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Konzepte des Religionsunterrichtes in Europa

Konzepte des Religionsunterrichtes in Europa

Author(s): Boris Kalbheim / Language(s): German

„Ich bin der Meinung, dass Religionsunterricht in unseren heutigen Zeiten eher wichtiger als weniger wichtig ist.“ Das sagte Frau Dr. Angela Merkel zu Anfang des Jahres bei einem Vortrag zum Thema „Verbundenheit in offener Gesellschaft: Pluralität und Identität – Herausforderung und Chancen“. Ein säkularer Staat bietet Religionsunterricht an, Religionsunterricht in einer Gesellschaft, die stolz ist auf Religionsfreiheit – ist das sinnvoll? Es gibt eine Reihe von Argumenten gegen Religionsunterricht: So wird behauptet, dass Religionsunterricht die Schulen spalte; ebenso wird behauptet, dass Religionsunterricht indoktrinierend sei und dass Religionsunterricht nicht wissenschaftlich gesichert sei. Ist Religionsunterricht gefährlich oder im besten Falle Zeitverschwendung? Bevor man diese Thesen diskutiert, lohnt sich ein Blick auf die tatsächliche Situation in den Schulen Europas: Die Frage, was unterrichtet werden soll, und wie die Schule angelegt ist, das wird schon seit Jahrzehnten reflektiert, und diese Überlegungen sind in die Konzeptionen des Religionsunterrichtes in Europa eingeflossen: Es gibt nicht den einen Religionsunterricht, vielmehr ist die Konzeption des Religionsunterrichtes abhängig von den gesellschaftlichen, demographischen und historischen Voraussetzungen in den einzelnen Ländern. Im Folgenden werde ich einen Überblick geben über die Organisation des Religionsunterrichtes in verschiedenen Ländern Europas. Die Auswahl dieser Länder hat folgende Gründe: Frankreich ist das Land mit der längsten säkularen Tradition. Das Konzept der Laïcité hat die französische Gesellschaft und die Schule seit rund 150 Jahren geprägt. Der Umgang mit Religion in der Schule hat sich in Frankreich in auffälliger Weise geändert, ohne das Konzept der Laïcité direkt aufzugeben. Belgien und die Niederlande haben eine längere gemeinsame Geschichte; seit der Trennung der Länder im Jahr 1830 sind sie jedoch sozial und schulpolitisch unterschiedliche Wege gegangen. Diese Unterschiede zeigen sich bis heute in der Stellung des Religionsunterrichtes. Großbritannien und Norwegen sind Länder, in denen eine Verbindung zwischen dem Staatsoberhaupt und einer Religionsgemeinschaft besteht: Die Kirche von England hat als Oberhaupt die Queen, die norwegische protestantische Volkskirche hat sich erst 2017 vom Staat getrennt. Tschechien ist ein Land mit einer eigenen Geschichte der Religion und des Verhältnisses zur Religion; durch politische und gesellschaftliche Prozesse ist Tschechien heute ein Land mit einem besonders hohen Anteil an Konfessionslosen. Deutschland ist das Mutterland der Reformation, seit der Zeit waren zwei Konfessionen von Bedeutung. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg waren diese Kirchen sehr am Aufbau der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beteiligt und halfen diesem Neuen Staat zu Stabilität und Zusammenhalt. Auch der Religionsunterricht ein dabei ein wichtiges Element. Mit dieser Auswahl an werden unterschiedliche Traditionen und demographische Verhältnisse in Europa abgebildet, daran lässt sich erkennen, wie die Konzeption des Religionsunterrichtes von diesen Voraussetzungen abhängt.

