Dative of external possession in Croatian

Author(s): Motoki Nomachi / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

External possession constructions are defined as constructions in which a semantic possessor-possessum relation is expressed by coding the possessor as a core grammatical relation of the verb and in a constituent separate from that which contains the possessum. One construction representative of this phenomenon is that with the dative case as a marker of the possessor, which is known as the dative of possession (DP) and is widely attested in European languages as an areal feature. In this article, I analyze the DP in Croatian, both its standard variety and dialects, particularly from a (micro-)areal-typological perspective, to locate the place of Croatian among Slavic, paying special attention to the correlation between the use of DP and its areal tendency. My analysis led me to conclude that Croatian occupies a place between West Slavic and Slovene, which tend to have a narrower sphere of the use of DP, and Balkanized Slavic, which has a wider sphere of it. This finding can be explained by the fact that West Slavic and Slovene are more habere-type languages than Croatian, which still preserves more esse-type language features that can be also found in the Balkanized Slavic languages.

ЯЗЫК И СТИЛЬ СЛОВА «O ЗАКОНЕ И БЛАГОДАТИ»

Author(s): Giorgio Ziffer / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The author treats the “literary artistry” of the work written in the earliest period of Old East Slavic literature. At a linguistic level, the author analyzes certain lexical phenomena and points out that the lexical units used in the monument is not fully presented in the dictionaries of Old East Slavic. From a stylistic standpoint, particular attention is devoted to diverse figures of repetition and, in a broader perspective, to biblical rhetoric. Linguistic and stylistic phenomena are considered using different copies. The author also emphasizes the need for a simultaneous examination of both the language and style of the work and the philological aspects of its entire manuscript tradition.

À propos de quelques structures lexico-syntaxiques du type dit comparatif dans un texte scientifique

Author(s): Alicja Hajok / Language(s): French Issue: 28/2016

This article presents several lexical and syntactic structures characteristic of scientific texts. Markers of comparison such as être identique à, différer de, comme are one element of the analyzed structures. The proposed analyses treat phraseology in a wider context (phraséologie étendue) and are a part of a broader research on motive.

Dvosmislenosti zbog reda riječi u hrvatskoj i poljskoj rečenici

Author(s): Neda Pintarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 9/2015

The autoress analyses differences and ambiguities about Croatian and Polish word order in their grammars or media. In both languages there are no precise rules about order of subordinate words in sentences, which causes ambiguit meanings. The paper consists of 4 parts: 1. description of word order in Croatina grammars; 2. description of word order in Polish grammars; 3. ambiguities during communication in Polish and Croatian media; 4. as a result of this research the autoress shows 10 rules that should be considered in the sentences without ambiguities or mistakes.

Семиотичен подход към преводимостта на културата

Author(s): Irena Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The semiotic highlight of cultural translatability suggests the idea of its relative adequacy. It allows tо examinе the translatability as a kind of hierarchy between certain parameters, which should be applied to the translation analysis in terms of both lingua-cultural identity and cross-cultural dialogue.

CILEX: Innover, Motiver, Inspirer. Un rêve devenu réalité

Author(s): Colette Pawlonka,Maciej Pospiech / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2017

Има изход от езиковата инвазия

Author(s): Dimitar Vesselinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

Към въпроса за адлозите в съвременния турски език

Author(s): Milena Yordanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The paper is aimed at the specific class of words in the modern Turkish language. They are the functional equivalents of prepositions in Indo-European languages. The present article undertakes nouns in adpositional function just in the ablative case form.

Проблемно обучение, електронно учене и мобилни технологии при изучаването на чужд език

Author(s): Maria Neikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article focuses on the role and place of problem-based learning in foreign language teaching. Its practical application creates the necessary conditions for the students to become active, autonomous subjects of their own learning. Problem-based learning is mostly implemented in the context of the traditional in-person form of education but it can function successfully in the context of e-learning as well. As a result, problem-based learning online strengthens its positions in FLT today. Mobile technologies are successfully integrated in the process of language learning and allow the students to overcome the restrictions of time and place in their own learning.

