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A hazai koronavírus-halálozás járási különbségeinek összefüggései az egészségügyi ellátással

Author(s): László Kovács,Katalin Vántus / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2022

COVID-19 mortality rates (number of deaths / infected) of the Hungarian LAU 1 Districts are statistically modelled in this paper, with feature variables describing the general health conditions and the state of in- and outpatient care of the districts. Our data sources are the databases of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and statements of the National Health Insurance Fund Management (NHIFM). Variables represent the year 2019, as it is the year preceding the global pandemic that started in 2020. Variables from the NHIFM statements describing inpatient care are large in volume, so they are incorporated in our model with the help of clustering. The unfavourable mortality rates of Hungary in international comparison, during the second and third waves of the pandemic highlight the need to investigate the regional differences of the Hungarian COVID-19 mortality indices. Exploring the reasons of regional differences are helping us in understanding the reasons behind the high country-level COVID-19 mortality. Novelty of this paper, compared to previous research, is the creation of a formal statistical model for Hungarian COVID-19 mortality on a district level, using variables describing both the general health conditions and the state of in- and outpatient care of the districts. Our results highlight the connection between the number of nurses at general practitioner services per ten thousand people and the COVID-19 mortality rates at the districts of Hungary. In the districts with a higher than the national average workload at hospitals in active inpatient care and other departments, the number of nurses has a significant negative effect on COVID-19 mortality. This effect cannot be observed in the rest of the districts.

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A hazai mikro-, kis- és középvállalkozások (kkv-k) területi, versenyképességi elemzései, 2008–2020

Author(s): Áron Kincses,Géza Tóth,Henriett Emese Jeneiné Gerő / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2022

The study, briefly highlights the role of the turnover of micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter: SMEs) in the economic development of the country and its regions, in the development of the competitiveness. As a next step it examines the sales revenue changes of the SMEs by sections of the national economy on district level, then identifies the most significant sections in respect of SMEs sales revenue changes and examines the regional differences in the turnover of SMEs at district level. The authors examine the sectoral differences in the turnover of SMEs by using different territorial analysis methods. In the chapter on economic fields of force, we analyse the extent to which the economic power of districts is influenced by the turnover per employee of the SMEs operating in the district as well as by local factors unrelated to the former consideration. In the competitiveness analysis chapter, after presenting the breakdown method, the districts are represented according to their competitiveness categories,then the district’s economic strength and the SMEs’ competitiveness are compared. A summary concludes the study where the main findings of the authors support the conclusion formulated by well-known regional development experts, according to which the application of a development policy that takes into account the local characteristics of each regional level is a key factor in increasing territorial growth and competitiveness.

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A hazai mikro-, kis- és középvállalkozások térbeli jellegzetességei

Author(s): Henriett Emese Jeneiné Gerő,Áron Kincses,Géza Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2021

This study briefly highlights the role and significance of micro-, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the economy. After presenting the most important regional characteristic features of the enterprises, the authors demonstrate how and in what way the sales revenue realized by Hungarian SMEs contributes to the growth of the economy, and then they analye the spatial structure of SMEs using spatial statistical methods. The article presents the characteristics of SMEs by sector of national economy, highlights the different capital dependencies of each sector and their extent, and creates different spatial clusters. The authors also examine the extent to which spatial differences in the turnover of SMEs are related to population distribution. Finally, the study is closed with an analysis of the main components of revenue development.

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A hazai vásárlói magatartás változása a COVID-19-járvány első hullámában

Author(s): Tamás Sikos T.,Vanda Papp,András Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2021

Analysing Hungarian shopping behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study seeks answers to the following questions: Did people really hoard goods and if so what kind of goods? How did the outbreak of COVID-19 change shopping behaviour? How and how fast did retailing respond to the suddenly arising demand for online shopping? Can respondents be identified or typified based on traditional customer behaviour? The authors overview anomalies detected in Hungarian “panic buying” concerning shopping frequency, spending and product avoidance.

