Series:Językoznawstwo

A contrastive perspective on figurative language

Author(s): / Language(s): English

In recent decades, linguistics has witnessed a rising interest in figurative language. The inspiration for this kind of research may be connected to the rise and development of cognitive semantics, which has made metaphor one of its key notions. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, in their seminal work titled Metaphors We Live By (1980, modified and republished in 2003), denied the conviction that figurative speech is an aberration or anomaly that speakers use only in a limited number of special contexts. Lakoff and Johnson postulated that metaphor, together with metonymy, are actually pervasive ways of thinking and common cognitive tools that motivate a remarkable amount of our language (2003/1980: 3). Their findings have been developed by numerous authors, who have contributed to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory with both empirical research into various languages, as well as elaborations on the theoretical issues.1 Furthermore, it has been observed that metaphors and metonymies may vary among languages: the ways speakers use non-literal language is not universal, but to a large extent it depends on the culture, including the background of the speaker, or the specific context of language use (Kövecses 2005: 292–294). The aim of this volume is to present various examples of research into figurative language from the cross-linguistic perspective. However, first, we want to focus on the notion of figurative language as such, and notice how its understanding in linguistics has changed over the past decades. Next, we will focus on the cross-linguistic research into figurative language in contemporary linguistics. Finally, the topics undertaken in the subsequent chapters of this volume will be shortly presented and discussed. (fragment of introduction)

Bogactwo polszczyzny w świetle jej historii. T. 7

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The seventh volume of the highly readable series The Richness of Polish Language in the Light of Its History presents the proceedings of the all-Poland academic conference of students, doctoral candidants, and young doctors (Katowice, 9 November 2016). The authors of articles contained in the presented volume focus on such issues as: 1) the word-formation-, semantics-, and etymology-oriented description of the old (and contemporary) lexis; 2) the analysis of old texts; 3) the issues of orthographic and language correctness. The previously enumerated thematic areas constitute basis for dividing the book into three parts.The first part (Language and Word) contains articles analysing lexis, namely: the semantic development of the verb ciec (‘leak’,’trickle’, ‘drip’ etc.), the lexemes expressing sequence in the Polish language, the terminology used in scientific text from the field of linguistics at the turn of 19th and 20th centuries, the proper names in the works of Julian Tuwim, the outline of name field relating to garments in Upper Silesian dialect. The second part (Language and Text), in turn, includes articles whose authors took it upon themselves to analyze old texts. In particular: the comparison of the text of Rozmyślanie przemyskie with one of probable sources of this apocryph’s Passion part, namely, with Passio Cristi et opera Christi by Jacques de Vitry; the Polish of Jan Andrzej Morsztyn; the persuasiveness of Bolesław Prus’s column writing on the issue of teaching foreign languages; the image of Jewish family presented in a song “Mein jidisze mame”; and lingusitic markers of the employer-employee relationship based on the newspaper Echo Chełmka. The concluding third part (Language and Orthography) inquires into the following problematic: the quiestion of acronyms following the orthographic reform of 1956 and the resultant issues of spelling-related doubts voice by persons writing to language counseling centres for guidance (during the years 1958–1967 and presently). The authors of texts included in the publication prove once more that historical linguistics is a discipline which remains interesting for young language researchers whose scope of study brings us closer not only to the past epochs, but also to the present developtmental tendencies of the Polish language and culture.The present volume is addressed to all persons interested in the history of Polish – linguists, student of humanities (especially of languages) and high school students. The particular research findings and proposed solutions to the problems in question, which can be found in subsequent texts of the publication, may then be utilised during the further studies of language, culture, and humanity.

