A COVID-19-járvány első két hullámának területisége Közép-Európában

Author(s): Tamás Kovalcsik,Lajos Boros,Viktor Pál / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2021

The COVID-19 pandemic, emerging at the end of 2019, hit hard countries all over the world – including Central Europe. Nevertheless, both infection rates and fatalities have significant spatial differences. The aim of this paper is to reveal the spatial patterns of COVID-19 in Central Europe on various spatial scales. During the first wave in the spring of 2020 some of the countries encountered relatively low levels of infections and fatalities. The second wave of the pandemic caused significant health and health care problems in the whole region. The first wave hit Austria, Germany and Switzerland harder, and the dense urban agglomerations had the most outstanding concentrations of coronavirus infections. The spatiality of the pandemic changed during the second wave; the number of infections and fatalities grew in the Eastern countries of the region as well as in rural areas. By this token the second wave had a more severe effect on areas which were less affected before. The factors shaping these spatial processes are diverse and fluctuating over space and time, creating a complex spatial system of causes and consequences.

A COVID-19-járvány hatása a budapesti Airbnb-piacra

Author(s): Lajos Boros,Tamás Kovalcsik / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2021

Several researches highlighted the outstanding importance of security and trust in tourism. Natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil,all have their influence on trust and security intourism. As the experiences of the last decades show, pandemics have significant and immediate negative effects on travel decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related travel restrictions influenced both global and national tourism flows in 2020, e.g., through the occupancy rates of hotels and P2P accommodations. However only a handful of studies dealt with the spatial aspects of these effects. This paper aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on the Airbnb market in Budapest using data from AirDNA, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decline in Airbnb offers and bookings. The significance of the study comes from the widely debated social and rental market effects of Airbnb. As our results show, similarly to the previous years, Airbnb occupancy had a certain seasonality in 2020. Both the number of guests and the overall revenue decreased compared to2019. Consequently, many hosts decided to leave the platform, thus the number of available Airbnb listings decreased significantly. The long-term effects of this decrease are uncertain – and the same applies for future effects of P2P accommodations on the rental market of Budapest.

A COVID-19-válság és a térbeli munkamegosztás változásai Magyarországon

Author(s): Márton Czirfusz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2021

The two waves of the COVID-19 outbreak in Hungary in 2020 led to economic crisis and to changes in employment. This article presents the changing spatial patterns of unemployment as well as allocation of two crisis mitigation measures of the Hungarian government: the public works programme and competitiveness-increasing subsidies. According to the results, spatial inequalities of unemployment diminished during the spring– first – 2020 wave, but not during the second wave in autumn. The roll-out of the public works programme did not take place as originally planned, but contributed to retaining employment in some areas, including Northeast Hungary. Allocation of competitiveness increasing subsidies for companies corresponded to the spatial structures of the economy, thereby solidifying existing spatial divisions of labour in Hungary.

A fiatal, képzett lakosságot vonzó potenciál a Budapest körüli csapágyvárosokban

Author(s): Virág Varga,Dorottya Teveli-Horváth,Géza Salamin / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2020

The role of cities and urban regions in the global economy is growing in tandem with globalization trends. With the rise of the knowledge economy, the ratio of young and well-educated people can be an indicator of the success of a settlement, as they make up the social group that is the most mobile and the most able to change their place of residence and work. Urban competitiveness and socio-economic sustainability are fundamentally determined by the number of available young and well-educated people, so keeping and attracting this group is a priority for cities. In Hungary, the medium-sized and large towns of the country are mainly confronted with the attraction of Budapest and foreign cities. In order to solve the monocentric (‘primate city’ dominated) settlement structure of our country, a development concept was worked out for the outer city ring around Budapest (Dunaújváros, Gyöngyös, Kecskemét, Salgótarján, Székesfehérvár, Szolnok, Tatabánya). In their research, the authors compare the population attractiveness of these cities (with particular reference to the young, educated population) applying a complex index developed by them based on official statistics and Big Data like sources. A complex index of 70 indicators (creative knowledge attractiveness index) is used to rank these cities in terms of their potential to retain and attract creative people and how this potential changes. According to their results, Kecskemét is ranked first, Székesfehérvár ranked second and Szolnok ranked third.