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Viedenský kongres a vývoj myšlienky národného štátu v strednej Európe

Viedenský kongres a vývoj myšlienky národného štátu v strednej Európe

Author(s): Dušan Kováč / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Viedenský kongres v rokoch 1814 – 1815 bol prvým veľkým medzinárodným kongresom v moderných dejinách, ktorý ovplyvnil ďalšie dianie na „starom“ kontinente, ale v dôsledku existencie koloniálneho systému na celom svete.2 Na kongrese sa zúčastnili aj menšie európske štáty, ale rozhodujúce slovo mali veľmoci. Posledným takým celoeurópskym kongresom bolo stretnutie veľmocí po tridsaťročnej vojne. Zatiaľ čo Vestfálsky mier bol definitívnou bodkou za stredovekou Európou, Viedenský kongres si predsavzal stanoviť nový poriadok a nové politické hranice pre moderný svet, ktorý sa už ohlasoval nástupom parného stroja a presadzovaním sa kapitálu nielen v svetovej ekonomike, ale aj v politike.

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Power of rituals and rituals of power: Religious and secular rituals in the political culture of medieval Kingdom of Hungary ...

Power of rituals and rituals of power: Religious and secular rituals in the political culture of medieval Kingdom of Hungary ...

Author(s): Dušan Zupka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study of rituals and the symbolic forms of public communication is one of the main directions in contemporary Medieval Studies. The aim of this article is to point out the role and significance of ritualised behaviour for medieval society - that means the so-called power of rituals. For this purpose we shall observe in detail category of rituals of power, which belong to the most widespread and most studied ways of symbolic communication. Strong interconnection between profane and the sacred in Middle Ages is also evident in the sphere of ritualised behaviour. Religious and secular rituals acted synchronically next to each other and therefore, they shall be equally represented in our study.

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Perception and reception of the Byzantine heritage in the region of eastern Slovakia and the Podkarpatska Rus, and the formation of religious and cultural identity. Looking for the border between the East and the West. (Frontiers and Boundaries)

Perception and reception of the Byzantine heritage in the region of eastern Slovakia and the Podkarpatska Rus, and the formation of religious and cultural identity. Looking for the border between the East and the West. (Frontiers and Boundaries)

Author(s): Václav Ježek / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following contribution discusses the Byzantine religious-cultural heritage in relation to the region of contemporary eastern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus (nowadays part of Ukraine). Formerly this region and its vicinity belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. This area offers many insights into religious history and religious sociology and it was an area where a unique religious tradition developed, which had roots in the Byzantine religious culture, brought to central Europe by saints Cyril and Methodius in the ninth century.

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Československo a Poľsko na ceste ku komunistickému monopolu moc. (Pokus o komparáciu)

Československo a Poľsko na ceste ku komunistickému monopolu moc. (Pokus o komparáciu)

Author(s): Michal Barnovský / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Takmer trojročné obdobie dejín Československa a Slovenska od oslobodenia roku 1945 do februára 1948 je stále predmetom záujmu historikov a politológov. Po páde komunistického režimu sa výskum sústredil predovšetkým na rekonštrukciu politického diania, ale približne od druhej polovice 90. rokov 20. storočia sa čoraz častejšie nastoľuje otázka o charaktere politického režimu v Československu v tomto relatívne krátkom období. Pritom sa používajú jeho rôzne pomenovania tak súdobé – ľudová demokracia, socializujúca demokracia, ako aj najnovšie – limitovaná, resp. obmedzená demokracia, predkomunistický režim, polosovietsky režim, totalizujúca demokracia atď. V poslednom čase sa často stretávame s neutrálnym názvom režim tretej republiky. Už z uvedených slovných označení je zjavná rôznosť názorov. Bez ohľadu na niektoré odtiene, v podstate ide o to, či politický režim tretej republiky bol demokratický, alebo nedemokratický, resp. čo v ňom bolo demokratické a čo nebolo s demokraciou zlučiteľné. Viac-menej existuje zhoda, že šlo o hybridný systém, ale názory sa rozchádzajú v tom, čo v tomto hybride dominovalo natoľko, že určilo charakter politického režimu.