Certainty and doubt in academic discourse: Epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles

Author(s): Krystyna Warchał / Language(s): English

Certainty and doubt in academic discourse: Epistemic modality markers in English and Polish linguistics articles: 01 Academic discourse and its rhetoric02 Rozdz. 2, cz. 1. Linguistic modality: Approaches and concepts; Modal meanings and values03 Rozdz. 2, cz. 2. Linguistic...: Epistemic modality markers; Modality in academic discourse: Previous studies; Concluding remarks04 The project05 Rozdz. 4, cz. 1. Markers of (un)certainty in English and Polish linguistics articles: High-value markers06 Rozdz. 4, cz. 2. Markers of (un)certainty in English and Polish linguistics articles: Middle-value markers07 Rozdz. 4, cz. 3. Markers of (un)certainty in English and Polish linguistics articles: Low-value markers08 Conclusions; ReferencesThe subject of the work are linguistic indicators of the degree of judicial certainty in scientific articles in the field of linguistics in English and Polish. The starting point for the research undertaken is the conviction that the different intellectual traditions in which Polish and English academic communication was shaped - traditions that perceive the status of scientific knowledge and the process of its creation differently, the relationship between the author and the reader, and finally the act of writing and the degree of dialogicality of a scientific text - may be reflected in various beliefs about what a scientific fact is and what remains in the realm of hypotheses, assumptions and proposals awaiting confirmation and acceptance of the academic community. These differences, in turn, would suggest that authors from these two cultures may attach different importance to the clear marking of hypothetical content and judgments accompanied by a high degree of certainty, mark them in different ways, with different frequency and in different places of argument. This paper attempts to determine whether such differences exist and, if so, which exponents of epistemic modality they relate to and how they proceed. // The work can be a voice in the discussion on the differences in the styles of academic argumentation characteristic of particular cultures and disciplines, provide data for comparative research on epistemic meanings and their function in different types of discourse, and be a reference point for further analyzes taking into account other languages, genres and disciplines.

Ciao! Me uala? Perché i talamonesi cambiano il codice. Analisi cognitiva dell'alternanza e del cambio di codice tra l'italiano e il dialetto talamonese

Author(s): Dominika Dykta / Language(s): Italian

The aim of the thesis is to analyse, from the cognitive perspective, the phenomena of alternation (alternanza) and changing of code (cambio di codice) in the Talamona language. The choice of Talamonese, which is a local talk, takes into account historical, topographic-demographic aspects, its distance from Italian standard, and the language preservation. Both of this phenomena represent speech acts (atti linguistici) and are examined through the profiling the felicity conditions in particular communicative situations. The profiles that are applied present the Talamonese as a dialect that serves to alternate the codes and to change the code. The first chapter is dedicated to the dialectical study in Italy and in Poland, to the story of the Italian language, and to the variety of different perspectives of dialects relationship between Italian and the dialect with the particular focus on the alternation and changing of code in diglossia and bilingualism as well as placing the dialect in the Italian linguistic repertoire. The second chapter examines alternanza and cambio di codice, both seen as sociolinguistic phenomena and as speech acts. I was inspired by the articles of R. Kalisz (1994), O. Sokołowska (2001) who analysed speech acts cognitively. The analytic method used is that of profiling of the construal of R.W. Langacker (1987, 2009). The analytical part aims to describe examples of studied phenomena collected by means of a semi-structured interview and a sociolinguistic questionnaire. The respondents discussed the problems of dialect, which also emerged from previous sociolinguistic studies. Cognitive analysis of alternation has allowed to distinguish three profiles: functional, that of communicative competence, and habitual. In the part devoted to changing the code the profiles are the following: expressive, habitual, that of communicative competence, and functional. Each profile contains examples where only one of the felicity conditions is profiled. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: (1) the acts of alternation and changing of code in the functional profile are intentional, in the habitual and expressive profile are unintentional, in the communicative competence profile both intentional and not; (2) prototype cannot be established for a concrete profile; (3) most of the examples are code-switching, while only a few examples relate to the code-mixing and loanword. From the analysis we could observe that Talamonese as a dialect of a little town is an important part of Italian culture.

