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PROCEEDINGS 22nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES" Cover Image

PROCEEDINGS 22nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES"
PROCEEDINGS 22nd INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "TECHNOLOGIES – MILITARY APPLICATIONS, SIMULATION AND RESOURCES"

Contributor(s): Eugen MAVRIS (Editor), Daniel Petrescu (Editor), Cristian-Octavian STANCIU (Editor), Stefan-Antonio DAN-SUTEU (Editor), Niculai-Tudorel LEHACI (Editor), Daniel ROMAN (Editor), Adrian MIREA (Editor), Ionuț CIORANU (Editor), Ion ROCEANU (Editor), Marinel-Adi MUSTATA (Editor)
Subject(s): Security and defense, Military Sciences
ISSN: 2668-201X
Published by: Carol I National Defence University Publishing House
Keywords: military applications; cyberdefence; modeling and simulation; multi-domain operations; hybrid warfare; critical infrastructures.
Summary/Abstract: New challenges in the curent security context; Technologies – military applications, cyberdefence, modeling and simulation; Multi-domain operations, resources management and logistics; Hybrid warfare and critical infrastructures protection

Series: STRATEGII - Sesiunea de Comunicări Științifice

  • Page Count: 306
  • Publication Year: 2026
  • Language: English
STRATEGIC RESOURCES AS DRIVERS OF HYBRID PRESSURE: A GEOPOLITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VENEZUELAN CRISIS

STRATEGIC RESOURCES AS DRIVERS OF HYBRID PRESSURE: A GEOPOLITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VENEZUELAN CRISIS
(STRATEGIC RESOURCES AS DRIVERS OF HYBRID PRESSURE: A GEOPOLITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VENEZUELAN CRISIS)

  • Author(s):Simona-Daniela BORDEA, Niculai-Tudorel LEHACI
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:13-25
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:Venezuela; hybrid threats; strategic resources; energy security; critical minerals; great-power competition; multi-domain operations.
  • Summary/Abstract:This article examines how Venezuela’s oil, gold, and coltan have been transformed from sources of geopolitical relevance into channels of hybrid pressure. It argues that the country’s extractive wealth is shaped not only by rentier dependence and institutional erosion, but also by sanctions, diplomatic contestation, illicit governance, and great-power competition. Using a qualitative case-study design and process-tracing logic, the analysis brings together literature on natural resources and conflict, sanctions and extractive governance, and hybrid threats and multi-domain competition. The findings show that Venezuela’s resource abundance increased its geopolitical salience, but under conditions of weak governance it also generated vulnerability. Sanctions did not create the crisis, but intensified structural weaknesses, while the expansion of mining in the Orinoco Mining Arc reinforced opacity, criminal penetration, and territorial insecurity. The article concludes that Venezuela’s strategic significance derives not only from the scale of its reserves, but from the way those reserves interact with infrastructure, legality, legitimacy, illicit networks, and external alignments. In fragile rentier states, strategic resources may therefore function not only as assets of power, but also as nodes of hybrid pressure.
EVOLUTION OF ROMANIA’S NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 2020-2024 AND 2025-2030 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS

EVOLUTION OF ROMANIA’S NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 2020-2024 AND 2025-2030 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS
(EVOLUTION OF ROMANIA’S NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF 2020-2024 AND 2025-2030 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS)

  • Author(s):Simona-Daniela BORDEA, Niculai-Tudorel LEHACI
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:26-38
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:National Defense Strategy; Romania; strategic comparison; military modernization; hybrid threats; cybersecurity; NATO interoperability.
  • Summary/Abstract:The strategic environment of Eastern Europe has undergone significant transformations over the past decade, marked by increased geopolitical tensions, the emergence of hybrid warfare, and rapid technological advancements in defense systems. This study presents a comparative analysis of Romania’s National Defense Strategies for the periods 2020-2024 and 20252030, highlighting shifts in threat assessment, strategic priorities, and military modernization policies. The 2020-2024 strategy emphasized NATO integration, conventional deterrence, and foundational modernization of defense capabilities, reflecting a relatively stable regional security environment. In contrast, the 2025-2030 strategy adopts a more proactive and multidimensional approach, prioritizing resilience against hybrid threats, cybersecurity, critical infrastructure protection, and advanced technological adoption, while maintaining interoperability with NATO and regional partners. Key differences include a heightened focus on the Black Sea region, lessons learned from the war in Ukraine, and strategic investments in emerging defense technologies. This paper evaluates the evolution of Romania’s defense posture, identifies continuity and divergence in strategic objectives, and discusses the implications for national defense planning, military simulation, and resource allocation. The comparative analysis underscores the importance of adaptive strategies in dynamic security environments and offers insights for policymakers and defense planners seeking to align national capabilities with contemporary threats and technological advancements.
UKRAINE’S RESILIENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT: STRATEGIC LESSONS FOR A CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL DEFENSE

UKRAINE’S RESILIENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT: STRATEGIC LESSONS FOR A CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL DEFENSE
(UKRAINE’S RESILIENCE IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT: STRATEGIC LESSONS FOR A CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL DEFENSE)