Новият литературен жанр „Транслит“

Author(s): Madeleine Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article looks at the way the new hybrid genre of the biofiction functions in the postmodern age. It examines this new genre against the background of such notions as Coupland’s “TransLit” and Hutcheon’s “historiographic metafiction”, as well as Bauman’s “liquid modernity”. It also traces the development of the genre of biography and its use in the subtle play between fact and fiction in contemporary literature. A specific attention is paid to the biographical fictions based on the life and the works of Henry James, one of the canonical figures in Anglo-American literature and in particular to one of the less known biofictions, Liebmann-Smith’s The James Boys: A Novel Account of Four Desperate Brothers (2008). The article reaches a conclusion that the “TransLit” of today destroys the temporal and the spatial boundaries creating a patchwork of fragments united by the power of the writer’s imagination.

Глобалният английски език в български контекст

Author(s): Dafina Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

Nelietuviški XIX a. galo – XX a. pradžios katalikų katekizmų terminai

Author(s): Aušra Rimkutė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

Lithuanian Christian terminology is one of the oldest fields of terminology – the old borrowings (for instance, bažnyčia (church), gavėnia (Lent), krikštas (baptism), kūčios (Christmas Eve), Kalėdos (Christmas), Velykos (Easter)) came into Lithuanian before the official conversion of Lithuania to Christianity – in 10th-12th centuries. The beginnings of Lithuanian terminology are found in extant manuscripts of prayers (Viešpaties malda (The Lord’s prayer), Angelo pasveikinimas (Hail Mary), Tikėjimo išpažinimas (The Nicean Creed) written down in Vilnius diocese in the 16th century, which are the oldest of all presently known texts and the first printed Lithuanian book – an evangelical Lutheran catechism Catechismvsa prasty Szadei written by Martynas Mažvydas in 1547. This article analyses one-word non-Lithuanian origin terms of religion used in Catholic catechisms from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. This period is not a random choice, because the literature of the Church and its language at that time were corrupt with barbarisms.From four Catholic catechisms published at that period – Mokslas Rimo Kataliku (Teaching of Roman Catholics) (1879), Trumpasis Кип. Filochowskio katekizmas. Vaiszganto verstas (Short Catechism by Priest Filochowski. Translated by Vaiszgantas) (1901), Katakizmai katalikiszki (Catholic Catechisms) (1903) and Tikybos mokslas (Šv. Istorijos ir Katekizmo) (Teaching of Religion (Holy History and Catechism)) (1916) by the priest Kazimieras Paltarokas – 1158 one-word terms of religion and their variants, were picked up. Some terms were the same, so it made 613 different terms and 125 their variants. The majority of one-word terms – 439 terms – were of the native origin. This article investigates 141 different terms of non-Lithuanian origin and 33 hybrid terms of foreign origin.Non-Lithuanian, i.e. terms of religion of the foreign origin are so called international words (34 terms), barbarisms (71 term) and old borrowings (36 terms). The absolute majority of international terms (33 terms) are derived from classical languages – Latin (aktas (act, note) TFK 43, ostija (host) KK 30, MRK 322, TM 123, sakramentas (sacrament) MRK 16, 79, 138, TFK 9, KK 22, TM 72, 85) and Greek (antifona (versicle) TM 11, balzamas (balsam) MRK 315). Some international terms came through Slavonic (Belorussian, Polish) languages, for instance, altorius (altar) MRK 176, TM 110, adventas (advent) MRK 79, 333, TM 109, angelas (angel) TM 12, 76 and other.The origin of old borrowings varies. These catechisms have majorily old borrowings from Slavonic languages, for example, bažnyčia (church) MRK 25, TFK 20, 25, KK 19, TM 7, 88, grabas (coffin) MRK 75, KK 15 and other. This is the oldest layer of Lithuanian terms of religion.There are many barbarisms in earlier mentioned catechisms (71 term): Polonisms (abrozas (picture) MRK 79, dūšia (spirit) MRK 29, TFK 8, KK 11, tajemnyčia (mystery of rosary) MRK 50), Slavonicisms (apieka (care) KK 10), Belorussianisms (тūkа (suffering) MRK 57, TFK 11, 25, KK 46) and germanisms (podžiai (godparents) TM 120).The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries is the period of the fast creation of common language. At that time terms of religion were already established, but the language was corrupted with barbarisms and was not pure. In the beginning of the 20th century there were attempts to normalize terms of religion – barbarisms were changed, international terms and old borrowings were left. In the work of the priest K. Paltarokas Tikybos mokslas (The Teaching of Religion) even 82% of terms are purely Lithuanian. In this catechism there is only one barbarism from German language – podžiai (godparents) TM 120. Furthermore, barbarisms, used in catechisms published in 1879-1903, were changed, for instance, dirmavonė MRK 108, TFK 9, KK 27 – sutvirtinimo sakramentas TM 120 (confirmation), čysčius MRK 63, TFK 17, KK 16, 37 – skaistykla TM 89 (purgatory) and others. After the bishop Paltarokas the terminology of Lithuanian catholic catechisms hardly changed.