Compound nouns and phrasal nouns in English and Polish

Author(s): Bożena Cetnarowska / Language(s): English

The present monograph discusses compound nouns and juxtapositions (i.e., phrasal nouns) in Polish and English, focusing on the interaction and competition between the processes of coining both types of linguistic units. The phrasal nouns under analysis include combinations of classifying adjectives and nouns in any order, for instance, English electrical engineer, hard disk, Polish inżynier budowlany ‘construction engineer,’ zimowe opony ‘winter tyres’; coordinate noun-noun juxtapositions, such as Polish torba-worek ‘holdall bag,’ kelner-barman ‘waiter and bartender’; and combinations of nouns and genitive attributes (English women’s college, Polish dom studenta ‘student hall of residence’). Constraints on forming compound nouns in Polish are illustrated. Compound nouns and phrasal nouns are divided into classes according to the typology of composite expressions postulated by S. Scalise and A. Bisetto. Emphasis is placed on demonstrating that phrasal nouns exhibit a mixture of phrasal and word-like properties. Difficulties are pointed out in drawing a strict and non-arbitrary border between morphological compounds and syntactic phrases, and in identifying subtypes of phrasal nouns which differ in their degree of similarity to regular noun phrases. The phenomenon of univerbation (i.e., morphological condensation) in the Polish language is discussed. The framework adopted in this monograph is the theory of Construction Morphology, formulated by G. Booij, who shows that principles of Construction Grammar can be applied felicitously in the analysis of morphologically complex words. Construction Morphology has been adopted mainly by researchers who study Germanic and Romance languages. In the present monograph construction schemas are proposed for selected types of compound nouns and phrasal nouns in Polish and English. The mechanism of schema unification is employed in order to represent the internal structure of interfixal-suffixal formations in Polish. It is demonstrated that the model of Construction Morphology is particularly felicitous in the study of phenomena at the border of syntax and word-formation, such as interaction and competition between morphological compounds and phrasal lexemes. Although the linguistic data under analysis come mainly from Polish and English, multi-word units from other Indo-European languages are mentioned where appropriate. Theoretical considerations are supported by numerous examples culled from on-line corpora, such as the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP).

Current Developments in English Historical Linguistics: Studies in Honour of Rafał Molencki

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The co-authored monograph entitled Current Developments in English Historical Linguistics: Studies in Honour of Rafał Molencki is a festschrift for professor Rafał Molencki, composed of 16 articles written by his friends and co-workers from Poland and abroad. The book contains texts covering different aspects of historical linguistics, which fit into broad research in the history of English and Scottish. The opening article is a humorous text written by Jerzy Wełna, who presents the profile of professor Molencki and offers etymological and cultural discussion of his first and family names. The remaining articles have been divided into three thematic parts entitled Medieval English Syntax, Semantics/Lexis/Translation and Phonology. The present volume constitutes an excellent review documenting the variety of research problems, methodology and language data that are currently employed by historical linguists interested in the history of the English language. It contains studies into grammaticalization, micro- and macroscale research, as well as theoretical and empirical texts devoted to semantics, phonology, syntax, and even translation.

Der Westslawische Name Niemcy für Deutsche und Deutschland im Schrifttum des Frühmittelalters

Author(s): IDZI PANIC / Language(s): German

In the Czech and Polish literature of the subject, particularly the linguistic one, for a long time there has been a belief that the name Niemcy appeared among the West Slavs in the early Middle Ages (in a closely undetermined time). The name was used to describe the Germanic tribes that had been neighbouring Slavs since the very earliest moments of the migration of people. As it is widely accepted, the West Slavs coined the name for their Germanic neighbours as their language seemed incomprehensible and indistinct – to quote our southern neighbours: “byli to lidi pro Slovany jakoby nĕmi”, which translates mute (nĕmi) for the Slavs. Therefore, the country, zemĕ Nĕmců, inhabited by incomprehensibly speaking people, mute people, simply had to be called Niemcy. Taking into consideration the fact that the West Slavs – the progenitors of the Czechs and the Poles, the Polabians, and the South-West Slavs were the first to meet Germanic people, it was in this tribal and geographic area where the name Niemcy, describing the Germanic neighbours of the Slavs, was to be created. Consequently, a name for the country inhabited by the Germanic tribes was coined – Niemcy. The name of the tribes and later the country they lived in was adopted by other Slavic tribes and nations in the centuries to come. (part of the chapter: West Slavic name of Niemcy in the early medieval times)