  • Author(s):Diana CHIRILĂ
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:39-49
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:national resilience; contemporary conflict; consolidated national defence; national security; hybrid warfare; Ukraine; societal resilience; military resilience.
  • Summary/Abstract:The armed conflict in Ukraine represents one of the most significant manifestations of contemporary warfare and an essential case study for understanding the profound transformations of national security and defense. This article examines Ukraine’s resilience in the context of large-scale military aggression, highlighting the ways in which it has contributed to maintaining state functionality and strategic endurance. The primary objective of the research is to identify the key dimensions of Ukrainian resilience and to assess their implications for the consolidation of national defense within the contemporary security environment. The analysis demonstrates that Ukraine’s resilience results from the coherent interaction of military, societal, institutional, economic, and external dimensions. Doctrinal flexibility, social cohesion, continuity of governance, the adaptation of the economy to wartime conditions, and allied support have constituted decisive factors of state resistance. The findings underscore the necessity of an integrated and multidimensional approach to national defense, providing a relevant analytical framework for states seeking to adapt their security strategies to the realities of contemporary conflict.
THE RECONFIGURATION OF THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT: TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETITION AND POWER DYNAMICS AMONG GREAT POWERS

THE RECONFIGURATION OF THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT: TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETITION AND POWER DYNAMICS AMONG GREAT POWERS
(THE RECONFIGURATION OF THE GLOBAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT: TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETITION AND POWER DYNAMICS AMONG GREAT POWERS)

  • Author(s):Cristian-Alexandru SALAC
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:50-59
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:technological competition; great power rivalry; global security environment; emerging technologies.
  • Summary/Abstract:The global security environment is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by accelerated technological development and intensifying competition among great powers. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, cyber capabilities, and space-based assets have moved from a supporting role to a central position in shaping strategic behavior, military doctrines, and power relations. This paper examines how technological competition contributes to the reconfiguration of the global security environment and influences contemporary power dynamics. The analysis focuses on structural changes in the international security system, the expansion of competition across multiple domains, and the growing challenges associated with deterrence, alliance cohesion, and strategic stability. It further explores the implications of technological rivalry for global and regional security architectures, as well as future trends and strategic perspectives in an increasingly contested environment. Using a qualitative and analytical approach, the paper argues that the ability to adapt to technological change and manage continuous competition will be decisive for maintaining stability in the evolving international security landscape.
CHINA’S LOW-ALTITUDE ECONOMY: POLITICAL ECONOMY, TECHNOLOGICAL GOVERNANCE, AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS

CHINA’S LOW-ALTITUDE ECONOMY: POLITICAL ECONOMY, TECHNOLOGICAL GOVERNANCE, AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS
(CHINA’S LOW-ALTITUDE ECONOMY: POLITICAL ECONOMY, TECHNOLOGICAL GOVERNANCE, AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS)

  • Author(s):Ovidiu-George DRAGOMIR, Horia-Daniel ȘTEFĂNESCU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:60-71
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:low-altitude economy; airspace governance; dual-use technology; security concerns;
  • Summary/Abstract:The low-altitude economy has emerged as a strategic domain at the intersection of economic modernization, technological innovation, and national security governance in China. Bringing together economic activities enabled by manned and unmanned aircraft operating below 1,000 meters, this sector integrates advanced manufacturing, digital infrastructure, and airspace governance reforms. Drawing from recent scholar studies on China’s low-altitude economy development, unmanned aircraft systems traffic management, and electric vertical take-off and landing technologies, this current paper brings into the light of discussions a comprehensive analysis of the advantages, structural constraints, and prospects of China’s low-altitude economy. Moving beyond the general perspective on the low-altitude economy, this paper underlines low-altitude airspace as a dual-use strategic space, where economic productivity and security governance are deeply intertwined. This paper argues that the China’s low-altitude economy is not only a technological innovation and policy support, but also a successful institutionalization of integrated security frameworks encompassing airspace safety, cybersecurity, and civil-military coordination.
SECURITY CULTURE AND ITS ROLE AS A FORCE MULTIPLIER IN CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL DEFENSE

SECURITY CULTURE AND ITS ROLE AS A FORCE MULTIPLIER IN CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL DEFENSE
(SECURITY CULTURE AND ITS ROLE AS A FORCE MULTIPLIER IN CONSOLIDATED NATIONAL DEFENSE)

  • Author(s):Diana CHIRILĂ
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:72-81
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:security culture; consolidated national defense; national resilience; hybrid threats; security governance; NATO (Nord Atlantic Treaty Organization); EU (European Union).
  • Summary/Abstract: Recent developments in the international security environment, marked by strategic competition, hybrid threats, and regional volatility, require a reconsideration of how national defense is conceptualized and implemented. In this context, the concept of consolidated national defense goes beyond the strictly military dimension and involves the coherent integration of institutional, societal, and economic resources. The article analyzes security culture as a force multiplier for the effectiveness of this concept, arguing that the level of awareness, internalization of security values, and civic engagement directly influence national resilience. Through a theoretical-analytical approach grounded in national strategic documents, as well as those of NATO and the European Union, the study highlights the mechanisms through which security culture contributes to strengthening the capacity for prevention, response, and adaptation to contemporary risks and threats. The conclusions emphasize the necessity of systematically developing security culture as a pillar of the national defense architecture.
EUROPE'S 2026 DILEMMA: REALPOLITIK OR WILSONIANISM AS THE WAR IN UKRAINE ENTERS ON ITS FIFTH YEAR

EUROPE'S 2026 DILEMMA: REALPOLITIK OR WILSONIANISM AS THE WAR IN UKRAINE ENTERS ON ITS FIFTH YEAR
(EUROPE'S 2026 DILEMMA: REALPOLITIK OR WILSONIANISM AS THE WAR IN UKRAINE ENTERS ON ITS FIFTH YEAR)