A gazdasági reziliencia és a városhálózaton belüli centralitás közötti összefüggések vizsgálata

Author(s): Tekla Sebestyénné Szép,Dóra Szendi,Zoltán Nagy,Géza Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2020

Nowadays, the concept of smart cities and the measurability of their performance are becoming more and more the focus of interest. Smart cities can have a number of different interpretations that tend to emphasize resource optimization, using innovative strategies and solutions to address growing urban problems and improve quality of life for the population. In addition, smart cities need to be able to adapt to rapidly changing external conditions and to deal with shock-like externalities, i.e. to show resilient behaviour.The present study examines the relationship between smart cities and resilience by interpreting urban resilience, defining its concept, and describing its measurability issues. Using literature and methodological recommendations, the study presents the distribution and components of a complex resilience index for the Hungarian urban network, exploring territorial characteristics and examining the relationship between the resilience values of Hungarian cities and the networks of urban migration. Based on the results, significant regional differences can be observed for the complex resilience index and its components, with different focus areas. Towns in the Budapest agglomeration perform outstandingly in all components and form a hotspot area. The relationship between the complex resilience index and the network centrality of towns is basically significant in towns with more than 20,000 inhabitants, the improvement of centrality within the urban network is accompanied by a high resilience value.

A GIS-BASED ANALYSIS OF TOURIST DISTRIBUTION IN MONTENEGRO

Author(s): Marija Cimbaljević,Dunja Bajrami Demirović,Nikola Vuksanović,Nikola Milentijević,Anatoly A. Yamashkin / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Montenegro is facing significant changes in tourist turnover. Tourism activity has become increasingly more skewed toward the Montenegrin coastal area, which confirms the concern about regional inequality of tourism. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of foreign and domestic tourists in Montenegro, based on spatial statistical tools as a set of Geographical Information Systems. The results indicated that during the analyzed period (2007–2016), the spatial distribution of domestic and foreign tourists was different. Main geographical center of foreign tourists is Budva and of domestic tourists is Cetinje. Therewas apparent uneven dispersion of tourist demand between Coastal (on the south) and Northern region. Moreover, the results revealed tourist distribution clusters in order to identify the tourism centers with the highest number of tourists in different geographical areas of Montenegro. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution is a very important tool for the reduction of regional economic inequality. Also, the resultsof the spatial distribution of tourists can be used for the forecasting of future tourist behavior.

A hazai COVID–19-járványhullámok területi különbségei

Author(s): Annamária Uzzoli,Sándor Zsolt Kovács,Balázs Páger,Tamás Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2021

The COVID-19 epidemic first appeared atthe end of 2019, and it became a worldwide pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. The new coronavirus pandemic made it clear that infectious diseases are able to significantly influence morbidity and mortality data of countries in the 21st century, too. There are many complex and profound socio-economic consequences of the restrictions in relation to the coronavirus pandemic. This epidemic also resulted in an economic crisis with multiple effects on the economy and society. It is said that spatiality has a determinative role in the geographical spreading of the pandemic and on regional differences of the economic crisis. The scope of this paper is to compare the most important features and regional inequalities of the epidemic waves in Hungary based on epidemiological data. Besides statistical analysis, the study examines short-, medium and long-term effects of the pandemic on health and health care, too. The literature review presents some regional features of the coronavirus epidemic, and it also defines the role of this pandemic on non-communicable diseases for the future. The used content analysis investigates the Hungarian restrictions and their regional relevance. The main results of our research show that there are marked differences between the three epidemic waves in Hungary based onthe number of confirmed cases and regional inequalities regarding restrictions. There was a longer interim period during the summer between the two epidemic waves of spring and autumn of 2020. On the other hand, the longer improving tendency of the second wave suddenly stopped in mid-February 2021 resulting in a third epidemic wave in Hungary. The first wave was a ’flat curve’ while the second wave resulted in an epidemic plateau. The third wave started during the decreasing process of the second wave. The first wave was more linked to geographical (Budapest capital city and Pest county) and institutional (hospitals, nursing homes) hotspots,however in the second and third wave nationwide infection ranges became more determinative. The results of our research call the attention to the regional relevance of restrictions regarding the pandemic. When this paper was finished, on the 4th of March 2021, the pandemic did not end yet in Hungary, so its evaluation can not be complete at this time. The ascending trend of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is due to the spreading of new coronavirus variants and mutations.

