Legal Aspects of Eco-Villages

Author(s): Orsolya Bányai / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I am going to analyse how much the current legal environment impedes or supports the establishment and maintenance of eco-villages in a Central European country, specifically Hungary. Although my analysis builds mostly upon Hungarian law, its main statements and consequences can be useful on an international level as well. It should be noted that according to the opinions of Hungarian social theorists (András Takács Sánta, Béla Borsos), who are deeply concerned with this topic, the Hungarian legal regulation does not relieve the situation of ecological communities at all. However, jurisprudence has not dealt – not even in a consciousness-raising way – with this problem until now. By this short paper, I would like to contribute to clearing up this debt (Fodor et al. 2016. 19–39). Below, I will firstly define the term eco-village. After that, I will make a short review of the situation regarding eco-villages in Hungary, and finally I will turn to their legal aspects.

Promising Solutions from the Environment Protection Practices of Three Municipalities

Author(s): Attila Barta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study focuses on the environment protection practices of three Hungarian municipalities: Biharkeresztes, Dorog, and Debrecen. The reason why it does so is because the research this paper presents strove from the beginning to provide a more nuanced picture on local environment protection policies by gathering as much empirical (that is: local, first-hand) experience as possible, besides representative questionnaire-based surveys and written sources. To achieve this, members of our research team visited pre-selected settlements (municipalities), where they conducted focus-group interviews and collected sources available via fieldwork only.

Cinema and Migration: The Representation of Illegal Immigration of First and Third Generation Turkish Worker to European Countries in Turkish Cinema: A Comperative Analysis of the Films “The Bus” (1977) and “The Island of Hope” (2007)

Author(s): Levent Yaylagül,Nilüfer Korkmaz-Yaylagül / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Labour migration from Turkey to European Countries has started with bilateral international agreements signed between Turkey and European Countries around the 1960's. The oil crisis at 1973 decreased the demand for migrant worker resulting with an illegal migration wave to European countries. Those emergent social developments have influenced the Turkish cinema and some films about illegal immigration were shooted at that period. The film "the Bus" directed by Tunç Okan is one of the first examples of this category about first generation illegal immigrants. Another film "the Island of Hope", shooted after 30 years, at 2007 by Mustafa Kara subjected about illegal immigration concerning third generation illegal immigrants. Those two films were evaluated using qualitative content analysis technic in the context of the question of how first and third generation illegal immigrants are represented in Turkish cinema. Graphic image and dialogues were used as analysis unit. The contents of the two films were analysed within the framework of questions such; personal details, expectations, the country of immigration, the ways of immigration, the problems faced by immigrants, the realisation of the expectations, and the final status. First generation immigrants represented in the film "the Bus" are male with rural backgrounds, muslims with sunni sect, unskilled agricultural worker and their immigration incentive is economic. At the film "the Island of Hope" not only men, instead women, couples and even pregnant women were among the illegal immigrants. The main incentive of immigration is also economic, but the immigrants are not only the illiterate and the unskilled worker. For the first-generation immigrants, the image of Europe is expressed negatively such as; death, unemployement, deportation, being victims of sexual abuse, nostalgia and fear. For the third-generation immigrants however, even they experience similar problems and disappointment, Europe is represented such a home for the survivors, who could find a job and could realize their dreams. In both films, the loser was facing endings such death, alcohol, drug addiction and prostitution. To be deported to Turkey was one of the most prevalent options for the illegal immigrants.

Economic and Financial Aspects of Forced Migration from Bulgaria in 1989

Author(s): Mustafa Miynat,Öznur Akyol,Deniz Alçin Şahintürk / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The pressures that started with the name changes of Turkish villages in the 1930s began to rise even further with the “one nation” decision of the communist regime in 1956. By the year 1984, the Turks whose names were changed perforce due to the assimilation policy in Bulgaria and whose languages were banned started a resistance campaign, which was widely supported by the Turks in the resistance zone. The Bulgarian government has forced the Turks to migrate in 1989 in order to avert Turkish people from gaining further power in the region. The then Prime Minister Turgut Ozal has offered the introduction of a migration law which the Bulgarian government rejected, declaring a forceful expulsion within twenty-four hours. The 1989 Bulgarian immigration went down in history as the largest migration movement in Europe after the Word War II. In our study, the economic and financial impacts of the tragedy that the Turks went through in Bulgaria are discussed.

