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Legal and Practical Challenges in Safeguarding the Rights of Juvenile Witnesses

Legal and Practical Challenges in Safeguarding the Rights of Juvenile Witnesses

Author(s): LEVAN DARBAIDZE / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2025

The right to a fair trial is the cornerstone of the rule of law, without which the democratic development of the country is impossible. The mentioned fundamental right is instrumental in equipping persons in conflict with the law with various important opportunities to protect themselves from unjustified interference in their rights by the state. A minor, as a legal subject, has the right to a fair trial and enjoys exactly the same legal guarantees as any other person in conflict with the law. However, a minor, in accordance with his development, needs special protection, so he cannot be treated in the same way as an adult. When children come into the justice system, the authorities must be guided by the "principle of the best/true interest of the juvenile". This article will address the legal and practical challenges in the field of realizing the right to protection of minors.

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Видове повторност на административните нарушения

Видове повторност на административните нарушения

Author(s): Izabela Chakarova-Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The present article dwells on the different types of recurrence of the administrative offences. The author attempts to define the different types of recurrence of the administrative offences and to analyze their most important characteristics. The author examines the prerequisites of the recurrence of the administrative offences under the special legislation.

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L’EFFECTIVITÉ DE LA RÉPARATION DES VIOLATIONS DE LA CONVENTION À L’ÉPREUVE DE L’EXCLUSION DE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE DU CONSEIL DE L’EUROPE : ILLUSTRATION À TRAVERS L’AFFAIRE GÉORGIE C. RUSSIE (II)

L’EFFECTIVITÉ DE LA RÉPARATION DES VIOLATIONS DE LA CONVENTION À L’ÉPREUVE DE L’EXCLUSION DE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE DU CONSEIL DE L’EUROPE : ILLUSTRATION À TRAVERS L’AFFAIRE GÉORGIE C. RUSSIE (II)

Author(s): Carla Giustiniani / Language(s): French Issue: 36/2024

This contribution focuses on the study of the judgment pronounced by the European Court of Human Rights against the Russian Federation on 28 April 2023, in which it considered, for the third time in its history, the award of just satisfaction in an inter-State case. Before judging the case on the merits, the High Court had to rule on its jurisdiction in case of applications brought against a former Member State for conventional violations prior to its exclusion from the Council of Europe, thus establishing the rules and limits of its control.

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L’AFFAIRE FU QUAN S.R.O. C. RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE : LE POSITIONNEMENT DE LA GRANDE CHAMBRE CALQUÉ SUR L’OPINION DISSIDENTE DES JUGES DE CHAMBRE

L’AFFAIRE FU QUAN S.R.O. C. RÉPUBLIQUE TCHÈQUE : LE POSITIONNEMENT DE LA GRANDE CHAMBRE CALQUÉ SUR L’OPINION DISSIDENTE DES JUGES DE CHAMBRE

Author(s): Elisa Gomes Semedo / Language(s): French Issue: 36/2024

This study concerns a case heard by the Grand Chamber, between the Czech Republic and a company which was claiming compensation for the financial damage suffered because of the unlawful detention of its directors. While the company was successful in the judgment delivered by the Chamber, the Grand Chamber, seized at the request of the respondent State, found the application inadmissible, choosing to follow the opinion set out in the dissenting opinion led by two minority judges.

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WALESA C. POLOGNE: UN ARRÊT PILOTE SYMBOLE D’UNE DÉFENSE ENGAGÉE DE L’INDÉPENDANCE DE LA JUSTICE PAR LA COUR DE STRASBOURG FACE À LA RÉSISTANCE ÉTATIQUE

WALESA C. POLOGNE: UN ARRÊT PILOTE SYMBOLE D’UNE DÉFENSE ENGAGÉE DE L’INDÉPENDANCE DE LA JUSTICE PAR LA COUR DE STRASBOURG FACE À LA RÉSISTANCE ÉTATIQUE

Author(s): Anica Grosso / Language(s): French Issue: 36/2024

The justice reforms undertaken in Poland since 2015 have been the cause of a significant number of convictions handed down by the European Court of Human Rights. Faced with the inertia of the Polish authorities, the High Court decided to use the pilot-judgment procedure in the case of Wałęsa v. Poland, the subject of this study, reaffirming its commitment to protecting the Rule of law. The Court’s choice appears justified, considering the context, but has been criticized because of the problem it poses in terms of the different assessment of similar situations that may arise in certain Council of Europe Member States.