A hazai vásárlói magatartás változása a COVID-19-járvány első hullámában

Author(s): Tamás Síkos T.,Vanda Papp,András Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2021

Analysing Hungarian shopping behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study seeks answers to the following questions: Did people really hoard goods and if so what kind of goods? How did the outbreak of COVID-19 change shopping behaviour? How and how fast did retailing respond to the suddenly arising demand for online shopping? Can respondents be identified or typified based on traditional customer behaviour? The authors overview anomalies detected in Hungarian “panic buying” concerning shopping frequency, spending and product avoidance.

A historical and politico-geographical analysis of Hungarian-Polish border before 1939 in the Hungarian historical geography

Author(s): Zoltán Hajdú / Language(s): English / Issue: 08/2019

The historical development of the common borders took place in many respects simultaneously since the epoch of the two states’ establishment. The territories and borders of both states have greatly changed ever since, yet during the periods of joined kingdom the common borders always showed a high degree of stability. The first description of the common state borders can be found in the Anonymous Latin Gesta by around 1200 AD. From the 15th century on, the Hungarian Parliament on several occasions appointed and sent different committees by legal acts to the borders of neighbouring countries, including Poland, in order to delimit or adjust its state borders. Due to the threefold dissolution of the Polish State, the former common border fundamentally changed. After the First World War, the common state border between the reborn Poland and the historical Hungary completely vanished after the latter lost some two-thirds of its territory. During the Second World War the common borders were restored for a short time through which thousands of Polish escaped to Hungary. Thus, the partially shared state history and the changing (disappearing and reappearing) common state border represent an international singularity in many respects.

A Kárpát-medencei külhoni magyarság főbb helyi önkormányzati és településszerkezeti jellemzői

Author(s): Márton Péti,Szabolcs Nagy,Balázs Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2020

The present study comparatively examines, with a novel, database-building, Carpathian basin-wide approach, how local population, local government, settlement structure and urban-rural distribution characteristics change in Hungarian-majority areas outside Hungary. Latest statistics from eight countries were used to this comprehensive Carpathian basin-wide analysis of settlement data. Our data comparison shows that the Hungarian-majority settlement areas in the neighbouring countries are very strongly rural compared to the ‘mother country’.

A klímaváltozás megítélésének dimenziói Európában: mintázatok és összefüggés a társadalmi bizalommal

Author(s): ÁKOS BODOR,Zoltán Grünhut / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2021

Trust (and distrust) research is an interdisciplinary area. The importance of the topic is given by the fact that trust plays a crucial role in collective thinking and collective action as well as in forms of cooperation. One of the clearly positive effects of trust is that it moderates the lackof interest in collective goals. Coping with climate change in particular is an issue that requires social commitment and joint efforts for problems solving. Conclusion of this paper, based on cross-national comparative analyses, is that commitment to pro-climate behavior is more relevant in countries characterized by higher mean levels of generalized trust among their citizens.