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Pozícia Československa v strednej Európe na konci druhej svetovej vojny a tesne po nej

Pozícia Československa v strednej Európe na konci druhej svetovej vojny a tesne po nej

Author(s): Slavomír Michálek / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Počas druhej svetovej vojny a po nej prekonali Európa i celý svet závažné ideologické a politické zmeny, ktoré vážne narušili dovtedajšiu geopolitickú štruktúru. Novým rozhodujúcim fenoménom vývoja sa stali dve superveľmoci, USA a ZSSR. Ich vzťahy ovplyvňovali polarizáciu Európy ako celku a premietali sa aj do vnútorných záležitostí jej jednotlivých štátov. Vojnou, nemeckou okupáciou podstatnej časti kontinentálnej Európy a porážkou mocností Osi sa pretrhli aj tradičné hospodárske zväzky. Časť Európy oslobodila armáda Sovietskeho zväzu, časť vojská západných spojencov. Tým sa objektívne rozchádzali vonkajšie vplyvy na vnútorné usporiadanie jednotlivých európskych štátov. V oslobodených krajinách prevládala iluzórna predstava, že všetky problémy sa majú a dajú riešiť vo Washingtone a v Moskve.

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Bezpečnostná situácia v pohraničných oblastiach Oravy a Spiša v období 1945 – 1947

Bezpečnostná situácia v pohraničných oblastiach Oravy a Spiša v období 1945 – 1947

Author(s): Jan Štaigl / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Cieľom tohto príspevku je poukázať na vývoj bezpečnostnej situácie v československo-poľskom, resp. slovensko-poľskom pohraničí v období rokov 1945 – 1947, a to jednak na inkorporovanom území a jednak na slovenskej strane hranice. Časový rámec skúmanej problematiky sa začína oslobodením týchto oblastí Červenou armá- dou a končí rokom 1947, ktorý sa najmä v kontexte podpísania československo-poľskej zmluvy o priateľstve, spolupráci a vzájomnej pomoci stal istým prelomom vo vzťahoch medzi Československom a Poľskom. Štúdiu ponímame ako príspevok k diskusii, ktorá prebieha v slovenskej a poľskej historiografii a v komunite „poľských“ Slovákov na Hornej Orave a Spiši o niektorých aspektoch povojnového vývoja na tomto území. Opierame sa v nej predovšetkým o výsledky vlastného výskumu v archívoch Slovenskej republiky a Českej republiky.

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Research Problems of Magical Texts in Central Europe

Research Problems of Magical Texts in Central Europe

Author(s): Benedek Láng / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In his fundamental article on the diffusion of Arabic magical texts in Western Europe, David Pingree made a remarkable observation. He noticed that copies of magical texts “found an attentive audience only after about (...) 1400 in Central Europe.” The research I have been carrying out in the latest years is closely related to Pingree’s remark. My investigations focus on Central European sources of learned magic found in 15th century manuscripts. These texts include a wide variety of branches from the relatively innocent practices of natural magic, which operates with the secret correspondences of the world and with the marvellous properties of its objects (to be found in lapidaries, bestiaries, books of marvels, and books of secrets), through the more manipulative methods of image magic or talismanic magic (presented in the famous Picatrix, in Thebit ben Corath’s De imaginibus, in a range of hermetic texts), to arrive finally at the practices of ritual magic, that is the science of acquiring knowledge about unknown, future, and hidden phenomena with the help of the invocation of angels and demons.

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Žena a zločin vo východoslovenských mestách v 16. storočí. Otázky, pramene, definície

Žena a zločin vo východoslovenských mestách v 16. storočí. Otázky, pramene, definície