Gydymo priemonių pavadinimai daktaro Antano Vileišio medicinos knygelėse

Author(s): Palmira Zemlevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.

Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2005

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.

Some lexicological aspects of terminology and terminography

Author(s): Valentīna Skujiņa / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2008

Per beveik penkis šimtmečius latvių, kaip ir lietuvių, kalba pasiekė tokį lygį, kad dvidešimtojo amžiaus pabaigoje mūsų kalbos buvo visiškai pasirengusios atlikti visas aktualias valstybinės kalbos funkcijas savo šalyse. Reguliarūs latvių ir lietuvių kalbininkų kontaktai prasidėjo nuo dvidešimto amžiaus septintojo dešimtmečio, kai buvo pradėtos rengti terminologijos ir kalbos kultūros konferencijos. Septintasis dešimtmetis – tai laikas, kai terminologija, iki tol laikyta leksikologijos šaka, dėl gausių teorinių tyrinėjimų tapo savarankiška tarpdalykine mokslo sritimi, besiplėtojančia lingvistikos ir keleto gretutinių sričių – logikos, filosofijos, kognityvistikos, ontologijos, komunikacijos mokslų – sandūroje. Leksiniu atžvilgiu terminologija laikoma specifiniu kalbos leksinės sudėties sluoksniu, kreipiant dėmesį į terminų ir ne terminų santykį, terminų ir profesinių, socialinių, teritorinių, istorinių, stilistinių ir kitų leksikos sluoksnių sąsajas. Leksinę kalbos sandarą atskleidžia žodynai. Teoriniai ir praktiniai žodynų sudarymo aspektai – leksikografijos, kaip kalbotyros šakos, tyrimų objektas. Viena iš žodynų rū- šių – terminų žodynai. Bendrinės kalbos ir terminų žodynų lyginimas leidžia apibūdinti terminografiją kaip gretutinę discipliną, esančią leksikologijos, leksikografijos ir termi- nologijos sandūroje. Terminų žodynų specifika atsiskleidžia atrenkant žodynų straipsnių antraštes ir leksiškai bei gramatiškai aprašant. Terminų žodynuose vyrauja daiktavardžiai, kadangi jie pavadina pačias įvairiausias realijas – daiktus (objektus), procesus, savybes, kiekius, aplinkybes ir kt. Daiktavardžiai geriausiai įvardija sąvokas. Kitos kalbos dalys, pavyzdžiui, būdvardžiai, dalyviai (t. y. veiksmažodinės formos) paprastai atlieka termino apibūdinančio dėmens funkciją. Kartais, pavyzdžiui, kai kuriuose ISO standartuose, pasitaiko antraščių ir su daiktavardžiais, ir su veiksmažodžiais: display – „vizualinis pateikimas“ ir to display – „pateikti vizualiai“ (apibrėžčių vertimas pateiktas straipsnio autorės). Kaip matyti iš apibrėžčių, abiem atvejais kalbama apie tą pačią sąvoką, skiriasi tik žodžio gramatinės formos pasirinkimas. Toks dubliavimas yra netikslingas. Pakaktų išreikšti sąvoką daiktavardžiu, o veiksmažodis, reikalui esant, gali būti vartojamas tekste. Skirtingų kalbos dalių vietą ir vaidmenį terminologijoje padeda nustatyti terminema, kurios pagrindinis dėmuo yra daiktavardis, o kitos kalbos dalys (susijusios su ta pačia są- voka) – antraeiliai dėmenys (plg. перевод – переводить, переведен, переведенный ir pan.). Pastaruoju metu terminologijoje ieškoma naujo požiūrio, pabrėžiant kompleksinį terminologinių vienetų pobūdį, tačiau tai nereiškia, kad atsisakoma tradicinio požiūrio. Dėmesys turi būti skiriamas ir reprezentacinei, ir komunikacinei termino funkcijai, t. y. termino sistemiškumui terminų sistemoje ir vartosenos įvairovei, atsižvelgiant į kontekstą.