A környezettudatos magatartás településföldrajzi szempontú vizsgálata a Baranya megyei ökoiskolák végzős diákjai körében, 2020

Author(s): Bernadett Bús,Róbert Tésits,Levente Alpek / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2021

This study presents environmental attitudes among primary school students graduating in Baranya County eco-schools in 2020, highlighting sub-areas and correlations based on a questionnaire survey conducted among students. The authors highlight how the immediate environment impacts the development of environmentally conscious behaviour and what role the settlement type plays. This research was conducted using the children’s environmental attitudes andknowledge scale. In addition to questions examining behavioural as well as emotional attitudes, factors that may influence environmentally conscious behaviour were included in the analysis. Slightly above average environmental attitudes were measured among the students interviewed. Emotional attitudes achieved the highest score and they are the greatest motivating force, followed by behavioural attitudes. Immediate environmental attitudes were the lowest scored area, most in need of improvement, but having ample opportunities. The authors also point out that type of settlement influences how environmentally conscious behaviour develops, as the environmental attitude score of urban students participating in the study is higher than that of their peers livingin villages.

A közlekedési hálózatok és a komplex területi fejlettség időbeli összehasonlító vizsgálata a történelmi Magyarország példáján

Author(s): István Papp,János Pénzes,Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 04/2021

The dynamic growth of spatial databasesand IT analytical capabilities has expandedthe scope for historical comparative studies. However, a number of problems have hampered the implementation of these analyses, mainly due to the altering methodology of statistical measurements, the changing content and uncertain explanatory power of socio-economic factors, and not least the repeatedly redrawn spatial frameworks. In the case of historical Hungary, the coherent data structure became fragmented as a result of the Treaty of Trianon, which also made it difficult to create a database for the current time section. The comparative analysis of linear infrastructure elements over time, inparticular railways, poses fewer dilemmas, while the expression of complex development is a much more complicated problem. The study used calculations based on a common methodology, but essentially different in terms of the variables used in the two time sections in order to compare the change in the situation between 1910 and 2010 for the territory of historical Hungary (covering 8 countries in total). The authors have used geographic information tools to project municipal level data on a10*10 km grid, since the problems mentioned above made direct comparison impossible. Their experience shows that the grid network is suitable for comparing the spatial structure of development over time.

A közösségi média társadalomföldrajzi alkalmazásának etnikai-földrajzi példája

Author(s): Balázs Tóth,Sándor Papp / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 06/2020

One of the fundamental challenges of socialgeography is to reveal what types of data canbe used to measure a process. Social mediaplatforms are an integral part of society, beingused by large masses as a daily routine without reflection. This type of usage and penetration can make it a tool of socialgeographical examination. In our work we use data from Instagram in research one tehnical features and we present the first steps of the development of an alternativemethod, which allows higher temporal resolution and, instead of data based on self declaration,it makes it possible to use databased on the social practice of users. Furthermore, our paper also contributes to the knowledge on boundaries of using Instagram as a data source in peripherial spaces. To test the new method, we examined the Romanian and Hungarian ethnical compostition in sample settlements located in the border region of Arad and Békés counties. Based on the accesible social media data, we could not approach the official statistical data convincingly; yet, our analysis suggested that by socially and spatially more focused sampling procedures or in spaces where social media use is more intense, the method could produce data reflecting actual processes precisely.

A közúti elérhetőség szerepe a kelet-magyarországi gazdasági teljesítményben és gazdaságfejlesztésben

Author(s): Zoltán Egri,Irén Rita Kőszegi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 06/2020

The authors are trying to answer how road network accessibility shapes economic performance and spatial structure in one of the less successfully transformed regions (Eastern Hungary). The study of accessibility is particularly important in this area, since the geographical location of the region do not provide sufficient spatial energy for catching up.The dissertation presents the spatial economic relations of distance and economic development, and summarizes the results published so far regarding the examined region. Subsequently, the main relationships between economic performance and accessibility at the settlement level are presented.The results highlights in a complex way traditional but spatially differentiated relationships between road accessibility and regional economic performance: “tunnel”effects, correlation and spatial efficiency problems, geographic and socio-economic center-periphery relationships, and the importance of arterial and county roads. Road accessibility relationships make the spatial structure of the Eastern Hungarian economy (key indicators of growth, economic performance and efficiency) very unequal.