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AU-DELÀ DES FRONTIÈRES : QUAND LA COUR DE STRASBOURG DÉFIE LA RUSSIE SUR LA RECONNAISSANCE DES UNIONS HOMOSEXUELLES À TRAVERS L’AFFAIRE FEDOTOVA ET AUTRES C. RUSSIE

AU-DELÀ DES FRONTIÈRES : QUAND LA COUR DE STRASBOURG DÉFIE LA RUSSIE SUR LA RECONNAISSANCE DES UNIONS HOMOSEXUELLES À TRAVERS L’AFFAIRE FEDOTOVA ET AUTRES C. RUSSIE

Author(s): Emma Leporati / Language(s): French Issue: 36/2024

The judgment discussed in this contribution marks a turning point in the protection of the rights of homosexual couples in Europe. The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights upholds the Chamber judgment, in which Russia was condemned for its refusal to legally recognise same-sex unions. By this judgment, highlighting the tensions that exist between Russian cultural values and European standards, the Strasbourg Court has sent a strong message to the other Member States of the Council of Europe, which continue to show resistance. By insisting on the impossibility of justifying violations of rights and freedoms by a necessary safeguarding of national cultural traditions, the European judges confirm the existence of a conventional protection in this area, which the States Parties must respect.

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RENFORCEMENT DES DROITS DES DÉTENUS EN MATIÈRE D’ISOLEMENT CELLULAIRE : UN DOUBLE STANDARD? COMMENTAIRE DE L’ARRÊT SCHMIDT ET ŠMIGOL C. ESTONIE

RENFORCEMENT DES DROITS DES DÉTENUS EN MATIÈRE D’ISOLEMENT CELLULAIRE : UN DOUBLE STANDARD? COMMENTAIRE DE L’ARRÊT SCHMIDT ET ŠMIGOL C. ESTONIE

Author(s): Ilhem Takoudat,Paul Martins Dos Santos / Language(s): French Issue: 36/2024

Without seeking to be exhaustive, this article offers a review of the criteria for the proportionality review carried out by the ECtHR in matters of solitary confinement as well as the clarifications provided by the judgment pronounced on 28 November 2023 against Estonia. From the perspective of this judgment, the authors also question a possible criticism aimed at the issue of the double standard in European case law, which the Court would apply depending on the respondent State facing it, as well as the difficulty of obtaining an overall compromise.

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Признакът „след употреба на наркотични вещества или техни аналози“ по чл. 343б, ал. 3 НК

Признакът „след употреба на наркотични вещества или техни аналози“ по чл. 343б, ал. 3 НК

Author(s): Silvia Petkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The study focuses on the theoretical and practical problems that arise from the formulation "after use of narcotic or analogue drugs" as a main objective characteristic of the crime under Article 343b(3) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Bulgaria. It is argued that the driving of a motor vehicle in the formal presence of this characteristic does not always constitute an act of a high degree of public danger. That argument is because public danger is created by the driving of a motor vehicle by a driver who is unable to carry out that activity properly and safely because of the use of narcotic or analogue drugs. In that connection, the content of the concepts of "after the use" of narcotic or analogue drugs and "under the influence" of such substances is examined, a distinction being drawn between them on the basis of the science of "toxicology" as a source of the special knowledge required. A number of hypotheses are reviewed. It is argued that under those hypotheses the application of Article 9(2) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Bulgaria on the insignificance or the obvious insignificance of driving a motor vehicle after the use of narcotic drugs or their analogues may be considered.

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Въпроси на задължителната местна подсъдност по ГПК

Въпроси на задължителната местна подсъдност по ГПК

Author(s): Denitsa Koleva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article reviews the different types of claims, under which local jurisdiction is established in the Civil Procedure Code as mandatory, and analyzes the interrelation between them. Special attention is given to the recent amendments to the Civil Procedure Code, which expand the list of claims with mandatory local jurisdiction. The relevant case law of the Supreme Cassation Court, as well as the different opinions in the legal theory, are also covered.

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L’INTÉGRATION DES NORMES INTERNATIONALES EN DROIT INTERNE BIÉLORUSSE EN MATIÈRE DE PROCÉDURE PÉNALE. L’EXEMPLE DE L’EXTRADITION

L’INTÉGRATION DES NORMES INTERNATIONALES EN DROIT INTERNE BIÉLORUSSE EN MATIÈRE DE PROCÉDURE PÉNALE. L’EXEMPLE DE L’EXTRADITION

Author(s): Vadzim Samaryn / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2023

In this study, the author deals with the “international legal paradigm of criminal procedure” through the confrontation of the principles of international criminal law and internal constitutional orders, taking the example of the regulation of the extradition procedure in Belarus and its implementation. The author points out some of the flaws in this procedure, identifying solutions present in international law, while raising the issues of integrating international standards into Belarusian domestic law.