Dusza, ciało i tabu. Studia nad sakralnością praindoeuropejskiego formantu *u w łacińskiej terminologii anatomicznej

Author(s): Katarzyna Tilgner / Language(s): Polish

The author of the monograph Soul, Body and the Taboo investigates the hypotheses of two German scholars of the first half of the 20th century: Franz Specht and Wilhelm Havers, according to whom, one of the Pre-Indo-European formatives—the formative *u—was at its roots deeply connected with the sacred and the supernatural. For that reason, the formative was included in the words denoting objects of sacred, dangerous, supernatural or taboo nature. In her search of the echoes of the formative *u, the author focuses predominantly on the analysis of those body parts which, according to the English philologists James G. Frazer and Richard B. Onians, were supposed to be regarded by thePre-Indo-Europeans as the vessels of the soul, the main object of the taboo. Apart from that, the author analyses the names of organs which played vital parts in the practices of the haruspices, as well as those body parts which could arouse fear due to either the virulent forces residing within them or magical and apotropaic character. The etymological study focuses first and foremost on Latin nomenclature. However, the author refers also to Pre-Indo-European nomenclature and the current state of other Indo-European languages. Theetymological analysis is further strengthened through the cultural study of the beliefs and superstitions of ancient Romans, which they might have inherited from their ancestors.

Dyskurs o bezpieczeństwie z perspektywy lingwosecuritologii

Author(s): Jadwiga Stawnicka / Language(s): Polish

In the following book, an attempt has been made to indicate practical application of linguistic knowledge in actions undertaken by law enforcement and aimed at public security and public order. The book puts forward a proposition to create a sub-field of linguistics under the term „linguisecuritology” – theory and practice of the langugae of security. A semantic field of linguisecuritology encompasses all terms related to vital characteristics of a crisis situation conceptualized by its every participant. It has been indicated how to conduct talks with the perpetrator of a crisis situation with use of the theory of speech acts, and how to optimalize the flow of information between all the public service forces involved in a threat situation. // The book consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction specifies the purpose of the book and the contents of the chapters. A conceptual framework of the term „linguisecuritology” has been proposed. In chapter one „W kręgu dyskursu kryzysowego. Konceptualizacja pojęć” (Within crisis discourse. Conceptualization of notions), the notions of discourse and crisis discourse have been discussed from the perspective of pragmatic linguistics, and the possiblilities of use of the psycholinguistic knowledge in crisis situations have been indicated. The subject of chapter two is the specificity of the crisis discourse with the perpetrator considering the theory of speech acts. Strategies of communicating with the perpetrator have been discussed, including issues of promising, witholding information and lying during negotiations. // This chapter also contains general remarks on the subject of the flow of information in crisis situations. Next, the flow of information during regional multi-level simulations in crisis management „Lotnisko 2011”(„Airport 2011”) has been characterized. In chapter three „Perspektywy badawcze lingwosecuritologii. Opis projektów badawczych” (Research perspectives of linguisecuritology. Description of research projects), a few linguisecuritological projects by the author have been discussed in the context of perspectives for development of this sub-field. The book is addressed for a broad circle of recipients including law enforcement, academic and research environment, students and lecturers involved in the fields of security, crisis situations, psychology and notably linguistics. The book is a continuation of my research and an attempt at applying linguistic knowledge for the optimalization of the flow of information in crisis situations.