Author(s): Blanka Szeghyová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

History of crime and punishment is not a marginal history. Quite the opposite, by showing which kinds of behaviour were unacceptable and punishable by the law, judicial records reveal norms of behaviour imposed by society on men and women. The author addresses several questions: What were the most frequent and typical charges brought against women? How does it correspond to the criminality of men? Were women and men treated differently for the same crime? Were there any gender differences in the punitive patterns? The paper uses examples from the four towns of Upper Hungary (present-day Eastern Slovakia) Kosice, Levoca, Bardejov and Presov, mainly from the second half of the sixteenth century, as judicial sources of an earlier date are rather scarce. Contemporary notion of crime and ways of dealing with criminal activities reflect the norms and values of the society. One of the most important immaterial property and value deeply entrenched in the mentality of the people of the 16th century was their good reputation. In case of men, it was based more on a concept of honour and in case of women, it was their chastity that counted. As a result, cases of defamation or slander were rather frequent among towns people. At the same time, the sixteenth century saw the increasing tendency of town authorities to regulate conduct, sexual behaviour and the family life of ordinary people. This phenomenon, called sometimes moralization of society or social disciplining was stimulated by the spread of the Reformation and the subsequent internal reform of the Catholic Church. Sexual offences and offences against the institution of marriage such as fornication, prostitution, desertion of one's husband, adultery, bigamy and incest were punished severely. It is interesting that the law did not discriminated between prostitution and fornication, using "fornication" as a blanket term for all kinds of immoral behaviour of unmarried people. Public shaming or flogging at the pillory and banishment were usual punishments for fornication. If there were no obstacles, the court would force the couple convicted of fornication to marry in prison. Sexual relations of married people with anybody other than their lawful husband or wife were punished in a similar way, but usually more strictly and capital punishment was not rare in such cases. It was one of the above-mentioned offences against morality and marriage that women were most frequently charged with. At the same time, courts would often for the same offence pronounce different sentence for a women and different for her partner. While the woman was flogged and banished, the man would get awav with a fine. On the other hand, men were most frequently accused of thievery. Punishments for thieves varied enormously, depending on individual circum stances of each case. Overall, however, male thieves used to get harsher punishments than women did. This might be explained by the fact, that women, unlike men, were mostly opportunistic petty thieves, who were in general treated more leniently. In murder charges, women were almost unheard of as the accused, unless we include a special group of infanticides into the category. Infanticide was a typical crime of single girls and was punished by the death penalty. Witchcraft charges were brought to the court only exceptionally in the sixteenth century and even then, accused women were pronounced innocent or discharged with an admonition only. The sex of the condemned determined also a kind of punishment they would get. Women were never hanged, broken by the wheel or quartered. On the other hand, death penalty by drowning was used only on women. Similarly, impalement in the grave, the usual penalty for infanticide was a typical female punishment. Urban judiciary had a unique place in the Hungarian judicial system and it seems that town authorities imposed stricter penalties than any other court.

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TÜRKİYE’YE YÖNELİK SURİYELİ GÖÇÜNÜN ÇOK YÖNLÜ DOĞASINA GİRİŞ
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TÜRKİYE’YE YÖNELİK SURİYELİ GÖÇÜNÜN ÇOK YÖNLÜ DOĞASINA GİRİŞ

Author(s): Bilhan Kartal / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

This is an introduction to the edited volume highlighting main features and the outline of chapters.

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STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE RUSSIA UKRAINE CONFLICT

STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE RUSSIA UKRAINE CONFLICT

Author(s): Elina Lange-Ionatamishvili,Sanda Svetoka / Language(s): English

Elina Lange-Ionatamishvili and Sanda Svetoka of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence in Latvia, in Chapter 12, discuss the role of social media in this conflict. In the Internet era, the battle for hearts and minds has never been more important. Social media is a trust-based network that provides fertile soil for intelligence collection, propaganda dissemination, and psychological operations (PSYOPS) to influence public opinion – or to lead adversaries into harm’s way. ‘Soft’ cyber attacks can be as severe as any attack on critical infrastructure. In Ukraine, they have generated fear, uncertainty, and doubt about the economic, cultural, and national security of Ukraine, while promoting positive messages about Russia’s role in Crimea and eastern Ukraine. The authors provide recommendations for defence against such attacks, including how to identify them, challenge them, and how to develop a resilient political narrative to withstand false propaganda.