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A hiányzó láncszem – termelők és fogyasztók összekötésének dilemmái a rövid élelmiszerláncokban

Author(s): Pál Géza Balogh,Ambrus Michels,Gusztáv Nemes,Ágnes Szegedyné Fricz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 29/2021

Hundreds of thousands of traditional producers with several generations of agricultural backgrounds continue to farm in Hungary. While the consumer demand in favor of farmers products has also emerged, and more and more alternative food networks are serving them, these traditional producers are only participating in these networks in very small numbers. Looking at the historical roots of this problem using the notion of “parallel separateness,” we demonstrate that the social distance between producers and consumers has increased to a much greater extent in recent decades than before. Traditional producers lack the knowledge needed to connect to alternative food networks. As a result, the role of reflexive agents increased. These institutions can connect the two separating subsystems and incorporate the perspectives of both producers and consumers into their operation and fill the missing knowledge. Based on the operation of the Association for the Living Tisza and the Nyíregyháza Basket Community, we demonstrated how such an institution can play the role of the missing link.

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A historical and politico-geographical analysis of Hungarian-Polish border before 1939 in the Hungarian historical geography

Author(s): Zoltán Hajdú / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2019

The historical development of the common borders took place in many respects simultaneously since the epoch of the two states’ establishment. The territories and borders of both states have greatly changed ever since, yet during the periods of joined kingdom the common borders always showed a high degree of stability. The first description of the common state borders can be found in the Anonymous Latin Gesta by around 1200 AD. From the 15th century on, the Hungarian Parliament on several occasions appointed and sent different committees by legal acts to the borders of neighbouring countries, including Poland, in order to delimit or adjust its state borders. Due to the threefold dissolution of the Polish State, the former common border fundamentally changed. After the First World War, the common state border between the reborn Poland and the historical Hungary completely vanished after the latter lost some two-thirds of its territory. During the Second World War the common borders were restored for a short time through which thousands of Polish escaped to Hungary. Thus, the partially shared state history and the changing (disappearing and reappearing) common state border represent an international singularity in many respects.

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A jövedelmi depriváció és a depresszió összefüggéseinek térökonometriai vizsgálata Skóciában, térbeli hiba-autokorrelációs és kombinált modellel

Author(s): Hanga Lilla Bilicz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2022

Literature on mental health often refers to poverty and deprivation as main sources of different types of mental health problems. In this paper I examine the relationship between depression, a common mental health problem and income deprivation, as well as further control variables while assuming the existence of underlying neighboring effects that shape the depression levels in certain regions of Scotland. Based on the spatial models created within the scope of this paper we can conclude that growing income deprivation within a region causes the level of depression to rise, too. Moreover, the said growth triggers a multiplier effect as well since the depression levels of neighboring regions grow accordingly. The paper concludes that resource allocation strategies should take these effects into consideration, too, when targeting certain regions in order to enhance the efficiency of regional support policies.

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A Kárpát-medencei külhoni magyarság főbb helyi önkormányzati és településszerkezeti jellemzői

Author(s): Márton Péti,Szabolcs Nagy,Balázs Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2020

The present study comparatively examines, with a novel, database-building, Carpathian basin-wide approach, how local population, local government, settlement structure and urban-rural distribution characteristics change in Hungarian-majority areas outside Hungary. Latest statistics from eight countries were used to this comprehensive Carpathian basin-wide analysis of settlement data. Our data comparison shows that the Hungarian-majority settlement areas in the neighbouring countries are very strongly rural compared to the ‘mother country’.

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A klímaaggodalmak jellemzői és helyi szintű sajátosságai: Esettanulmány Hajdú-Bihar megye választott településeiről, 2020

Author(s): Emőke Kiss,Dániel Balla,Szilárd Poszet,András Donát Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2022

In the context of climate change challenges,the issue of climate concerns has also come to the spotlight. However, there is still limited information in the literature on settlements and their societies in Central and Eastern Eu-rope. We assume that in-depth local analysis of climate concerns is topical and missing,especially in post-socialist regions where a delayed emergence characterises the development of environmental awareness due to a specific historical past. Our study's aim and novelty are to explore climate change issues at the municipal level, which are becoming increasingly important in Hungary. During their research relying on the summary of the relevant literature, the authors conducted a questionnaire survey (N=512) in Debrecen,Hungary's second-most populous city and in selected settlements of Hajdú-Bihar County in 2020. During the statistical analysis, chi-square tests and binary logistic regression were applied to identify significant differences between the responses of different respondents and the variables that affect the level of concern. During their investigation, the authors focused on the different meanings of the terms „global warming” and „climate change”. Based on their results, they show that risk perceptions are widespread in terms of climate change, but the public is not yet sufficiently climate conscious in everyday practice.