Dyskurs w aspekcie porównawczym

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Polish

The ambition of the monograph is not to formulate a single binding definition of discourse, but to analyze and describe its various variants both in a single language and in a comparative aspect. The authors of individual studies draw attention to the historical and cultural variability of verbal interactions, and thus to the dynamic character of the analysed category. The focus of their attention was, on the one hand, on problems related to the description of different types of discourse, identification of their differential features, relations between the discourse category and the linguistic picture of the world, and, on the other hand, on issues related to structural and linguistic changes that can be observed within traditional genres, as well as the description of new genres that are formed under the influence of interactive media. Changes in the current models of linguistic behaviour, above all in the functioning of addressative forms and politeness formulas, resulting from social, political and cultural transformations, were also discussed.The monograph is addressed to all those interested in the problems of discourse, the methodology of its description and the relation of discourse to such categories as style, text, and the linguistic picture of the world.

Efektywność terapii dyslalii. Logopedyczno-lingwistyczna analiza wyników badań

Author(s): Danuta Pluta-Wojciechowska / Language(s): Polish

In terms of methodology, this monograph is based on the thesis claiming that speech therapy is a study of biological determinants of language and linguistic behaviours, which underpins contemporary speech-therapy research. This very publication provides the results of empirical research relating to diagnosis and therapy of speech disorders stemming from malfunction of peripheral factors – malformations of speech organs and/or impaired biological functions. The main subject of analyses is the efficiency of speech-therapy treatment provided to persons with impaired phoneme production – children, adolescents, and adults. As a source of those nonnormative sounds discussed herein I pinpoint biological factors, such as ankyloglossia, malocclusions, breathing difficulties and swallowing impairments, difficulties in biting and chewing, parafunctions, such as thumb or finger sucking. The efficiency of a particular speech therapy is assessed by utilizing the elaborated paradigm, also employing statistical tests, which meets the assumption of Evidence Based Practice. Therefore, research like these are unprecedented either in Polish or world speech-therapy studies. For the assessment of therapies, I developed the Strategic Method of Improving Phonemes Implementation (hereinafter referred to as SMIPI, Polish Strategiczna metoda usprawniania realizacji fonemów,) of my own authorship. Some threads of my study occasionally refer to previously elaborated methods of treating speech impediments, yet I challenge or discard quite a few of them as methodologically invalid, for instance, exercising the tongue outside the oral cavity, tensioning the tip of the tongue. The monograph opens with a chapter placing speech therapy – metaphorically – between linguistics and medicine, which pertains to a place of the discipline on the epistemological plane. In the chapter I present analyses relating to particular cognitive background of speech therapy and its place amongst other disciplines. My considerations underscore the originality of speechtherapy approach – considered against the background of other scientific fields – in case of impediments in producing peripherally-determined phonemes. In Chapter 2 of the monograph I investigate issues of diagnosis and treatment of phoneme production disorders as speech-therapy procedures. The chapter commences enumeration of assumptions embedding the subsequent comments. Assuming a number of notions fundamental for both linguistics and speech therapy imposes some order on thinking and allows the Readers to notice the broader context behind the topic this treatise is concerned with. Consecutive parts of Chapter 2 deal with the significance of diagnosis in its heuristic dimension for designing