Белорусская и литовская терминографии: сравнительный аспект

Author(s): Vyacheslav Shcherbin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2008

The article considers the results of the comparative research of the Belarusian and Lithuanian terminographies according to a number of criteria. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the mentioned terminographies are analyzed. The necessity to introduce the amendments into modern Belarusian terminographic practice has been substantiated.

The science of terminology: history and evolution

Author(s): Heribert Picht / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2011

Straipsnis pradedamas istorinių terminologijos mokslo formavimosi aplinkybių apžvalga, kurioje aptariami Wirtschaftslinguistik judėjimas ir terminologijos pradininkų – E. Wüsterio, E. Drezeno ir D. Lotte’s – darbai. Išskiriama keletas teorinių terminologijos mokslo pagrindų raidos etapų, kuriuos parodo L. Hoffmanno ir H. Kalverkämperio modeliai. Keliami klausimai, ar terminologija yra atskira disciplina ir ar galima kalbėti apie terminologijos mokyklas. Apžvelgiamos žinių sritys, turėjusios įtakos terminologijos teorijos raidai, t.y. objektas ir sąvoka, objektų ir sąvokų vaizdavimo formos, žinių tvarkyba ir terminografija. Kalbama apie terminologijos mokymą, terminijos standartizavimą, specialiosios kalbos ir terminologijos planavimą, aptariamas deskriptyvinis ir preskriptyvinis požiūris į terminologiją ir jos planavimą. Kaip išvados formuluojami penki teiginiai apie terminologijos teorijos bei jos taikymo raidą ir dabartinę padėtį.

Bergerová, Hana; Vaňková, Lenka et al. 2015. Lexikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Emotionalität im Deutschen und Tschechischen

Author(s): Anita Pavić Pintarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2017

This is a bok review of: Bergerová, Hana; Vaňková, Lenka et al. 2015. Lexikalische Ausdrucksmittel der Emotionalität im Deutschen und Tschechischen

Terminologia externă a domeniului botanică. Motivarea extralingvistică

Author(s): Daniela Suciu (Fodor) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2023

The characteristic “motivated” can be attributed to the specialized terms, in opposition to the majority of the linguistic signs that have an unmotivated or arbitrary character from the perspective of the extrinsic relationship between concept and extralinguistic reality. We are aware that the specialized vocabulary does not belong only to the specialists, the use of the terms in other registers of the language is a reality. In this case, there is a complementary relationship between the internal and the external terminology. Extralinguistic motivation is fundamental in terminology and it is illustrated by the relationship between the concept-term and the object belonging to the external world. In linguistics, the motivation is defined as a characteristic attributed to a small number of linguistic signs, as opposed to the majority of signs which have an arbitrary or unmotivated character from the point of view of the extrinsic relationship between the signs and the extralinguistic reality. In treatises, motivation is presented as being: absolute and relative in the case of derivative and compound words; partial (with suffixoids and prefixoids), etymologic (words inherited from Latin and Greek); phonetic, morpho-lexical, semantic; internal, external, intrinsic, phonetic, structural, partially etymologic, secondary etc. We will refer to the phenomenon of extralinguistic motivation because, within the terminology, all types of motivation are subordinated to it. Thus, we identify derivational motivation, accomplished with the help of suffixes and prefixes (capsular, akaryote, aphyllous) and motivation with the help of sematic modellers, respectively suffixoids, prefixoids, roots (hydrophyte, heliophyte, basophile, heliotrope).

KOMUNIKATIVNI PRISTUP NASTAVI STRANOG JEZIKA NASUPROT GRAMATIČKO PREVODNOM METODU

Author(s): Čedomir P. Knežević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2016

The aim of this paper is to show students of a foreign language, as well as future teachers, the contemporary approach to teaching foreign languages. As we show in this paper, the communicative approach allows seamless communication, active transmission and exchange of information. In the comparison of these two different approach to teaching a foreign language, using historical methods, we will show primarily the outcome or the result of each approach individually and its implications to the use of a foreign language to be taught.