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A klímaváltozás megítélésének dimenziói Európában: mintázatok és összefüggés a társadalmi bizalommal

Author(s): Ákos Bodor,Zoltán Grünhut / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2021

Trust (and distrust) research is an interdisciplinary area. The importance of the topic is given by the fact that trust plays a crucial role in collective thinking and collective action as well as in forms of cooperation. One of the clearly positive effects of trust is that it moderates the lackof interest in collective goals. Coping with climate change in particular is an issue that requires social commitment and joint efforts for problems solving. Conclusion of this paper, based on cross-national comparative analyses, is that commitment to pro-climate behavior is more relevant in countries characterized by higher mean levels of generalized trust among their citizens.

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A klímaváltozással kapcsolatos fogalmi hálók feltárása a kiválasztott Hajdú-Bihar megyei településcsoportokban

Author(s): Emőke Kiss,István Fazekas,Dániel Balla / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2021

The study applies a word association analysis in two groups of municipalities (3-3 selected municipalities) in Eastern Hungary (Hajdú-Bihar County), in municipalities with a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) and in municipalities without one. In addition to these municipalities, the authors also included Debrecen, a county seat with a SECAP, in their 2020 survey. Their aim was to explore the conceptual networks related to climate change among the adult population and the strength of the relationship between the call term and the associated concepts in the total sample, in these two groups of municipalities and in Debrecen. Associations with common meanings were categorised. Their results showed that the relative frequencies of climate change related conceptual networks and categories are similar in both groups of settlements, while Debrecen differs in several respects. From an analysis of the categories by sociodemographic group, the study found that responses to climate change are primarily determined by the highest level of education.

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A környezettudatos magatartás településföldrajzi szempontú vizsgálata a Baranya megyei ökoiskolák végzős diákjai körében, 2020

Author(s): Bernadett Bús,Róbert Tésits,Levente Alpek / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2021

This study presents environmental attitudes among primary school students graduating in Baranya County eco-schools in 2020, highlighting sub-areas and correlations based on a questionnaire survey conducted among students. The authors highlight how the immediate environment impacts the development of environmentally conscious behaviour and what role the settlement type plays. This research was conducted using the children’s environmental attitudes andknowledge scale. In addition to questions examining behavioural as well as emotional attitudes, factors that may influence environmentally conscious behaviour were included in the analysis. Slightly above average environmental attitudes were measured among the students interviewed. Emotional attitudes achieved the highest score and they are the greatest motivating force, followed by behavioural attitudes. Immediate environmental attitudes were the lowest scored area, most in need of improvement, but having ample opportunities. The authors also point out that type of settlement influences how environmentally conscious behaviour develops, as the environmental attitude score of urban students participating in the study is higher than that of their peers livingin villages.

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A közfoglalkoztatottak munkaerőpiacra való kilépését segítő képzések Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén megyében, 2016–2020

Author(s): Dávid Hajdú,Gábor Koncz,Katalin Lipták / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2022