and carrying out treatment. I assume that what ought to result from the examination process of a given speech impediment’s symptom along with its aetiology, is not solely establishing the name of a given nosological unit relating to the diagnosed condition, but also preparing a kind of diagnostic narrative depicting mechanism behind occurrence of speech impediments, however, within the confines of up-to-date knowledge (thus, I do not discard the event that contemporary speech therapy is oblivious to some causes of speech disorders, which results from the scope of human knowledge coming from various disciplines dealing with speech, e.g. medicine). The mode of operation defined in such a way enables us to reconstruct the development of speech disorder. In the discussed chapter I also comment upon early and contemporary approaches to treatment of phoneme production disorders. Having paid a necessary homage to the work of past researchers, I undertake analyses that show both advantages and deficits characterising hitherto used methods of treatment, also in the context of the most recent studies of phoneme production disorders. Chapter 3 is focused on methodology of research, including problems, hypotheses and methods of studies, accepted terms and assumptions, ordering the research process; therein I also discuss the limits of research carried out. The major study problem is assessing the efficiency of speech therapy with the usage of previously mentioned SMIPI method.. Among the most important research methods the following can be counted: analytical-phonetic method of speech evaluation, anatomical-functional method of assessing speech organs (anatomical structure of speech organs, the respiratory, swallowing, and chewing processes), interview, an experimental study consisting in carrying out speech therapy (based on SMIPI, and akin to it – FTM, Polish fizjologiczna terapia miofunkcjonalna ‘physiological myofunctional therapy’) encompassing 69 subject, 3 to 40 years of age (they were divided into three age groups), and finally, analysing the research results and establishing statistical correlation. In turn, Chapter 4 of the monograph gives the account of research results referring to efficiency of utilizing SMIPI method and provides analyses of the studied facets of therapeutic efficiency: the pace of improvements taking place that regard primary functions (e.g. initiating vertical-horizontal tongue position, initiating tongue resting posture, initiating proper swallowing), the rate of uttering/emitting the initial sound, the pace of transformations occurring within the patients’ phonetic system. This part of the monograph also contains some linguistic and speech-therapy analyses pertaining to important, from the vantage point of designing and carrying out therapy, aspects of undertaken actions, such as sequencing of speech-sounds disorders therapy and methods of prompting speech sounds. I also discuss the “domino effect” and selfregulation phenomenon it involves. In my analyses of SMIPI method’s efficiency, I devise the general approach (relating to the results of therapy distinguished for the age group of patients) as well as individual one (relating to therapy efficiency in case of a particular patient). The research results indicate that SMIPI is an efficient treatment method, however, its efficiency varies dependent on age group. In the aspect of normalizing primary abilities, the rate of attaining desired changes is greater in persons 15 to 40 years of age than in children 3 to 6 years of age. The research results show, in turn, that the latter group displays the greatest improvements in terms of phonetic changes. The chapter that follows is a summarizing one, and it distinguishes the crucial research results from the analyses undertaken along with proposals of future necessary analyses and empirical procedures pertaining to upcoming scientific problems. In this part, I additionally address so-called wizardry and tricks used while eliciting sounds, the issue of so-called therapeutic methods universality, and I also present SMIPI against the backdrop of different ways of speech-therapy interventions. Finally, I account for the possibility to alter or modify the mode of proceeding I propose.