  • Author(s):Levente SUCIU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:82-88
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:Ukraine war; security dilemma; Realpolitik; Wilsonian idealism; security architecture; European cohesion.
  • Summary/Abstract:By February 24, 2026, the war in Ukraine will enter on its fifth year, as major powers have yet to establish a peace framework acceptable to the belligerent parties. Current security dilemmas center on the reconfiguration of spheres of influence and the impact of potential concessions on the new global security architecture. The convergence of great power interests on the European continent has reignited in certain states the need for self-reliant security, new alliances, and demands for economic compensation to meet societal needs. At the same time, nationalist and sovereigntist movements are forcing a redefinition of national identity within existing political and military alliances. In this context, the foundations of Wilsonian idealism based on self-determination and the expansion of democratic alliances are being undermined by the Realpolitik practiced by Russia and China. Consequently, Europe faces an existential dilemma, where the unity and cohesion of the European Union are strained by the prolonged economic and social effects of the Ukrainian conflict.
APPLICATION OF TACTICAL DATA LINKS IN NETWORK-CENTRIC OPERATIONS

APPLICATION OF TACTICAL DATA LINKS IN NETWORK-CENTRIC OPERATIONS
(APPLICATION OF TACTICAL DATA LINKS IN NETWORK-CENTRIC OPERATIONS)

  • Author(s):Iva IVANOVA
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:91-99
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:tactical data link; network-centric; radio; interoperability; operations.
  • Summary/Abstract:n the context of modern warfare, a significant, accelerating trend is the implementation of advanced Tactical Data Links (TDLs) to serve as the backbone for secure, standardized, and real-time communication across multi-domain operations. As conflicts shift toward network-centric warfare, militaries are increasingly utilizing TDLs to achieve information superiority, ensuring interoperability between diverse, geographically dispersed, and often multi-national platforms. This article investigates how the evolution of Tactical Data Links (TDLs) helped the implementation and modernisation of traditional warfare concepts and doctrines. Once again, it addresses ever-standing challenges such as interoperability among NATO Nations, as well as among different operational domains, providing an overview on recent improvements and future expectations
IMPLICATIONS OF USING UAS IN PROVIDING TARGET ACQUISITION DATA FOR FIELD ARTILLERY UNITS

IMPLICATIONS OF USING UAS IN PROVIDING TARGET ACQUISITION DATA FOR FIELD ARTILLERY UNITS
(IMPLICATIONS OF USING UAS IN PROVIDING TARGET ACQUISITION DATA FOR FIELD ARTILLERY UNITS)

  • Author(s):Florian-Răzvan ION
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:100-111
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:Unmanned Aerial Systems; detection; data support; modern battlefield; kill chain; advanced technologies.
  • Summary/Abstract:In the context of contemporary conflicts, the integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) into artillery operations represents a transformative advancement in the collection, processing, and dissemination of tactical data. This paper explores the implications of employing UAS to provide real-time reconnaissance, target acquisition, and fire adjustment support for ground artillery units. By significantly enhancing situational awareness and reducing the sensor-to-shooter cycle, UAS contribute to improved accuracy, faster response times, and overall operational efficiency on the battlefield. The study also addresses key challenges associated with the effective use of these systems, including secure and reliable data transmission, interoperability with existing command-and-control structures, and vulnerabilities to electronic warfare and anti-UAS measures. The conclusions emphasize the critical need for the development of comprehensive doctrine, specialized training programs, and standardized technological frameworks to ensure that UAS can be effectively and safely integrated into artillery support missions, ultimately enhancing combat effectiveness while mitigating operational risks.
THE IMPACT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY

THE IMPACT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY
(THE IMPACT OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY)

  • Author(s):Lena-Alexandra DINU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:112-119
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Russia-Ukraine War; lessons identified; self-propelled artillery; capabilities; technologies; counter-battery warfare; ISR, UAV integration; doctrinal adaption.
  • Summary/Abstract:Russia's war in Ukraine represents the most significant high-intensity conventional conflict in Europe since the end of the Wold War II. It provides a unique framework for analyzing and assessing the use of self-propelled artillery. The conflict has demonstrated the decisive role of indirect fire support in achieving tactical and operational superiority, while simulatneously exposing critical vulnerabilities generated by the development of high-precision reconnaissance, surveillance and strike capabilities. The large-scale transfers of NATO-standard 155 mm artillery systems to Ukraine and their integration with ISR assets (particularly unmanned aerial vehicles/UAVs) have fundamentally changed the tactics, techniques and procedures. These changes include the institutionalization of shoot-and-scoot survivability methods, accelerated targeting cycles, revised logistical architectures, and enhanced counter-battery operations. This articol examines the operational transformation of self-propelled artillery in Ukraine, focusing on mobility, battlefield survivability, ISR integration, counter-battery fire and the importance of personnel training. The conclusions emphasize the necessity for doctrinal and technological adaptation within the Romanian Armed Forces in order to preserve the operational relevance of self-propelled artillery in future high-intensity conflicts.
BRIDGING THE VSHORAD GAP THROUGH MOBILE FIRE GROUPS INTEGRATION WITHIN THE LAND FORCES’ AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE FRAMEWORK

BRIDGING THE VSHORAD GAP THROUGH MOBILE FIRE GROUPS INTEGRATION WITHIN THE LAND FORCES’ AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE FRAMEWORK
(BRIDGING THE VSHORAD GAP THROUGH MOBILE FIRE GROUPS INTEGRATION WITHIN THE LAND FORCES’ AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE FRAMEWORK)

