic slavery, which was the most mass form of slavery in the Empire, including its Bulgarian provinces. Several themes are discussed in the text, the illumination of which undermines the popular myth of the total Bulgarian “slavery” during the Ottoman era: 1/ about the ethnic composition of slaves, its dynamics over the centuries and the exceptionally modest place of the Bulgarians among the slaves after the middle of the 15th century; 2/ about the significant difference between the status of slaves in the Ottoman Empire – on the one hand, and its non-Muslim subjects – on the other hand and 3/ about the presence not only of the non-Muslim but also of the Muslim slavery in the Bulgarian lands during the Ottoman centuries, as well as about slavery as an integral part of the history not only of the Ottoman Empire, but also of all southern Christian Europe until the beginning of the 19th century.

An Investigation of Official Corruption in Ottoman Egypt: Processes and Documents of Ottoman Administration

Author(s): Linda Darling / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The investigation in question is recorded in a series of thirty-eight register entries on a case of financial malfeasance in recently-conquered Ottoman Egypt that was investigated by officials from Ottoman Syria. This case appears in the oldest existing mühimme defteri, a register of important affairs of the Ottoman Empire, and provides detailed information about how the Ottomans governed their provinces. It lists many of the taxes and revenues collected by the Ottomans and discusses the most important treasury personnel in the province and the documents they created. It also describes how the Ottoman state worked to control those personnel even at a distance and to induce these officials to adhere to concepts of just imperial rule. The article describes the issues in the case and identifies the provincial officials involved in the investigation, the documents they were supposed to collect or create, and the procedures they were commanded to follow. The conclusion examines the implications of the case for our understanding of the place of Syria and Egypt within the wider Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century. This episode presents an instance of the Ottoman integration of newly conquered lands in a period when records are fairly plentiful (in contrast to the conquest of Rumeli, where most of our evidence comes from chronicles written at a later date). Beyond that, this case illuminates the whole issue of how an empire operates and challenges the stereotype of general Ottoman oppression of the conquered territories.

Черковни сметки и народни разказвателни сюжети из възрожденски Пирдоп

Author(s): Georgi D. Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

The text contains elements from the history of the town of Pirdop and its` surroundings during the 19-th century. The codex of the local church community has been studied in detail. The accounting within was noted for two decades by the hand of the local notable, Simon. It starts from the decoration of the new church and further on contains data on the functioning of the church community as a microcredit institution. The core of local notable families was examined, as they were the leaders of the church community. More recent pre-Liberation ethnographic documentation, gathered by the teacher Simeon Aldov (Serdanov) was examined from a general anthropological, „patrimonial“, socioeconomical, ecological and geographical point of view in the frame of the region. Robbery and crime, local political unrest and their consequences have been mentioned in a cholistic perspective, in the spirit of local and regional studies.

Българското църковно представителство в Истанбул и въпросът за вдигане на схизмата

Author(s): Boryana Buzhashka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2019

Nowadays in Istanbul, Turkey, there is a Bulgarian colony, which was created after the Second Balkan War and the First World War. It was not related to the Bulgarians in Constantinople from the times of the Bulgarian National Revival, but through the Foundation of Bulgarian Orthodox Churches in Istanbul as established, it was their legal successor. The Foundation was also the formal owner of that part of the Bulgarian exarchal properties in Turkey which the Turkish State returned. Lifting the schism was an act of international and internal political importance. This act put an end to the use of the Exarchy as a mean to unite all the Bulgarians within the borders of a new Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano. In essence, this was a retreat from the national ideal. The conditions for lifting the schism, the closing of the Exarchal Vicegerency and the unresolved status of the Bulgarian Church Community deprived the Bulgarians in the Republic of Turkey of Bulgarian representation on church affairs and predetermined their remaining within the diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. This issue has consequences even nowadays.

Залезът на средновековна България

Author(s): Krasimira Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

The Decline of Medieval Bulgaria

Нов изследователски поглед върху историята на Oсманската империя от края на XVI и първата половина на XVII век

Author(s): Dimitar Nitsov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

An Overview of the History of the Ottoman Empire from the End of the 16th and the First Half of the 17th Century

Испански дипломатически документи за Османската империя и Българите (ХVІІІ – ХІХ в.)

Author(s): Penka Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Prikazi

Author(s): Rifat Alihodžić,Šerbo Rastoder,Safet Hadrović Vrbički,Senad M. Karađuzović,Sead Bandžović,Sait Š. Šabotić,Ismet Dedeić,Kostas Mavrakis,Alen Peričić,Selma Đečević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 83-84/2020