English semantic loans, loan translations, and loan renditions in informal Polish of computer users

Author(s): Marcin Zabawa / Language(s): English

It is common knowledge that Polish is under a strong influence of English nowadays. In the past, such influence was largely restricted to lexical borrowings, noticed and commented upon both by linguists, in the literature on the subject (see especially the monographs by Mańczak-Wohlfeld 1994, 1995, 2006), and by non-linguists, for instance in the popular press. Nowadays the picture is different: English continues to affect Polish at the level of lexis; however, other spheres are not free from the English influence, either. Thus, apart from lexical loans, which have already been relatively thoroughly researched, semantic borrowings, loan translations, loan renditions, and semi-calques (all of which attracted much less attention from linguists) appear with a high frequency as well. In addition, minor types of influence, manifested through the existence of syntactic and morphological loans, can also be detected; such spheres as spelling or punctuation are also under the influence of English, particularly in the more informal varieties of Polish texts. /fragment of the introduction/

Explicitation in Simultaneous Interpreting. A Study into Explicitating Behaviour of Trainee Interpreters

Author(s): Ewa Gumul / Language(s): English

The simplest and the most blunt definition of explicitation I can think of is that it is about adding. This imprecise and simplistic definition brings to my mind a certain interpreter who probably resorted to the most extensive additions I have ever heard of. It is Juan Ranz – one of the best-known interpreters, although he is only a fictional character in Javier Marías’s novel A Heart So White.1 It is his brilliantly unfaithful translation, full of additions, that transforms meaningless and insipid small talk of a Spanish and an English politician into a passionate conversation about love and Shakespeare. Thanks to the interpreter’s deliberate additions, the interlocutors become so involved that we come to think that perhaps he merely explicitates what in fact they meant and wanted to say. Obviously, explicitation is not about changing the course of conversation, as was the case of Juan Ranz, but the fictional interpreter in Marías’s book is a perfect example, albeit somewhat extreme (the right of literature, one may say), of an interpreter’s mediating role. In real life, interpreters do not add anything that could change the message, but they do add – usually to mediate the message. And such “additions,” denominated explicitations, appear to be a universal feature of all translational activity irrespective of the mode, genre, and language pair. / fragment of the introduction/

Gatunki i style dyskursu publicznego w ujęciu konfrontatywnym

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Polish

Gramatyka przepisu jako przesłanka decyzji interpretacyjnej

Author(s): Mateusz Zeifert / Language(s): Polish

The work is devoted to the grammatical plane of the language of the legal acts and the role which it performs in the process of the interpretation of law. The first part of the book contains an introduction to linguistics for lawyers – a brief description of three great trends of 20th-century linguistics, i.e. structural linguistics, transformation-generative linguistics and cognitive linguistics, as well as a discussion of their influence upon jurisprudence. Then there is a description of the peculiar nature of the language of legal acts in the grammatical layer. The second part presents examples of grammatical problems which appear in adjudication, such as: the syntactic structure of a sentence, conjunctions, punctuation, declension categories and conjugation categories. The analysis employed almost two hundred rulings of Polish courts, as well as the Polish- and English-language subject literature. The third part constitutes conclusions drawn from research: a description of the argumentation which refers to the grammar of a regulation, interpretation- and editing-related guidelines, and an analysis of the problems under discussion from the perspective of a linguistic theory known as cognitive grammar. The merit of the work consists in three principal features. Firstly, it engages a problem which heretofore was underexplored in the (Polish and international) literature. Secondly, it skilfully utilises the output of linguistics, and in particular, cognitive linguistics – which heretofore was not tackled in jurisprudence. Thirdly, it was based on large-scale research of the body of rulings of the Polish courts, which also imparts a practical significance to it.

Historia języka w XXI wieku. Stan i perspektywy

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The volume constitutes the gleanings of the 1st Congress of the Historians of (a) Language which was held in Katowice. The purpose of this scholarly meeting was to present the scholarly accomplishments of historical linguistics which were achieved heretofore and to present the most important research plans of the discipline. Almost 150 scholars who represent this field participated in the Congress. The participants engaged various themes which arranged themselves in the following subject blocks: I. The methodological dilemmas of modern diachronic linguistics II. Historical-linguistic research and the universal problems of linguistics III. The sources which are used in diachronic research IV. Lexicology and lexicography V. The regional Polish language and the dialects VI. Communication. Genology. Stylistics VII. The historical-linguistic knowledge in university education The volume features a very important supplement in the form of a transcript and a report of two panel discussions which focused on the following problems: 1. “The research and methodological challenges of historical linguistics”; 2. “The teaching-related tasks of historians in reference to the national communicative community in the past and in the present”. The opinions of the representatives of the scholarly community about the position of diachronic linguistics in linguistic research, the opinions about the fundamental problems and dilemmas are certainly relevant to all people who are interested in the progress of the research in (a) language. The value of the present volume is further enhanced by the last part which is devoted to the events which celebrated the conferring of the name of a distinguished linguist, Irena Bajerowa, to the Institute of the Polish Language of the University of Silesia. The opinions of the Friends, Family Members and the Students which were preserved represent the scholarly and, at the same time, the cordial nature of this significant event.