The study presents the process of catching up of persons excluded from the primary labour market who participated in the subsidised adult education of public workers in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County between 2016 and 2020, and analyses the success of the training courses based on job placement indicators. The training of public workers enables participants to complete the basic education they have previously abandoned, and accelerates and improves their employability through labour market training and new vocational qualifications. In line with the uneven distribution of public workers across the county,the number of trainees also varies significantly from one area to another, but this is also strongly influenced by the concentration of training in district centres and the different labour market supply.The authors used data provided by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology on the number and distribution of training courses for public workers over the period under review, and conducted a primary survey between September 2019 and June 2021, using a questionnaire to explore the life circumstances, motivations and success rates of 1,285 trainees. However, successful completion of the courses did not necessarily have the expected labour market impact, as a higher proportion of public workers returned to the secondary labour market or became jobseekers after gaining the new qualification. Thus, they have not managed to break out of the triangle defined by the status of 'job-seeker-public worker-student in subsidised adult education'. This shows that they need a significant and complex effort to find a job in the primary labour market, and in many cases, attending training has become more important to them than using it to move on.The main objective of the research is to describe the main characteristics, motivations and internal and external barriers to employment of participants in public work training. In their research, the authors considered the geographical location and the hierarchy of municipalities within the county as a crucial aspect to identify inequalities. From secondary databases, they extracted the main characteristics of the training population and the spatial differences in job placement in the primary and secondary labour markets. Their primary survey, based on questionnaires, also allowed a detailed description of the characteristics of those taking part in training and of the barriers to finding a job.

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A közlekedési hálózatok és a komplex területi fejlettség időbeli összehasonlító vizsgálata a történelmi Magyarország példáján

Author(s): István Papp,János Pénzes,Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 04/2021

The dynamic growth of spatial databasesand IT analytical capabilities has expandedthe scope for historical comparative studies. However, a number of problems have hampered the implementation of these analyses, mainly due to the altering methodology of statistical measurements, the changing content and uncertain explanatory power of socio-economic factors, and not least the repeatedly redrawn spatial frameworks. In the case of historical Hungary, the coherent data structure became fragmented as a result of the Treaty of Trianon, which also made it difficult to create a database for the current time section. The comparative analysis of linear infrastructure elements over time, inparticular railways, poses fewer dilemmas, while the expression of complex development is a much more complicated problem. The study used calculations based on a common methodology, but essentially different in terms of the variables used in the two time sections in order to compare the change in the situation between 1910 and 2010 for the territory of historical Hungary (covering 8 countries in total). The authors have used geographic information tools to project municipal level data on a10*10 km grid, since the problems mentioned above made direct comparison impossible. Their experience shows that the grid network is suitable for comparing the spatial structure of development over time.

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A közösségi média társadalomföldrajzi alkalmazásának etnikai-földrajzi példája

Author(s): Balázs Tóth,Sándor Papp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2020

One of the fundamental challenges of socialgeography is to reveal what types of data canbe used to measure a process. Social mediaplatforms are an integral part of society, beingused by large masses as a daily routine without reflection. This type of usage and penetration can make it a tool of socialgeographical examination. In our work we use data from Instagram in research one tehnical features and we present the first steps of the development of an alternativemethod, which allows higher temporal resolution and, instead of data based on self declaration,it makes it possible to use databased on the social practice of users. Furthermore, our paper also contributes to the knowledge on boundaries of using Instagram as a data source in peripherial spaces. To test the new method, we examined the Romanian and Hungarian ethnical compostition in sample settlements located in the border region of Arad and Békés counties. Based on the accesible social media data, we could not approach the official statistical data convincingly; yet, our analysis suggested that by socially and spatially more focused sampling procedures or in spaces where social media use is more intense, the method could produce data reflecting actual processes precisely.

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A köztársasági szekularizációs program luzo-brazil összefüggései

Author(s): Ágnes Judit Szilágyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

In Brazil and Portugal, the separation of state and church took place shortly after the proclamation of the First Republic. Secularization started on the basis of different principles and with a difference of more than two decades, first in the South American country (1890), and then in the smaller Iberian state (1911). Due to the close cultural and historical connections, the two lusophone elites constantly resonated with each other. Thus, it is not surprising that the Lisbon political elite also paid considerable attention to overseas developments in religious matters, and Portuguese public figures tried to develop their own position and method in the field of secularization by analyzing the situation in Brazil.