  • Author(s):Daniel ROMAN, Ionuț TOMA
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:120-128
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:air and missile defense; VSHORAD; mobile fire groups; loitering munitions; asymmetric attrition; Land Forces.
  • Summary/Abstract:The proliferation of low-cost loitering munitions and small-scale unmanned aerial systems has necessitated a paradigm shift in air defense architectures, prompting a transition from centralized, missile-heavy configurations to distributed, kinetic-based networks. This article analyzes the strategic and tactical integration of Mobile Fire Groups (MFGs) as a cost-effective solution to the systemic Very Short-Range Air Defense (VSHORAD) gap currently observed on NATO’s Eastern Flank. By evaluating the operational effectiveness of decentralized sensor-effector loops – combining passive acoustic detection with high-mobility firing platforms – this research outlines a framework for the Land Forces to establish a resilient "shield" to protect both populated areas and critical infrastructure. The article highlights the technical imperative for networked situational awareness and the digital modernization of legacy assets to achieve a favorable cost-exchange ratio against massed incursions. Ultimately, the operationalization of these agile units preserves operational-strategic interceptor inventories while providing a scalable, persistent defense layer that addresses the hydrographic and topographic challenges of the Black Sea region.
TECHNOLOGICAL PRIMACY, THE PREMISE OF SUCCESS OF FUTURE MILITARY OPERATIONS

TECHNOLOGICAL PRIMACY, THE PREMISE OF SUCCESS OF FUTURE MILITARY OPERATIONS
(TECHNOLOGICAL PRIMACY, THE PREMISE OF SUCCESS OF FUTURE MILITARY OPERATIONS)

  • Author(s):Mihai DUȚOIU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:129-137
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:primacy; resilience; integration; supply chain; deterrence.
  • Summary/Abstract:Technological evolution is reshaping warfare by rendering the battlespace an interconnected domain in which information dominance and accelerated decision making determine outcomes. This paper, the result of a comparative case study of the wars in Ukraine and the Israel-Iran theatre, employs a mixed methods design – combining within case process tracing and cross case pattern matching of triangulated open source, doctrinal, and technical evidence – to trace how the rapid militarization of commercial systems, the operational centrality of public-private partnerships, and the concentration of critical supply chain nodes jointly influence situational awareness, decision cycle compression, and deterrence. The analysis yields three principal findings: commercial grade technologies can be fielded rapidly enough to alter tactical and operational balances; dependence on private providers creates capability gains alongside governance vulnerabilities that require legally robust contingency frameworks; and supply chain concentration constitutes a strategic fragility addressable through modular design, stockpiling, and targeted industrial policy. The study concludes with a sequenced implementation roadmap and identifies measurable indicators and ethical considerations for allied policy coordination and doctrinal reform.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DRONES IN CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS, APPLICATIONS, PREPARATION AND FORCE DESIGN

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DRONES IN CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS, APPLICATIONS, PREPARATION AND FORCE DESIGN
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DRONES IN CONTEMPORARY MILITARY OPERATIONS, APPLICATIONS, PREPARATION AND FORCE DESIGN)

  • Author(s):Cristian-Alexandru SALAC
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:138-146
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:artificial intelligence; drones; military operations; preparation of forces; force design; warfighting functions.
  • Summary/Abstract:The expanding integration of artificial intelligence and unmanned aerial systems is expected to influence the conduct of contemporary military operations. Continuous sensing, automated processing of large data volumes, and rapid engagement mechanisms challenge traditional approaches based on sequential planning and platform-centered action, indicating a transition toward adaptive operational processes characterized by persistent observation and accelerated reaction. The paper examines the military applications associated with the employment of AI and drone systems and analyzes their implications for command relationships, tempo of activity, and distributed engagement across the operational environment. Attention is also directed toward the preparation of forces in conditions where training, planning, and execution rely on similar information flows and decision-support tools, reducing the separation between rehearsal and employment. The study further considers how these developments relate to force design and resource organization, including scalability of capabilities, replaceability of systems, and coordination among warfighting functions operating within continuous sensing-decision-action cycles.
INTEGRATION OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN LAND MILITARY OPERATIONS

INTEGRATION OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN LAND MILITARY OPERATIONS
(INTEGRATION OF LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN LAND MILITARY OPERATIONS)

  • Author(s):Adrian-Marius MITRU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:147-154
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:lethal autonomous weapons system (LAWS); responsibility gap; meaningful human control; artificial intelligence (AI); land operations.
  • Summary/Abstract:Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are rapidly transforming how militaries plan and conduct land operations. From executing high-risk missions as a stand-alone system to integrating into tactical teams and operating in complex dynamic environments where synchronization is essential, these technologies are changing the pace and logic of modern warfare. This transformation is closely linked to advances in artificial intelligence, sensor fusion, and data processing capabilities, which enable increasingly autonomous functions within the targeting and engagement cycle. As a result, commanders are required to adapt doctrinal frameworks, command-and-control structures, and decision-making processes to accommodate human-machine interaction. This study aims to provide a clear and concise overview of the issues surrounding these systems, as debated by international regulatory bodies, and how they are integrated into ground operations, highlighting their advantages and the challenges posed by the development of autonomous technologies, particularly in relation to accountability, meaningful human control, and compliance with international humanitarian law.
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY DOMAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL ASPECTS, SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES AND ALIGNMENT PERSPECTIVES

CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY DOMAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL ASPECTS, SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES AND ALIGNMENT PERSPECTIVES
(CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY DOMAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL ASPECTS, SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES AND ALIGNMENT PERSPECTIVES)