UNIA EUROPEJSKA: CZAS DEFICYTU ZAUFANIA

Author(s): Paweł J. Borkowski,Paweł Janusz Borkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

At the beginning of 2019, the EU faced substantial but defi ned challenges: Brexit, newleadership after the elections to the new Parliament, confronting the growing rift betweenthe two sides of the Atlantic. There was tension associated with predictions of a majorvictory for Eurosceptic parties, which would enable them to paralyze the EuropeanParliament. As the year progressed, distrust became gradually the central and majorfactor defi ning political decisions. This article provides insight into various dimensionsof this unfavourable situation that makes the EU not a good place to live: growingimpatience with the United Kingdom, mistrust undermining the Atlantic community,a widening Franco-German split. The last part sums up the fi fteen years of Polishmembership in the EU, emphasizing also the lack of basic trust as the dominating factorin the relations since 2015.

STANY ZJEDNOCZONE: WIELKA POLITYKA W CIENIU IMPEACHMENTU

Author(s): Aleksandra Jarczewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

2019 was dominated by political tensions and the impeachment process against PresidentDonald Trump – only a third such case in the history of the United States (US).The domestic struggle between Democrats and Republicans did not leave muchspace for the administration to conduct and implement its political goals in other areas.Despite growing rivalry between major world powers (US, China, Russia), includingincreasing tensions and confl icts on a global scale, US foreign policy remained onthe sidelines. However, the US economy continued to fl ourish, increasing the incumbentPresident’s chances for re-election in 2020. The goal of this paper is to analyze the USdomestic aff airs and its foreign policy through the events of 2019. The main hypothesisis that the initiation of the impeachment process was a manifestation of a politicalcrisis in the US but, due to good economic conditions, the charges against the USPresident carried negative consequences neither for the country’s domestic situationnor for the President himself. Rather, the impeachment trial resulted in a deepeningof the leadership crisis in the US and overall weakening of the country’s position onthe global scene.

ROZWÓJ I POZYCJA NAUK ŚCISŁYCH W 30-LECIU

Author(s): Andrzej Białas / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The consequences of the 1989 political transformation for science in Poland arepresented on the example of research in the area of high-energy physics.

TRANSFORMACJA W POLSCE: FAKTY I MITY DOTYCZĄCE LAT 1990–2020 ORAZ SZANSE GOSPODARCZEGO DOGONIENIA USA I NIEMIEC PO ROKU 2020

Author(s): Stanisław Gomułka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article studies path-breaking economic developments in Poland followingthe start of the systemic transformation in 1989. Three groups of countries are usedfor comparative analysis: those economically most advanced, those less developedbut striving to catch up during the last 30–40 years, and as a subgroup of the latter,the transition economies. The article has three objectives. The fi rst is to show that manyopinions regarding major aspects of the Polish transformation are at variance with plainstatistical facts. The second is to evaluate the pace and the extent of progress so farin the eff ort to narrow the income and wealth gaps between Poland and most developedcountries, particularly the pre-2004 members of the European Union. The third consistsin a discussion of factors which are likely to impede the pace of Poland’s economicdevelopment in the years to come.

KULTURA W TRZYDZIESTOLECIU

Author(s): Katarzyna Kasia / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the text is to analyze the main goals and strategies of cultural politicsin Poland in the period 1989–2019. The most important tendencies observed arethe contradictory actions taken by diff erent political authorities towards centralizationand de-centralization of culture’s management. These opposite tendencies representat least two major ways of looking at the fi eld of culture, which, on the one hand,is perceived as a political tool serving to create a sense of national identity, and onthe other, as an autonomous value which should be separate from all possible politicalinfl uences. The article analyzes the transition from the moment of the fi rst postcommunistre-discovery of artistic freedom to the present day, when right-wingpoliticians strive to replace culture’s management with history-based politics.

