CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY DOMAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL ASPECTS, SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES AND ALIGNMENT PERSPECTIVES
CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY DOMAINS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL ASPECTS, SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES AND ALIGNMENT PERSPECTIVES

Author(s): Cornel ARGINT, Daniel ABOTEZĂTOAEI, Vlad DRĂGUȘ
Subject(s): Security and defense, Military Sciences
Published by: Carol I National Defence University Publishing House
Keywords: emerging technologies; cybersecurity; civil-military; interoperability; NIS2; security-by-design; systemic vulnerabilities.
Summary/Abstract: Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, cyber capabilities, advanced communication networks, and space-based systems – are redefining the boundary between civilian and military domains, generating deep structural interdependence. Although the two sectors operate under distinct missions, legal frameworks, and risk tolerances, they rely on the same fundamental digital infrastructure. This article analyses, using the comparative method, civilian and military requirements, identifying areas of convergence, such as continuity of government, provision of critical services, and situational awareness and areas of divergence, namely: national defence versus service continuity, transparency versus secrecy, and speed of innovation versus long lifecycle expectations. The European legal framework (the NIS2 Directive (EU 2022/2555), Romania's Law No. 58/2023 on Cyber Security and Defence, and Government Emergency Ordinance No. 155/2024, which transposes the NIS2 Directive), is examined for its capacity to manage this interdependence. The article argues that separate development of technological solutions amplifies systemic vulnerabilities and proposes early-stage alignment and security-by-design principles as essential responses for responsible governance of emerging technologies.

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