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A közúti elérhetőség szerepe a kelet-magyarországi gazdasági teljesítményben és gazdaságfejlesztésben

Author(s): Zoltán Egri,Irén Rita Kőszegi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2020

The authors are trying to answer how road network accessibility shapes economic performance and spatial structure in one of the less successfully transformed regions (Eastern Hungary). The study of accessibility is particularly important in this area, since the geographical location of the region do not provide sufficient spatial energy for catching up.The dissertation presents the spatial economic relations of distance and economic development, and summarizes the results published so far regarding the examined region. Subsequently, the main relationships between economic performance and accessibility at the settlement level are presented.The results highlights in a complex way traditional but spatially differentiated relationships between road accessibility and regional economic performance: “tunnel”effects, correlation and spatial efficiency problems, geographic and socio-economic center-periphery relationships, and the importance of arterial and county roads. Road accessibility relationships make the spatial structure of the Eastern Hungarian economy (key indicators of growth, economic performance and efficiency) very unequal.

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A kreatív városok kulturális-turisztikai-pénzügyi potenciáljának kvantitatív összehasonlító elemzése (Debrecen, Győr és Veszprém példáján)

Author(s): Dávid Fekete,Szabolcs Morvay / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2020

The European Capital of Culture (ECOC) programme series aims to present the diversity of European culture, focusing on the cultural values and dimensions of cities. In 2023, Debrecen, Győr and Veszprém, as Hungarian applicants, entered the second round of the selection procedure. Although most attention is focused on the cultural programs of the project year, the project application phase is also exciting, as applicant cities can present their plans, development ideas and potentials in the field of culture. The study compares the creative aspirations and cultural potential of these 3 cities, exploring the cultural visions, strengths and weaknesses of these culturally outstandingly ambitious cities, mainly using quantifiable indicators. The authors developed and applied a survey model having 14 indicators for a quantitative comparative analysis of the cultural, tourism and financial potential of the three cities. Comparing 2 large and 1 medium-sized cities in Hungary, the authors conclude that not only in Central and Eastern Europe, but also in Hungary, stronger efforts are made to have culturally rich and creative cities.

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A kulturális és kreatív ipar társas vállalkozásainak teljesítménye a magyar nagyvárosokban, 2008–2018

Author(s): Petra Kinga Kézai,János Rechnitzer / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2022

The creative economy is increasingly becoming more and more important within national economies. The present study aims to examine the performance of partnerships belonging to the creative industrial branches in Hungary between 2008 and 2018. There search questions: What economical potential does creative economy represent in Hungary and in certain large cities? What tendencies do show its temporal changes? What are the professional branches in cities that defy creative economy, and how has their performance changed in the period examined in this study? This analysis deals with partnerships in creative economy present in Budapest, and the 8 cities of Hungary with a population larger than 100 thousand. The statistical analysis is based on the database of Dun&Bradstreet Hungary Kft. The data of companies operating on the last day of the given year were collected based on the valid Unified Sectoral Classification System (TEÁOR) codes and according to the indicated registered office, thus guaranteeing the full national coverage. In the case of headcount data, only reports for the entire calendar year were included in the study based on the statistical headcount for the given year. Research has shown that in the 11-year scope of the study, there were no significant territorial changes in creative economy, Budapest still dominates the landscape, the other 8 cities play minor roles with 11–12 percent according to all organisations. The cities have all had their own development paths in the period studied.

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A kulturális sokszínűség hatása a bizalomra Västra Götaland svédországi megyében, 2014 és 2018 között

Author(s): Dávid Sümeghy,Ádám Németh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2022

This study investigated the impact of ethnocultural diversity on changes in social cohesion in Västra Götaland County, Sweden, where the number of immigrants increased rapidly between 2014 and 2018. To investigate diversity, the authors used adiversity index weighted by cultural parameters in addition to the proportion of immigrants and the classical fragmentation index, while social cohesion was analysed using generalised and localised trust, respectively, with questionnaire surveys. The multilevel modelling used in the research has shown the role of individual variables and the impact of the diversity of the municipalities and city districts studied. The generalised trust was not affected by diversity in the multilevel models and correlation results, regardless of the measurement method (minority proportion, unweighted and weighted fragmentation index), but the individual variables provided a good indication of the level of trust of the individual. However,localised trust is already negatively affected by ethnic diversity, as residents in ethnically mixed municipalities or districts have lower localised trust, which confirms the constrict theory, that living in ethnically mixed areas leads to lower trust in general. There is no difference in model fit between the use of diversity indices and immigrant shares.

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