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Recommendations to BiH Institutions on the protection of LGBT human rights based on the first regional LGBT conference “Advancing the Human Rights of LGBT People in the Western Balkans”

Recommendations to BiH Institutions on the protection of LGBT human rights based on the first regional LGBT conference “Advancing the Human Rights of LGBT People in the Western Balkans”

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Sarajevo Open Centre and Open Society Fund BiH hosted a conference on December 16th, 2013 with the aim of sharing best practices for improving LGBT human rights in the Western Balkan region. Representatives from LGBT organizations and ombudsperson offices in BiH, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia were present, as well as those from international organizations, such as the OSCE Mission to BiH, the United Nations office in BiH, and some representatives of foreign embassies. We also invited all relevant BiH institutions such as Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, the three members of the Presidency, human rights committees from multiple levels of parliaments, and the gender agency and entity gender centers. However, we received few responses and no one attended. We present a summary of lessons learned as a first step to transferring this experience to the local context, recognizing the fact that utilizing European Union integration processes is key for accomplishing all of the following recommendations.

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ROBOTROLLING 2/2018

ROBOTROLLING 2/2018

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Anonymous users stole the show this quarter. Never before have we observed such high levels of activity from anonymous accounts. At the same time, bot activity in Russian-language conversations about NATO activity in the Baltics and Poland has emerged from its winter slumber. In the wake of the Skripal poisonings in the UK in March, Russian-language bot and anonymous activity about NATO more than doubled. Mentions of NATO on VK, in contrast, have been stable and declining during the whole period. Social media companies are working to end platform misuse. But malicious activity is evolving. Today, anonymous accounts are dominating the conversation. These accounts are either operated manually, or they have become advanced enough to fool human observers. The responses from open and free societies to the problem of online malicious activity have neither been strong enough, nor consistent enough. Figures presented in this issue reveal a disparity between the conversation quality in English and Russian-language spaces. Currently, the Russian-language conversation about NATO in the Baltics and Poland has six times the proportion of content from bot and anonymous accounts. As Twitter has taken steps to remove bots, the disparity has only widened. We assess that 93% of Russian-language accounts in our dataset are operated anonymously or automatically. In no way does this conversation mirror opinions of citizens. Journalists, policy makers, and advertisers take note!

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ROBOTROLLING 1/2019

ROBOTROLLING 1/2019

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

This report presents top-level findings from the first research project to systematically track and measure the scale of inauthentic activity on the Russian social network VK. On VK, a vocal core consisting of loyal news media, pro-Kremlin groups, and bots and trolls dominates the conversation about NATO. The volume of material from this core group is such, that overall genuine users account for only of 14% of the total number of messages about NATO in the Baltic States and Poland. The spread of demonstrably fake content can offer a starting point for measuring how social media manipulation impacts genuine conversations. In the case of one story about a fictitious Finnish blogger, our algorithm estimates that at least 80% of users who shared the fake story were authentic. This quarter, messages appeared in more than 2 000 different group pages on VK. Setting aside messages from group pages, 37% of VK posts came from ‘bot’ accounts—software that mimics human behavior online. This level of activity is comparable to what we have seen on Russian-language Twitter. Unlike on Twitter, where the vast majority of human-controlled accounts are operated anonymously, on VK most accounts are likely to be authentic. Western social media companies have belatedly taken an active role in reducing the reach of the Kremlin’s social media manipulation efforts. However, it remains hard for researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures on platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. In this context, VK offers a cautionary view of a network with minimal privacy, regulation, and moderation.

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Pravna zaštita u odnosu između države i saveznih zemalja
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Pravna zaštita u odnosu između države i saveznih zemalja

Author(s): Stefan Haack / Language(s): Bosnian

This article investigates the justiciability of the relationship between the Federation and the States within the federal system in Germany. Firstly, it will be discussed if it is possible to refer to subjective rights of the involved parties regarding the competences in the federal State. Moreover, the question about the existence of a legal basis („if“) and the question about the control of limits of the exercise of powers („how“) will be distinguished. Furthermore, the possibilities of a legal enforcement of rights and obligations resulting from the relationship between the Federation and the States will be examined in some selected fields. The selected fields include disputes about legislative authority, jurisdiction for administration, budgetary constitutional law, disputes resulting from contracts between the Federation and the States and about the use of coercive action. The main emphasis has been put on the distinction between the legal protection in constitutional and general courts. The overall presentation of legal protection in the relationship between the Federation and the States shows that this relationship forms justiciable relations under the German Basic Law. Accordingly, the German federalism is rightly called „justiciable federalism“.