A kreatív városok kulturális-turisztikai-pénzügyi potenciáljának kvantitatív összehasonlító elemzése (Debrecen, Győr és Veszprém példáján)

Author(s): Dávid Fekete,Szabolcs Morvay / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 05/2020

The European Capital of Culture (ECOC) programme series aims to present the diversity of European culture, focusing on the cultural values and dimensions of cities. In 2023, Debrecen, Győr and Veszprém, as Hungarian applicants, entered the second round of the selection procedure. Although most attention is focused on the cultural programs of the project year, the project application phase is also exciting, as applicant cities can present their plans, development ideas and potentials in the field of culture. The study compares the creative aspirations and cultural potential of these 3 cities, exploring the cultural visions, strengths and weaknesses of these culturally outstandingly ambitious cities, mainly using quantifiable indicators. The authors developed and applied a survey model having 14 indicators for a quantitative comparative analysis of the cultural, tourism and financial potential of the three cities. Comparing 2 large and 1 medium-sized cities in Hungary, the authors conclude that not only in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in Hungary, stronger efforts are made to have culturally rich and creative cities.

A latin u-tövű semlegesneműek végződése nominativus-accusativusban

Author(s): Levente László / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1(2)/2001

A LO CUBANO: UTOWAROWIENIE TAŃCA I REPREZENTACJE KUBAŃSKOŚCI W KONTEKŚCIE TURYSTYKI KULTUROWEJ

Author(s): Ruxandra Ana / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

The article looks at the intangible cultural heritage and its importance as a resource that creates economic revenue in the context of rapid transformations currently taking place in Cuba, and integrated in a complex network of tourism imaginaries and representations. Given the increased demand for “experiential tourism” (Salazar 2011), dance practices become central not only to institutions in charge of safeguarding and promoting heritage, but also to emerging small businesses as alternative forms of revenue outside the state sector. Dance schools aimed at foreign tourists, and the increased popularity of Cuban dance genres outside Cuba, indicate how parts of the tourist imaginary are adopted and adapted in Cuban narratives about Cubanness, and how bodies become transactional in more than one way. Economic realities and social inequalities that stem from contact with foreigners result in creative approaches for financial gain, perpetuating expectations about Cuban fantasies. The phenomenon is often racially marked, as many of the darker skinned Cubans, with no access to legal jobs in the tourist industry, seem to be capable of exploiting the appearance of ‘authenticity’ in dance spaces commonly associated with blackness. The article is based on the findings of long term fieldwork conducted in Havana in 2015 and 2016 and from March to May 2018 among professional dancers, instructors and dance school owners.

A Look at a Small Southern Country: Uruguay

Author(s): Adriana Peluffo / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Praca została poświęcona Urugwajowi, niewielkiemu państwu położonemu w Ameryce Łacińskiej, między dwoma dużymi sąsiadami: Argentyną i Brazylią. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane informacje społeczno-ekonomiczne i historyczne. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono sektorowi rolnemu i specjalizacji eksportowej, które są od dawna ważnymi czynnikami wzrostu gospodarczego kraju. W ostatnim czasie podobną rolę zaczęły odgrywać usługi. Druga część artykułu w całości poświęcona jest obecnej sytuacji, związanej z pandemią COVID-19, która rozpoczęła się w marcu 2019 r. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby radzenia sobie z pandemią w dziedzinie zdrowia i ekonomii. Artykuł kończy się pytaniami o prespektywy zakończenia pandemii i dalszego rozwoju gospodarczego kraju.

A Look Back and a Glance Forward at the Occasion of the First Anniversary of the Special Public Prosecutor Office: The Urgency of the UBK Related Reforms

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016