Reviews of: 1. Zlatko Karač, Alen Žunić „Islamska arhitektura i umjetnost u Hrvatskoj. Osmanska i suvremena baština“, „Islamic Architecture and Art in Croatia. Ottoman and contemporary heritage“, Arhitektonski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, UPI-2M PLUS Zagreb, 2018. Review by: Rifat Alihodžić; 2. „Modernost Zlatka Glamočaka“, Review by: Kostas Mavrakis; 3. Gani Karamanaga „Gradski Pazar“, Review by: Šerbo Rastoder; 4. Šerbo Rastoder, „Murteza Karađuzović (1865 - 1941), muftija crnogorskih Muslimana“, Almanah, Podgorica, 2019, Review by: Alen Peričić; 5. Mehmed Pargan „Grad u cvatu magnolije“; Izdavač: BMG Bosanska medijska grupa, Tuzla, 2018., Review by: Safet Hadrović Vrbički; 6. „Slovo o knjizi“, Review by: Senad Karađuzović; 7. Harun Karčić „Šerijat i pravni pluralizam u Evropi: primjeri koegzistencije religijskog i sekularnog prava na Starom kontinentu“, Centar za napredne studije, Sarajevo, 2018, str. 206., Review by: Sead Bandžović; 8. „Slike Aldemara Ibrahimovića - arhitektura sjedinjenog vremena“ (uz izložbu Aldemara Ibrahimovića u Modernoj galeriji u Podogorici), Review by: Selma Đečević; 9. Enes Pelidija, “Osmanisti Bosne i Hercegovine do kraja XX stoljeća”, knj. I, Mostar, 2019, 237 str., Review by: Sait Š. Šabotić; 10. „Sandžački Bošnjaci u brčanskom kraju: Posavina u srcu, Sandžak u duši“, Review by: Ismet Dedeić

Към въпроса за придобиването на Никифоровия препис на Паисиевата история от проф. Марин Дринов в Пирдоп

Author(s): Ivan Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

The article deals with the known transcripts of Paisii’s Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya (Slavonic-Bulgarian History), originating from the town of Pirdop. One of them is the manuscript made by Daskal Todor Pirdopski. Another one was found in the library of Hadji Ivan Hadjidimitrov, and the latest one was made after the liberation by the teacher Dimitar Odzhakov. The earliest one is from 1772 and is the work of the Rila monk Nikifor, and was owned by a resident of Pirdop for decades. It was this transcript that was purchased by Professor Marin Drinov upon his visit to the city at the end of 1878 or the beginning of 1879 and thus became available to Bulgarian science. Due to uncertain information about Prof. Drinov’s stay in Pirdop, the article provides additional sources to clarify the timeline of his visit to the city and when he most likely purchased the Nikifor’s copy of Paisii’s history.

Le Testament d’Abraham et sa présence dans un convoy juridique et antihérétique (BAR Mss. sl. 636)

Author(s): Ivan Biliarsky / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2019

The article is devoted to an Old Testament apocryphon – the Testament of Abraham – and its presence, its importance and its functions in the convoy of predominantly juridical and polemical anti-heretical collection compiled in the Principality of Moldova in the 16th century. The second part of the article proposes an interpretation of the text and its importance mainly in the legal context of the copy (BAR, Ms. sl. 636). What can be the meaning and function of a deuterocanonical text in a predominantly juridical collection? The study of the manuscript itself leads us to the conclusion that the separate elements (legal, polemical, historical, dogmatic, apocryphal) that make up the collection are subject to its general purpose. As for the apocrypha, they can be said to present some biblical point of view. In particular, the Testament of Abraham illustrates the idea of justice and the relationship between human and Divine justice. Human justice serves earthly purposes, and always, even the most just one, implies the idea of punishment, while Divine justice is based on mercy and seeks the salvation of the human soul.

Giovanni Chiaromanni et son voyage de Vienne a Bursa en 1659. Compilateur et traducteur Penka Danova. Sofia, Paradigma, 2017. 257 p.

Author(s): Tamara Stoilova / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2019

Book Review

LE RÔLE DE LA LANGUE GRECQUE DANS LA VIE ÉCONOMIQUE DES BALKANS AUX XVIIIE-XIXE SIÈCLES

Author(s): Nadya Danova / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

Abstract: The purpose of this text is to present several exemples of the Bulgarian history that reveal the role of the Greek language in the transfer of knowledge concerning economic life and its importance for the modernization processes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I comment on the use of Greek as a vehicle for knowledge in the field of commerce and I retrace the penetration of double-entry bookkeeping and the knowledge in commercial epistolography and geography, closely linked to commercial activities. The analysis of the correspondence of Bulgarian merchants of the 19th century reveals the current use of this language in trade, even after the cooling of relations between Bulgarians and Greeks during the second half of the 19th century due to the incompatibility of their national programs.

Робовладелците в османска София: социално-религиозен състав и господарски стратегии (средата на XVI – средата на XVIII век)

Author(s): Olga Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

This study tries to delineate the socio-religious profile of Sofia slaveholders in mid-16th – mid-18th centuries mainly on the basis of relevant documents found in the local Sharia court’s registers dating from the same period. The analysis of a sample of 211 slave-owners reveals, first of all, that slaveholding in Ottoman Sofia was relatively widespread, comprising not only the provincial askeri elites but also the representatives of the lower strata of the askeri group, as well as ordinary citizens – traders and craftsmen, including (although, on a very modest scale) non-Muslims. Secondly, the examination of the documents in the sample showed a slight preponderance of cases, in which slave owners and ex-owners proved themselves supportive and helpful in one way or another to their slaves and ex-slaves. In this context the symbolic value of the slaveholding as an emblem of status and piety has been discussed, especially in connection with the phenomenon of some relatively poor and/or newly-Islamized people joining the ranks of slaveholders.

Българско царство. Сборник в чест на 60 г. на доц. Георги Николов. Под ред. на А. Николов. Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 2018. 845 с.

Author(s): Snezhana Rakova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

Book Review