  • Author(s):Cornel ARGINT, Daniel ABOTEZĂTOAEI, Vlad DRĂGUȘ
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:155-160
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:emerging technologies; cybersecurity; civil-military; interoperability; NIS2; security-by-design; systemic vulnerabilities.
  • Summary/Abstract:Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, cyber capabilities, advanced communication networks, and space-based systems – are redefining the boundary between civilian and military domains, generating deep structural interdependence. Although the two sectors operate under distinct missions, legal frameworks, and risk tolerances, they rely on the same fundamental digital infrastructure. This article analyses, using the comparative method, civilian and military requirements, identifying areas of convergence, such as continuity of government, provision of critical services, and situational awareness and areas of divergence, namely: national defence versus service continuity, transparency versus secrecy, and speed of innovation versus long lifecycle expectations. The European legal framework (the NIS2 Directive (EU 2022/2555), Romania's Law No. 58/2023 on Cyber Security and Defence, and Government Emergency Ordinance No. 155/2024, which transposes the NIS2 Directive), is examined for its capacity to manage this interdependence. The article argues that separate development of technological solutions amplifies systemic vulnerabilities and proposes early-stage alignment and security-by-design principles as essential responses for responsible governance of emerging technologies.
THE OPERATIONAL SYNERGY BETWEEN THE TARGETING PROCESS AND THE AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE UNITS’ MISSION IN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS

THE OPERATIONAL SYNERGY BETWEEN THE TARGETING PROCESS AND THE AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE UNITS’ MISSION IN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
(THE OPERATIONAL SYNERGY BETWEEN THE TARGETING PROCESS AND THE AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE UNITS’ MISSION IN MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS)

  • Author(s):Daniel ROMAN, Ionuț TOMA
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:163-169
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:air and missile defense; AMD; targeting process; left-of-launch approach; right-of-launch interception; multi-domain operations; MDO.
  • Summary/Abstract:The operational synergy between the targeting process and Air and Missile Defense (AMD) operations constitutes a critical adaptation for modern Land Forces required to operate within complex Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD) environments. Amidst the proliferation of cost-effective Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and sophisticated missile threats, traditional defensive doctrines ("right-of-launch") face the risk of saturation and economic exhaustion. The study argues for a paradigm shift towards a "left-of-launch" approach, where AMD sensors and specialists actively inform and synchronize the targeting cycle to neutralize threats before they are airborne. By analyzing current NATO and US doctrines regarding Multi-Domain Operations (MDO), this article demonstrates how integrating AMD expertise into targeting cells enhances force protection and offensive lethality.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EXECUTING THE "I" IN RSOM-I: INTEGRATING MULTINATIONAL FORCES AT THE CORPS LEVEL

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EXECUTING THE "I" IN RSOM-I: INTEGRATING MULTINATIONAL FORCES AT THE CORPS LEVEL
(CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR EXECUTING THE "I" IN RSOM-I: INTEGRATING MULTINATIONAL FORCES AT THE CORPS LEVEL)

  • Author(s):Claudiu-Emanuel SAVA
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:170-181
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:RSOM-I; multinational operations; force integration; corps operations; interoperability; deterrence; defence.
  • Summary/Abstract:he integration of multinational forces into a corps-level headquarters represents a critical element of the RSOM-I process. While NATO and national doctrine provide well-established guidance on Reception, Staging, and Onward Movement, integration is addressed primarily in conceptual terms, leaving commanders and planners with considerable flexibility in its practical application. Building on existing doctrinal foundations, this article proposes a conceptual framework for the integration of multinational forces at the corps level, structured around key capability components including personnel, doctrine, organization, processes, technology, and interoperability. The framework illustrates how a corps headquarters can design, synchronize, and assess integration activities from strategic movement through operational employment. By translating doctrinal intent into an organized planning construct, the proposed framework complements existing NATO guidance and supports commanders and planners in achieving operational readiness and unity of effort across multinational formations. The framework is particularly relevant for contemporary deterrence and defence operations on NATO’s Eastern Flank, where timely force integration and multinational cohesion are essential.
POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ADAPTATION AND CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CRISES

POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ADAPTATION AND CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CRISES
(POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR THE ADAPTATION AND CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY CHAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL CRISES)

  • Author(s):Ștefania PETREUȘ
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:182-191
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:supply chains; resilience; agro-food security; COVID-19 pandemic; Russia-Ukraine war; tariff measures.
  • Summary/Abstract:Global crises have exposed the vulnerability of international supply chains and highlighted their strategic role in economic stability. The COVID-19 pandemic, the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the tariff measures adopted by the US in 2025 have disrupted production networks, trade flows, and access to critical resources. This article argues that supply chains should be considered strategic policy instruments that ensure adaptability and continuity at both the local and global levels. Using a qualitative approach based on literature, policy documents, and institutional reports, the study examines three case studies corresponding to these crises. The findings indicate that resilient supply chains require coordinated legislative frameworks, infrastructure, financial support, technological integration, and human capital readiness. Multi-level governance and digitalization enable supply chains to function as adaptive systems, maintaining operational continuity under conditions of disruption. The study proposes a multi-level perspective-strategic, operational, and technological-positioning supply chains as policy instruments for crisis management and long-term economic resilience.
RESILIENCE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES

RESILIENCE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
(RESILIENCE IN MILITARY PHYSICAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES)