TRZY DEKADY OBRONNOŚCI III RP : POLITYKA I STRATEGIA OBRONNA ORAZ POLITYCZNO-STRATEGICZNE KIEROWANIE SIŁAMI ZBROJNYMI RP

Author(s): Stanisław Koziej / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The evolution of Polish defence policy and strategy after 1989 has had three mainphases. In the 1990s, the most important problem was the independence of Polishthinking and strategic practice after four decades of incapacitation in the conditionsof membership in the Warsaw Pact. The fi rst fi fteen years of the 21st century werea time of allied integration in NATO and the EU. Since 2014, there has been a periodof strategic adaptation to new security conditions, including hybrid threats, imposedby Russia’s confrontational policy towards the West. During this period there hasalso been a radical internal change in Polish politics related to the rise to powerof the Law and Justice party. The most important challenges in the fi eld of defencepolicy and strategy today are: ensuring a state rather than party approach to nationalsecurity, restoring international credibility, especially among NATO and EU allies,and repairing civilian and democratic control over the armed forces.

BEZPIECZEŃSTWO POLSKI PO ZAKOŃCZENIU ZIMNEJ WOJNY. PRÓBA SYNTEZY

Author(s): Robert Kupiecki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The fi rst three decades after the fall of communism proved to be a good time forPoland’s security, which greatly benefi ted from the relaxation of international politics,and rebuilt its sovereign foreign and security policy. The country effi ciently reorganizedits relations with its neighbouring states, consolidated its own borders and rejectedold military and economic alliances. The net cost of this process was the lastingand progressive deterioration of relations with the heir of the Soviet Union and the largestneighbour – the Russian Federation. Rationalization and reduction of the armed forceswas possible due to progressive demilitarization of security in Europe, and it helpedrelease funds for other state needs. The processes were made possible thanks to a broaddomestic political consensus. The Polish transformation, although socially costly, hasmade it a democratic, free-market, and pluralistic state, strongly anchored in NATOand the EU as well as in regional cooperation, and selectively engaged in the globalagenda. Overtime, Poland has become a respected member of the Western communityof states, occasionally punching above its weight in transatlantic relations.

LOGIKA POLITYCZNYCH KONFLIKTÓW I ICH WYBORCZE MANIFESTACJE

Author(s): Jacek Raciborski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the fundamental political confl icts that have structured Poles’electoral preferences in the last thirty years. The author indicates deep-seatedeconomic, social and political reasons of the confl icts. Based on Lipset and Rokkan’sclassical theory of socio-political cleavages, he states that the dynamics of Poles’electoral preferences in 1989–2020 has been shaped by three basic distinctions.In the years 1989–2001, the postcommunist cleavage had the most fundamentalimpact; in 2005–2011, the division between liberal Poland and solidary Poland cameto the fore, and in 2015–2020, voters’ political choices were determined by the enmitybetween two camps: the supporters and the opponents of the Law and Justice party(PiS). The essence of the latter cleavage is, on the one hand, a very strong identifi cationof many millions of Poles with the ruling Law and Justice, and on the other hand, anequally strong hostility towards the party evident in a similar portion of the population.

TRZYDZIEŚCI LAT ZMIAN W RZĄDZENIU W POLSCE PO ROKU 1989

Author(s): Grzegorz Rydlewski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