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LA LÉGISLATION SUR LA RÉFORME DES RETRAITES DES JUGES ET DES PROCUREURS EN ROUMANIE ET LA QUESTION DE SA CONFORMITÉ AU PRINCIPE D’INDÉPENDANCE DE LA JUSTICE

LA LÉGISLATION SUR LA RÉFORME DES RETRAITES DES JUGES ET DES PROCUREURS EN ROUMANIE ET LA QUESTION DE SA CONFORMITÉ AU PRINCIPE D’INDÉPENDANCE DE LA JUSTICE

Author(s): Ramona Delia Popescu / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2023

The article deals with the debates that arose in Romania following the adoption of Law No. 303/2022 on the status of judges and prosecutors and, more specifically, with the problems raised by the modification of the pension system in relation to the requirement of respect for the principle of independence of the judiciary. An issue also raised by the Constitutional Court, which concluded that the pension system called into question the statutory and constitutional guarantees of magistrates.

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LA RÉFORME DE LA PROCÉDURE DE SÉLECTION DES JUGES CONSTITUTIONNELS EN UKRAINE, AU MILIEU DE DIFFICULTÉS POLITIQUES INTERNES ET DES AVIS DE LA COMMISSION DE VENISE

LA RÉFORME DE LA PROCÉDURE DE SÉLECTION DES JUGES CONSTITUTIONNELS EN UKRAINE, AU MILIEU DE DIFFICULTÉS POLITIQUES INTERNES ET DES AVIS DE LA COMMISSION DE VENISE

Author(s): Angela Di Gregorio / Language(s): French Issue: 33/2023

The article proposes to analyze the European future of Ukraine through the procedure for selecting constitutional judges and the reforms necessary to consolidate the Rule of law. By first pointing out the flaws in the functioning of the Ukrainian Constitutional Court, the author considers the possible depoliticization of this procedure, a sign of the independence of the institution, and analyzes the confrontations between the opinions of the Venice Commission and the Ukrainian Parliament.

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LE PROCUREUR GÉNÉRAL DE BULGARIE ET SA PLACE DANS LE SYSTÈME CONSTITUTIONNEL : UN NOUVEL ÉPISODE D’UN DRAME AUX ACTES

LE PROCUREUR GÉNÉRAL DE BULGARIE ET SA PLACE DANS LE SYSTÈME CONSTITUTIONNEL : UN NOUVEL ÉPISODE D’UN DRAME AUX ACTES

Author(s): Aleksandar Tsekov / Language(s): French Issue: 32/2023

The debate on the place of the Prosecutor General in the Bulgarian constitutional system has caused many discussions and motivated the adoption of several projects of judicial reforms. This invites the author to reflect on the reduction of the powers of the Bulgarian Prosecutor General and the establishment of certain control mechanisms. In order to respond to the demands for independence, criminal responsibility and methods of dismissal of the Prosecutor General, the author first considers a seemingly ideal but unrealistic control and proposes to analyze the unconstitutional nature of certain other types of control.

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LA RÉFORME JUDICIAIRE EN ALBANIE: LA JURISPRUDENCE DE LA COUR DE STRASBOURG SUR LA RÉÉVALUATION DES MAGISTRATS

LA RÉFORME JUDICIAIRE EN ALBANIE: LA JURISPRUDENCE DE LA COUR DE STRASBOURG SUR LA RÉÉVALUATION DES MAGISTRATS

Author(s): Andri GJINI / Language(s): French Issue: 31/2023

The article focuses on the articulation between the judicial reform carried out in Albania since 2016 and the respect of the European Convention on Human Rights, embodied in several judgments pronounced by the European judges on the matter. The author underlines that, notwithstanding certain dysfunctions noted, the vetting procedure is necessary given the high level of corruption in the Albanian judicial system.

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LA CONSTITUTIONNALISATION DE LA PROCÉDURE D’AVIS DES ACTES NORMATIFS AYANT FORCE DE LOI EN ROUMANIE

LA CONSTITUTIONNALISATION DE LA PROCÉDURE D’AVIS DES ACTES NORMATIFS AYANT FORCE DE LOI EN ROUMANIE

Author(s): Ramona Delia Popescu / Language(s): French Issue: 31/2023

This article describes the constitutionalization of the opinion procedure for normative acts having the force of law, based on the case law of the Romanian Constitutional Court on the matter, as well as the way in which this one continues to constitutionalize the legislative technique.

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LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DU BÉLARUS: UN ÉLARGISSEMENT DES COMPÉTENCES QUI RESTE À PRÉCISER

LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DU BÉLARUS: UN ÉLARGISSEMENT DES COMPÉTENCES QUI RESTE À PRÉCISER

Author(s): Tatiana Maslovskaya / Language(s): French Issue: 29/2022

Le 27 février 2022, un référendum constitutionnel a été organisé en République du Bélarus. Il s’est agi d’une réforme importante de la Constitution. Des modifications ont été apportées au préambule et à 85 articles du texte constitutionnel (dont deux ont été exclus), 11 nouveaux articles y ont été introduits. La section IV de la Constitution a été complétée par le chapitre « Assemblée populaire biélorusse ». Au total, huit de ses neuf sections ont connu des modifications et/ou des amendements. Ceux-ci ont affecté le système institutionnel de l’État, le statut juridique de la Cour constitutionnelle, ainsi que ses pouvoirs. Ils marquent une nouvelle étape dans le développement de la justice constitutionnelle en Biélorussie.