  • Author(s):Alin-Dumitru PELMUȘ, Ion ANDREI
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:192-200
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:physical resilience; psychological resilience; military physical education; physical effort; psychological effort; new technologies.
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper addresses resilience in the field of physical education and sports in the military, in the context of the emergence of cutting-edge technologies. Thus, after the types of resilience used in this paper are defined in the opening chapter, aspects related to the role and practical importance of psychophysical resilience in the military environment are presented. The following briefly highlights the most effective training methods (realistic, varied collective training, in conditions similar to the battlefield, which ensure progress) through which military physical education can develop the ability of soldiers to be physically and mentally resilient in their operational environment. The final part of the paper suggests that integrating new technologies such as biometric monitoring systems, exoskeletons, neuroplasticity, virtual reality and artificial intelligence into the military training process can significantly improve the physical and mental resilience of military personnel through personalized training and immediate feedback. Military training assisted by advanced technology contributes to faster recovery after intense physical and mental efforts, better stress management, increased mental toughness, transforming resilience into a measurable operational capability.
INTEROPERABILITY OF DRONE-CARRIER PLATFORMS AND RIVERINE ARTILLERY SHIPS

INTEROPERABILITY OF DRONE-CARRIER PLATFORMS AND RIVERINE ARTILLERY SHIPS
(INTEROPERABILITY OF DRONE-CARRIER PLATFORMS AND RIVERINE ARTILLERY SHIPS)

  • Author(s):Nicolae BOBEICĂ, Dan-Marian LIVANIS
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:201-208
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Black Sea; Danube; riverine artillery; drone carrier platforms; fire automation; naval surface fire support.
  • Summary/Abstract:The current security context in the Black Sea and the Danube Delta necessitates a re-evaluation of cooperation methods between naval platforms and fire support systems. This paper analyzes the architecture of an integrated "Sensorto-Shooter" (Eshel 2022) system, focusing on the critical role of drone carrier platforms in optimizing and automating naval artillery operated from riverine vessels. In the specific environment of the Danube, where terrain and vegetation coverage drastically limit the visual field of riverine gunboats, the projection of sensors via Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) becomes the only viable method for identifying and engaging targets beyond the visible line of sight. The research employs a systemic methodology to model the digital information flow between the drone carrier platform and the automated fire control systems of riverine vessels. The central hypothesis demonstrates that integrating telemetry data provided by drones directly into the calculation algorithms of automated artillery systems significantly reduces the "Circular Error Probable (CEP)" (Moran 1966) and reaction time, transforming the riverine vessel from a defensive asset into a precision instrument for supporting land or amphibious forces. The results of the study highlight the necessity for a resilient communications infrastructure in the Pontic basin and riverine areas, while offering a theoretical model for modernizing the striking capabilities of the Romanian Naval Forces at strategic points, such as the mouths of the Danube River.
GREENLAND’S ROLE IN MITIGATING LOGISTICAL CONSTRAINTS IN ARCTIC MILITARY OPERATIONS

GREENLAND’S ROLE IN MITIGATING LOGISTICAL CONSTRAINTS IN ARCTIC MILITARY OPERATIONS
(GREENLAND’S ROLE IN MITIGATING LOGISTICAL CONSTRAINTS IN ARCTIC MILITARY OPERATIONS)

  • Author(s):Alexandru ȚURCANU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:209-217
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:Arctic; Greenland; military logistics; logistical constraints; military operations.
  • Summary/Abstract:The growing strategic interest in the Arctic region has prompted a reassessment of the role of logistics in the planning and conduct of military operations in environments characterized by vast distances, limited infrastructure, and extreme climatic conditions. In this context, Greenland gains particular relevance due to its geographical position and existing infrastructure, which can significantly influence the ability to sustain military operations in the Arctic. The analytical approach of this article is grounded in the following research question: to what extent can Greenland reduce the logistical constraints of military operations conducted in the Arctic? The study evaluates the role that Greenland’s infrastructure and location may play in facilitating mobility, sustaining forces, and increasing the resilience of logistical supply chains, without idealizing its capacity to eliminate the limitations of the Arctic operational environment. The research methodology relies on the documentary analysis of military doctrines, strategic documents, and specialized studies relevant to military logistics. This approach is complemented by a conceptual examination of logistical constraints and by the use of Greenland as a case study to evaluate the operational relevance of intermediate support points within the specific conditions of the Arctic environment. The findings indicate that Greenland contributes to reducing logistical distances, increasing operational autonomy, and strengthening multinational cooperation, thereby facilitating the deployment and sustainment of military operations in the region. At the same time, the analysis highlights that the Arctic environment continues to impose significant limitations generated by climate, seasonality, and limited infrastructure capacity. Consequently, Greenland should be understood as a factor that mitigates logistical constraints, rather than a solution capable of eliminating the operational challenges specific to the Arctic region
ROMANIA'S DEFENSE INDUSTRY: FUNDING, CHALLENGES, AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES

ROMANIA'S DEFENSE INDUSTRY: FUNDING, CHALLENGES, AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES
(ROMANIA'S DEFENSE INDUSTRY: FUNDING, CHALLENGES, AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES)

  • Author(s):Mădălina-Dănuța SCIPANOV
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:218-226
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:funding; defense industry; budget; defense expenditures; sources of financing.
  • Summary/Abstract: In this article, it is analyzed the evolution and prospects of Romania's defense industry, highlighting aspects related to funding, current challenges, and opportunities for development in the medium and long term. Also, it is analyzed the national and European funding sources, including national budget allocations, European funds, and international partnerships, as well as their impact on modernization and military technologies, as well as technological innovation. In the context of geopolitical and economic challenges, the article highlights the importance of strategic investments, international collaborations, and innovation to strengthen the country's defense capacity and for to integrate into NATO's defense system. The result of the analysis will provide clues on the effects of national and European policies on the defense industry, as well as its adaptation to new technologies and security requirements. In light of the above, the conclusions of this article provide a comprehensive perspective on the future of Romania's defense industry and offer recommendations for stimulating growth and sustainability within it.
THE ROLE OF STANDING NAVAL FORCES IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE IN A NARROW SEA