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Nüfus Coğrafyası Dersi Uygulamalarının Öğrencilerin Demografik Veri Araştırma Becerisine Etkisi: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Verileri

Nüfus Coğrafyası Dersi Uygulamalarının Öğrencilerin Demografik Veri Araştırma Becerisine Etkisi: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Verileri

Author(s): Vedat Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Population geography analyses the geographical distribution of population and explains the causal links related to this distribution. It is important to obtain accurate and reliable demographic data in terms of population geography. These data can be collected by many institutions and organisations. In Turkey, the largest and most comprehensive collection of primary data on population is the Turkish Statistical Institute. Population geography education is one of the important issues of the academic world today. While giving this education, it is beneficial for learning to realise some subjects as practical. As a matter of fact, studies have shown that teaching by doing approach in geography teaching increases learning. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of university students to research and apply demographic data in the context of Turkish Statistical Institute data. Descriptive survey model was used in the study. The study was applied to students taking population geography course. In this sense, the affinity sampling method was used in the sample selection in the study. In order to obtain the data, a questionnaire containing 5-point Likert-type statements developed by the researcher was used. According to the results of the research, geography department students think that the studies on demographic data research and application in population geography teaching improve their skills.

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Regeneracja miasta przemysłowego – nowe wyzwania dla polityki przestrzennej i urbanistycznej w świetle zmieniających się strategicznych strumieni zasobów. Kontekst łódzki
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Regeneracja miasta przemysłowego – nowe wyzwania dla polityki przestrzennej i urbanistycznej w świetle zmieniających się strategicznych strumieni zasobów. Kontekst łódzki

Author(s): Tadeusz Markowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The chapter addresses the issue of a broader view of the regeneration of an industrial city in the light of dynamically occurring multidimensional technological, social, political and, above all, environmental changes. Regeneration consists in discovering the usefulness of each component of the production potential in new conditions and properly incorporating it into the productive and developmental circulation. It is a process in which a new “grammar” of management emerges on the one hand (new concepts, a new language, a new conceptualization of the functioning and development of the city), and on the other hand, management shifts to a new development trajectory. It is impossible to start this process without modifying the socio-economic imaginary and building a new paradigm in the approach to further processes of urbanization and urban development. The reallocation of industry towards Third World Countries by global corporations over the past 50 years has shown how sensitive – politically, socially and ecologically – we have created the modern world. The scale of the problem is revealed to us at an accelerated pace by extreme climatic events, epidemiological threats, political and war conflicts. Supply chains are being disrupted, basic principles of social and economic security are being violated. These are, among other things, the main reasons for the need for a different view – scientific and political – of the geography of the world’s production processes and the need to take into account – in the further development of civilization – “commonly” ignored global external costs. We now know that we are in the phase of a civilizational and climatic geopolitical and demographic breakthrough, which requires a different view of the productive functions of cities, their future functional and spatial structure, the degree of preservation of material cultural heritage. Perhaps the delayed changes that are taking place in Łódź are a new opportunity that will be used in a new historical moment of changes in the geography of the world’s industry, moving away from energy based on coal and other fossil fuels, and to re-reallocate the generation sphere to the global level towards the return of “industry” to the cities of the Western World and the EU. However, the reindustrialisation of the cities of the EU, Europe and the Western World will have a different trajectory resulting from the clearly visible features of a new type of digital and low-emission economy, as well as the possibility for cities to generate “new” strategic generation resources on their own. These new “economic resources” are produced in complex territorial urban socio-economic systems. As a consequence of these objective trends, we can conclude that the new wave of development and transformation of cities will be determined by “new” resources and development factors already inherent in urban systems as a result of the historical process of accumulation with minerals, raw materials and also the accumulation of knowledge and skills of city dwellers. Especially large cities have a “hidden” critical mass, the liberation of which will allow the transition to a new trajectory of development based, in a strategic sense, on intangible intellectual resources. Such a new resource of industrial development becomes “territorial capital”. Without going into a deeper analysis of contemporary development processes, widely described in the literature on the subject, it is worth pointing out the permanent trends that will determine further development processes and what may result from them for global, national and local activities of public institutions towards cities and urbanization processes. These include:• Accelerating digitization of all spheres of economic, social, political and military life. • Increase in demand for stable electricity. • Building a global consensus on action to protect the climate and restore the regenerative functions of the natural environment. • Political and economic pressure on the development of renewable energy sources as new resources for building sustainable competitive advantages on territorial scales. • The depletion of cheap sources of mineral resources and the strengthening of market innovations and motivation to use secondary raw materials. • Economic polarization of the world and conflicts over access to water.