After 1989, Poland’s regime, its political system, governing mechanisms, and itsadministrative system have undergone a peaceful change of a revolutionary nature.The rejection of the solutions typical of a socialist state and their replacement withmechanisms of a democratic state, governed by the rule of law, has progressed in threestages: systemic changes, European transformation, and qualitative modernization.The economic system as well as the organization, principles, and standards of operationof public institutions have been radically reshaped. Three constitutional regimes havesucceeded one after another. On the political scene, after a period of fragmentation,there emerged two blocs, both internally non-uniform and strongly opposed to oneanother. Bitter rivalry surfaced between the supporters of the liberal and pro-Europeandirection and the proponents of the conservative project that emphasized particularismsand focused on threats to national interests. Poland’s parliamentary cabinet system,with its separation of powers, dual executive and a strong local government, gave riseto a polycentric, multilayered and multilane model of government that was fi rmlygrounded in a constitutional model but still not immune to threats in practice. After2015, political power has been given to the leader of the biggest party in the Parliament,who is free of any constitutional responsibility; attempts to do away with the separationof powers have also got more aggressive. The will of the people has been interpreted assynonymous with immediate interests of the dominating party. Attempts to eliminateminority voices from the discussion of public matters have been many and evident.The overall positive outcome of the Polish transformation does not excuse the researcherfrom evaluating in an exhaustive manner and continuously identifying the criticalpoints and strategic challenges that Poland faces in the domain of governing.

DWA ŚWIATY: 1989–2019. POLSKA POLITYKA ZAGRANICZNA CZASU REWOLUCJI I CZASU NIEPEWNOŚCI

Author(s): Henryk Szlajfer / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Foreign policy of independent Poland after 1989, at a time when the previous bipolarsystem was disintegrating and America had its unipolar moment: priorities, buildingof the foreign service before joining NATO and the EU; shaping of the new internationalorder in the beginning of the 21st century, growing uncertainty and unpredictabilityin international relations, Law and Justice’s and its political satellites’ foreign policy;threats to Polish national interests.

POLSKA W ŚWIECIE IMPERIÓW WIEDZY

Author(s): Anna Wojciuk,Anna Wójciuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This text off ers an analysis of the outcomes of transformation in Poland in the fi eldsof education and science, namely: general education, professional education, highereducation, and science. The author discusses Poland’s major strengths in these fi eldsand its most striking weaknesses.

KALENDARIUM WYDARZEŃ 2019

Author(s): Piotr Śledź / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Реалност 5.0 – ЕС и България в търсене на подходи за ефективна регионална политика

Author(s): Kristina Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The deepening socio-economic imbalances and the negative trends in the development of the EU and our country determine the need to justify a new approach to managing the processes in the complex territorial systems. Of particular importance is the underlying understanding of the objectively existing regionality and the factors contributing to the growth of development imbalances. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop a new methodology for analyzing and evaluating the complex organization and structure of socio-economic and cultural-ecological processes and systems, based on the interpretation and measurement of geospatial inequalities.

Пространствена конфигурация на обектите на недвижимото културно-историческо наследство (НКИН) на България

Author(s): Maria Grozeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Anthropogenic cultural and historical values are an important resource for the development of cultural tourism. In our country they are found and continue to find a variety of valuable items from different cultures and civilizations left their traces in the Bulgarian lands. The total number of these in varying degrees preserved remains over 40 000 sites, of which only about 8000 are socialized, i.e. are suitable for tourist visits. In the proposed article, some of the major groups of objects in this category are classified according to their territorial forms in the space and configurations they shape.

ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EU MARITIME DIRECTIVES IN UKRAINE

Author(s): Natalia Fedoronchuk,Oleg Rubel,Tamara Kukovska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The main regulatory document establishing the basis for EU action in the field of environmental policy in relation to the marine environment is Directive 2008/56/EC (MSFD). The use of the marine environment, taking into account the ecosystem approach and the principle of integrated management, improves the environment, biodiversity, development of maritime industry. The Government of Ukraine has approved the Marine Environmental Strategy in order to implement the provisions of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive in Ukrainian legislation. This is provided by the environmental block of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

Author(s): Yanica Dimitrova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The report examines the theoretical connection between innovation and CSR and their opportunities for development in the Northeastern and Southeastern regions of the Republic of Bulgaria. Based on the results of an empirical study among 300 SMEs implementing innovations in our country, opportunities for the development and implementation of innovations in CSR are outlined, which will increase the competitive performance of the Black Sea region.