THE ROLE OF STANDING NAVAL FORCES IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE IN A NARROW SEA
(THE ROLE OF STANDING NAVAL FORCES IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE IN A NARROW SEA)

  • Author(s):Andrei PAVĂL
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:229-245
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:hybrid warfare; Standing Naval Forces; narrow sea; permanent naval presence; deterrence.
  • Summary/Abstract:Hybrid warfare has amplified strategic competition in the maritime domain, particularly in areas characterized by geographical constraints and by factors conducive to the manifestation of this type of conflict. The literature from the main stream of knowledge broadly discusses the conceptual dimension of hybrid warfare in the maritime domain; however, it insufficiently examines the role of the presence of Standing Naval Forces in narrow seas, especially from a comparative perspective of different types of maritime environments. This article addresses this analytical deficit by examining the role of Standing Naval Forces in the context of hybrid warfare in a narrow sea. The research employs a qualitative, typological comparative analysis, relating the narrow sea to the semi-enclosed sea and the high seas. The results indicate that the geographical and operational specificities of the narrow sea amplify the effects of naval presence on hybrid manifestations, increasing the relevance of deterrence and of controlling the escalation of military actions conducted below the threshold of armed conflict. The contribution of the study consists in proposing a coherent analytical framework for the assessment of permanent naval presence in constrained maritime environments, with the inherent limitation of the exclusive use of information derived from open sources.
MISINFORMATION AND FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY: VULNERABILITIES EXPLOITED AS WEAPONS IN HYBRID WARFARE

MISINFORMATION AND FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY: VULNERABILITIES EXPLOITED AS WEAPONS IN HYBRID WARFARE
(MISINFORMATION AND FUNCTIONAL ILLITERACY: VULNERABILITIES EXPLOITED AS WEAPONS IN HYBRID WARFARE)

  • Author(s):Andrei PAVĂL
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:246-258
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:misinformation; disinformation; hybrid warfare; functional illiteracy; reading competence.
  • Summary/Abstract:The intense competition below the threshold of armed conflict, or at the fine margin of escalation characteristic of hybrid warfare, exploits the information environment and the social tendencies that drive the distribution and recirculation of media content. In this context, the terminological overlap between misinformation and disinformation under a single translation, combined with vulnerabilities associated with functional illiteracy (operationalized as a deficit in reading competence), may amplify the effects of manipulation. This article examines the mechanism through which an external actor can convert these vulnerabilities into an operational advantage. The study employs descriptive bibliometric analysis and conceptual mapping of the academic literature within the main knowledge stream, complemented by documentary analysis of the same bibliographic sources. The outcome is a conceptual model with an amplification threshold that links functional illiteracy to the spread of misinformation and to its potential exploitation in hybrid actions. The study is limited to open sources, proposes a conceptual model with an amplification threshold, and does not empirically validate the formulated relationships.
MARITIME POWER PROJECTION IN ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS IN THE ERA OF MARITIME DRONES. CONTINUITY AND ADAPTATION OF THE ROLE OF COMBAT SHIPS

MARITIME POWER PROJECTION IN ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS IN THE ERA OF MARITIME DRONES. CONTINUITY AND ADAPTATION OF THE ROLE OF COMBAT SHIPS
(MARITIME POWER PROJECTION IN ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS IN THE ERA OF MARITIME DRONES. CONTINUITY AND ADAPTATION OF THE ROLE OF COMBAT SHIPS)

  • Author(s):Pavel-Traian FETTI, Vlad-George PĂDURARIU
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:259-267
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:maritime power projection; maritime drones; USV; UUV; enclosed seas; semi-enclosed seas; sea control; A2/AD; command and control.
  • Summary/Abstract:This article examines how the proliferation of maritime drones influences maritime power projection in enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, characterized by limited maneuvering space, high sensor density, and the extensive presence of coastal A2/AD systems. Starting from the research hypothesis that the expansion of ISR and attack capabilities through drones does not eliminate the need for combat ships, the authors argue that they remain essential for credible power projection and control of maritime space. The paper highlights the structural limitations of drones in contested environments, particularly their dependence on command and control networks vulnerable to electronic warfare, their still incomplete operational autonomy, and the difficulties associated with positive target identification and escalation management. Based on an evaluation grid comparing operational presence continuity, resilience, command capability, mission versatility, and political-strategic effect, the article shows that combat ships operate as multi-domain integration nodes, provide layered defense, and enable the exercise of legitimate control over maritime space. The results show that, in confined seas, maritime drones act as capability multipliers, but not as a complete substitute for combat ships, and their maximum operational value results from their doctrinal integration into an interoperable naval architecture, oriented towards multi-domain operations and capable of generating credible effects in a contested environment.
DUAL-USE MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE

DUAL-USE MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE
(DUAL-USE MARITIME INFRASTRUCTURE)