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ЗАКОНЪТ ЗА УСТРОЙСТВО НА ЧЕРНОМОРСКОТО КРАЙБРЕЖИЕ – ГАРАНЦИЯ ЗА УСТОЙЧИВО РАЗВИТИЕ В РЕГИОНА

ЗАКОНЪТ ЗА УСТРОЙСТВО НА ЧЕРНОМОРСКОТО КРАЙБРЕЖИЕ – ГАРАНЦИЯ ЗА УСТОЙЧИВО РАЗВИТИЕ В РЕГИОНА

Author(s): Anna Cholakova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Bulgarian Black Sea coast is one of the most important and beautiful geographical areas in Bulgaria. Since ancient times, it has focused on diverse functions that are intensively developing in our time – transport, economic, settlement-forming. Tourism as one of the main industries in our national economy is also closely connected with the Black Sea. The Bulgarian Black Sea coast, which represents the eastern border of the Republic of Bulgaria, begins from Cape Kartal at the state border with Romania and ends at the mouth of the Rezovska River at the border with Turkey. Its length is 354 km, of which 200 km are a beach strip covered with sand. The Stara Planina mountain range at Cape Emine conditionally divides the coastline into northern and southern.

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РЕГИОНАЛНОТО РАЗВИТИЕ И СИНЯТА ИКОНОМИКА – ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА И ПРИСПОСОБЯВАНЕ КЪМ ПРОМЕНИТЕ

РЕГИОНАЛНОТО РАЗВИТИЕ И СИНЯТА ИКОНОМИКА – ПРЕДИЗВИКАТЕЛСТВА И ПРИСПОСОБЯВАНЕ КЪМ ПРОМЕНИТЕ

Author(s): Metodi Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

With this report will attempt to present the challenges and opportunities for adaptation to changes in the regions through the need to assess the financial needs of the blue economy in order to realize its growth potential in the regions by highlighting favorable opportunities for creating of jobs mainly from beginners and family entrepreneurs, small and medium-sized enterprises. The creation of sustainable regional economic growth must also be linked to the stimulation of the process of creating quality and sustainable jobs based on blue technologies, as a result of the development of ideas and the exchange of best practices between science and business.

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ГЕОКОДИРАЩА СИСТЕМА P4

ГЕОКОДИРАЩА СИСТЕМА P4

Author(s): Pavel Petrov,Stefka Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The P4 system, proposed in the study, is a new method of geocoding that aims to address some of the disadvantages of earlier systems. This system employs rectangular cells that are assigned an alphanumeric number whose length is determined by the cell's level of subdivision (i.e., cell dimensions). All cells within the same subdivision level have the same area. Special attention is paid to the polar regions, which are covered by two special cells. The system offers different levels of accuracy and can be used as a substitute for traditional geographic data such as street addresses or postal codes.

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