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ENCORE UNE FOIS SUR… LES MANDATS DE SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUE EN ROUMANIE

ENCORE UNE FOIS SUR… LES MANDATS DE SURVEILLANCE TECHNIQUE EN ROUMANIE

Author(s): Ramona Delia Popescu / Language(s): French Issue: 29/2022

Dans cette étude, nous analyserons la manière dont la Cour constitutionnelle de Roumanie a consolidé sa jurisprudence antérieure par rapport au principe de la suprématie de la Constitution et aux standards constitutionnels concernant le droit à la vie privée et familiale.

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VERS LA RECONNAISSANCE MUTUELLE DES JUGES CONSTITUTIONNELS ET EUROPÉENS DANS L’INTERPRÉTATION DES FONDEMENTS DES DEUX ORDRES JURIDIQUES?

VERS LA RECONNAISSANCE MUTUELLE DES JUGES CONSTITUTIONNELS ET EUROPÉENS DANS L’INTERPRÉTATION DES FONDEMENTS DES DEUX ORDRES JURIDIQUES?

Author(s): Peter Kruzslicz / Language(s): French Issue: 20/2020

Cela fait un an que la Cour constitutionnelle hongroise a prononcé sa décision, à ce jour la plus complète, sur les rapports entre le droit constitutionnel hongrois et le droit de l’Union européenne. Même si cette décision a fait l’objet de nombreux commentaires, y compris par l’auteur du présent article, un an après son adoption, nous souhaiterions proposer une réflexion plus globale sur la question d’une éventuelle reconnaissance mutuelle entre les juges constitutionnels et européens, au moins au niveau de l’interprétation des fondements de leurs deux ordres juridiques respectifs.

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LA RESPONSABILITÉ DU PROCUREUR GÉNÉRAL EN BULGARIE. À PROPOS DE LA DÉCISION DE LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE DU 23 JUILLET 2020

LA RESPONSABILITÉ DU PROCUREUR GÉNÉRAL EN BULGARIE. À PROPOS DE LA DÉCISION DE LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE DU 23 JUILLET 2020

Author(s): Aleksandar TSEKOV / Language(s): French Issue: 22/2020

En 2009, dans l’affaire Kolevi c. Bulgarie, la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH) a constaté qu’« il n’y a pas de garanties suffisantes dans le droit bulgare pour mener une enquête indépendante pour les crimes dans lesquels le procureur général ou d’autres hauts fonctionnaires proches de lui peuvent être soupçonnés »4. Les faits qui sous-tendent cette constatation sont les suivants : M. Kolev, procureur de haut rang, a été assassiné en 2002. Pendant la période allant de 2001 à 2002, plusieurs personnalités publiques bulgares, dont M. Kolev, ont formulé des critiques à l’égard du procureur général. M. Kolev a notamment affirmé que le procureur général souffrait d’un trouble psychiatrique, qu’il avait commis une série d’actes gravement répréhensibles et punissait tout subordonné qui osait désobéir à ses ordres, fussent-ils illégaux.

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LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE BULGARE, GARDIENNE DE L’INDÉPENDANCE DU POUVOIR JUDICIAIRE. À PROPOS DE LA DÉCISION RENDUE LE 21 FÉVRIER 2019

LA COUR CONSTITUTIONNELLE BULGARE, GARDIENNE DE L’INDÉPENDANCE DU POUVOIR JUDICIAIRE. À PROPOS DE LA DÉCISION RENDUE LE 21 FÉVRIER 2019

Author(s): Aleksandar TSEKOV / Language(s): French Issue: 17-18/2019

La question de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire en Bulgarie fait l’objet d’un intérêt constant dans les milieux politiques et universitaires. Les instruments permettant de limiter l’influence des pouvoirs exécutif et législatif sur le travail des magistrats, tout comme les compétences du Conseil supérieur de la justice et la manière dont il les exerce, sont aussi évalués et contrôlés par les institutions de l’Union européenne. Dans le cadre du mécanisme de coopération et de vérification, la Commission européenne adopte régulièrement des rapports sur les progrès réalisés par la Bulgarie en matière de réforme judiciaire, de lutte contre la corruption et de crime organisé. La garantie de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire est l’un des principaux thèmes du débat sur le lien entre l’obtention de fonds européens et le respect de l’État de droit dans les États membres.

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