Historical Issues in Hamito-Semitic and Indo-European Languages. Zagadnienia historyczne w chamito-semickich i indoeuropejskich językach

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish

The volume entitled Historical Issues in Hamito-Semitic and Indo-European languages is a collection of nine articles devoted above all to selected problems associated with the influence of Hamito-Semitic languages on certain Indo-European languages in the remote past. The articles also discuss other subjects associated with general linguistics (phonology, dialectology, linguistic shift and magic.

Interdisciplinary encounters: Dimensions of interpreting studies

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Interdisciplinary encounters: Dimensions of interpreting studies brings together researchers, scholars, practitioners, interpreters and interpreter trainers, who share their research results, perspectives and experiences regarding the interdisciplinarity in the field of interpreting studies. This interdisciplinarity is well reflected in the range of topics covered and research questions asked. From the interplay of interpreting and linguistics to the interplay of interpreting and psychology, to mark quite arbitrarily only two distinct epistemologies, and hence distinct methodologies. // “This volume is an excellent addition to the Interpreting Studies literature. The cutting-edge research presented by a wide range of international experts demonstrates the strength of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of interpretation. The volume will be of great benefit to educators, students of interpreting as well as experienced practitioners.”– Robert G. Lee, Senior Lecturer in BSL and Deaf Studies, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Itérativité dans la traduction automatique. Analyse orientée objets des verbes de mouvement français traduits en polonais par „jechać / jeździć” (sur la base des formes du présent)

Author(s): Michał Hrabia / Language(s): French,Polish

The subject of the following study is the object-oriented description of the complex problem of movement verbs’ iterativity for the purpose of the automated French-Polish translation. The study consists of three fundamental parts, where the two first are theoretical and descriptive. Since the author perceives iterativity as a universal aspectological phenomenon, the first part is entirely devoted to the chosen onomasiological theories of verb aspect: Zeno Vendler’s verb classification, Francesco Antinucci’s and Lucyna Gebert’s semantic theory of aspect, the topological model by Jean-Pierre Desclés and the theory of aspect as seen by Stanisław Karolak (presented on the backdrop of the semantic-based grammar model). The second part is focused on semantically-directed theories of computational lexicography, which can be applied in the aspect description: the Meaning-Text model by Igor Mel’čuk, Gaston Gross’s object classes’ theory and Wiesław Banyś’s object-oriented approach. The third part concentrates on practice. It is a presentation of results of the object-oriented approach method application in the disambiguation of the French verbs of movement translated into Polish as jechać or jeździć (aller, rouler, circuler, conduire, prendre). The author, founding his study on a detailed analysis of concrete examples of possible uses derived from an extensive corpus, creates thirty-eight syntactic-semantic schemes conditioning the translation of the analysed verbs by the semelfactive form ( jechać) and forty schemes for the iterative form (jeździć). The study also includes a listing of exemplary elements of the object classes used in the disambiguation.

Jednostki języka w systemie i w tekście 2

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Polish

The set of problems engaged in the texts which are presented in the monograph reflects the multifariousness of research perspectives in modern Slavic linguistics with reference to both traditional and novel methodological approaches. The authors’ focus has to do with the problems of the description of the units of the Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech and Croatian languages at the particular levels of these languages. The linguistic units are examined not only as elements of a system but also as components (which are varied genre-wise) of early and modern texts. Apart from the analyses which draw from structuralist traditions there are also ones in which linguistic phenomena are considered in a broad social-political-cultural context. The publication is a collection of pieces which are devoted both to one language as well as comparative studies: Polish-Russian, Polish-Czech, Polish-Croatian, Russian-Czech ones. There are also texts which are devoted to the problems of translatology. The broad range of problems which are engaged by the authors from Poland and beyond enables the reader to familiarise himself or herself with the areas and trends of work conducted by the particular academic centres. We hope that it will also become a source of inspiration for further research endeavours.