  • Author(s):Marian-Vasile SAVA
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:268-281
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:dual-use infrastructure; seabed security; Romanian Naval Forces; AUV/UUV; Black Sea; Hybrid warfare.
  • Summary/Abstract:The seabed maritime infrastructure–encompassing communication cables, energy pipelines, and offshore platforms – has become a strategic element of global maritime security. In the face of increasing hybrid threats and conflicts developing below the threshold of conventional warfare, these structures can no longer be regarded merely as passive assets. The article introduces and defines the concept of dual-use maritime infrastructure, arguing for the transformation of existing civilian installations into active naval assets through the integration of acoustic sensors, distributed sonar networks, and autonomous underwater stations capable of supporting unmanned vehicles (AUVs/UUVs). To achieve this goal, the study employs a comparative and inductive qualitative methodology, analyzing international models of intelligent militarization of civilian infrastructure – particularly in the United States, the Baltic States, and China – and assessing their relevance to the Black Sea security environment. By correlating doctrinal adaptability with emerging maritime technologies, the paper identifies potential avenues for the Romanian Naval Forces to incorporate dual-use infrastructure into national and allied security frameworks. The findings highlight the strategic and operational value of integrating civilian maritime infrastructure into a coherent regional underwater security architecture, strengthening both national resilience and collective defense. The paper thus contributes to the development of a doctrinal foundation for future research and policy design in the field of seabed and critical maritime infrastructure protection.
TARGETING MODEL: FROM "KILL CHAIN" TO "KILL WEB"

TARGETING MODEL: FROM "KILL CHAIN" TO "KILL WEB"
(TARGETING MODEL: FROM "KILL CHAIN" TO "KILL WEB")

  • Author(s):Daniel LOBONCZ
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:282-288
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:targeting; kill chain; kill web.
  • Summary/Abstract:The article further highlights the imperative of adapting the targeting process to the new realities of the conflict environment and its evolution from a linear model to a network-based one. The importance of this transition stems from the contemporary operational realities identified in the war in Ukraine, which underscore the necessity of operating in contested environments characterized by high information density and an accelerated tempo of operations. In this article, I propose a more in-depth understanding of the targeting process, ranging from the classical model traditionally employed by NATO forces to the transition toward a model adapted to current requirements. This emerging model is a network-based architecture where information flows are multidirectional, offering greater flexibility and increased resilience against disruption. This targeting process model, also referred to as a "kill web", transcends the limitations of the classic "kill chain" by employing a decentralized architecture. In conclusion, the article emphasizes technological updates and the critical need to adapt military processes specifically targeting to current operational conditions in order to address new challenges effectively. The transition from a linear targeting model to a network-based one has become absolutely essential for dealing with modern threats.
ASYMMETRIC CAPABILITIES IN LARGE-SCALE MODERN WARFARE: DRONE AND COUNTER-DRONE DYNAMICS IN THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR

ASYMMETRIC CAPABILITIES IN LARGE-SCALE MODERN WARFARE: DRONE AND COUNTER-DRONE DYNAMICS IN THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR
(ASYMMETRIC CAPABILITIES IN LARGE-SCALE MODERN WARFARE: DRONE AND COUNTER-DRONE DYNAMICS IN THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR)

  • Author(s):Florin CRĂIȚOIU, Florin OPREA
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:289-297
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:counter-drone; sensors; electronic warfare means; asymmetric technological capabilities.
  • Summary/Abstract:The war in Ukraine represents the most extensive large-scale conventional military conflict in Europe in recent decades and provides a significant empirical case for examining accelerated technological adaptation in high-intensity warfare. While fundamentally characterized by conventional force employment, massed fires, and large-scale maneuver operations, the conflict has also revealed the growing importance of asymmetric technological capabilities, particularly in the widespread use and countering of unmanned systems. Methodologically, the article is based on a qualitative and comparative analysis of open-source intelligence (OSINT), military and specialized reports, operational case studies, and doctrinal assessments concerning the employment of counter-drone capabilities. The study examines the principal categories of counter-drone systems, including short- and very short-range radar sensors, electro-optical and acoustic detection systems, electronic warfare capabilities such as jamming and control denial, as well as kinetic and non-kinetic neutralization solutions. The objectives of the article are threefold: to identify operational lessons derived from the interaction between drones and counter-drone systems; to assess the tactical effectiveness and structural limitations of detection, electronic warfare, and interception solutions under combat conditions; and to formulate development directions for integrated, modular, and resilient counter-UAS architectures relevant to defense planning and force adaptation to contemporary battlefield requirements. The findings indicate that technological asymmetry functions as an operational enabler within large-scale conventional warfare, shaping tactical dynamics without altering the fundamental character of the conflict.
ROMANIAN – BULGARIAN CRITICAL COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

ROMANIAN – BULGARIAN CRITICAL COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
(ROMANIAN – BULGARIAN CRITICAL COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION)

  • Author(s):Pavel-Traian FETTI, Lucian Valeriu SCIPANOV
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Security and defense, Military Sciences
  • Page Range:298-304
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:critical infrastructure; maritime security; seaports; energy infrastructure protection; regional cooperation.
  • Summary/Abstract:The article examines the legal prospects for cooperation in protecting critical coastal infrastructure at the Romanian-Bulgarian maritime border, highlighting the strategic and operational implications. The research underscores the presence of a diverse infrastructure at this shared Euro-Atlantic frontier, characterized by a concentration of major ports, energy terminals, offshore projects, and submarine cables that support regional trade, energy security, and digital connectivity. Specific risks to the Western Black Sea basin – including underwater sabotage, drifting mines, cyberattacks, and trade route disruptions – are assessed against the backdrop of recent geopolitical developments. By analyzing the international legal framework, grounded in UNCLOS provisions, IMO regulations, and EU norms, the study emphasizes the essential balance between freedom of navigation and security measures. The findings present various technical and institutional protection tools, such as VTS/VTMIS systems, naval surveillance, and regional cooperation, underlining the importance of an integrated and interoperable approach.
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