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Leksikografska obrada glagola, glagolskih kolokacija i sintagmi u dvojezičnim tehničkim rječnicima

Author(s): Josip Luzer,Sandra Tominac Coslovich / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2016

The paper emphasizes the importance of consistent and unified lexicographic treatment and of the inclusion of verbs, verb collocations and verb phraseology in bilingual specialized dictionaries. The analysis of 9 bilingual technical dictionaries has shown that multi-word lexical units that have a verb as one of their components are rarely included in bilingual specialized dictionaries, and when they are included, their representation is not unified. This can be partly attributed to unclear boundaries of multi-word lexical units but also to the lack of a sound theoretical basis. Therefore, this paper argues that the lexicographic treatment of such units should be theoretically based. Thus, the Sociocognitive and/or Frame Based Theory approaches to terminology seem to provide the best guidelines in this regard. The inclusion of various usage examples taken from the specialized corpus of texts in a specific domain is also highlighted as an important segment in assembling specialized dictionaries. A model for a more consistent lexicographic treatment of multi-word lexical units containing verbs is also provided.

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Konceptualizacija PSIHIČKE NESTABILNOSTI u hrvatskome jeziku

Author(s): Ivana Čizmar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2016

The present paper examines the conceptualization of MENTAL INSTABILITY in Croatian within the (following) postulates of Cognitive Lingustics: metaphor, metonymy, image schemata and cultural models. Metaphorical linguistic expressions are divided into five main categories that are fundamental in the analysis of motivation. In the analyses particularly noteworthy is the HEAD category as the location of MENTAL (IN)STABILITY in cultural model of Western tradition (Croatian language). The analysis highlights BALANCE image schemata, respectively metonymy IMBALANCE FOR MENTAL INSTABILITY as well as NON PROTOTYPICAL BEHAVIOUOR FOR MENTAL INSTABILITY (as a result/effect of MENTAL INSTABILITY). The highest intensity of MENTAL INSTABILITY is shown by the metaphorical linguistic expressions from PEOPLE (HUMAN) category.

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ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОМЕДИЙ ЕКАТЕРИНЫ II В СВЕТЕ ТЕОРИИ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ

Author(s): Alena Yuryevna Nikitina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

In this article, the specificity of the linguistic personality of Catherine II is analyzed using her comedies as a case study. The originality of the language and verbal behavior of the Empress is identified. The selection and use of lexical and grammatical means are characterized. The features of literary and conversational styles and author's individual elements are distinguished. Specific grammatical and stylistic peculiarities are revealed such as closeness to conversational speech, linguistic creativity, unusual collocation of words, and metaphorization. A conclusion on a natural combination of the elements of conversational and literary styles in the works of the Empress is made.

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КАРТОГРАФИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕКСИКИ РУССКИХ ГОВОРОВ УДМУРТИИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ГЛАГОЛОВ, НАЗЫВАЮЩИХ ПРОЦЕССЫ ПРИНЯТИЯ ПИЩИ)

Author(s): Ekaterina Anatolyevna Zhdanova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

This article analyzes the dialectal verbs related to the process of eating. The work aims to reveal and describe lexical singularities of Russian dialects in Udmurtia. The study includes the mapping and the linguo-geographical, lexical and word-formation analysis of dialectal verbs belonging to the theme group of nutrition. In addition, the paper provides examples of phonetic, word-formation and lexical dialectal maps constructed with the help of the linguo-geographical information system Dialect. The research reveals the areas and isoglosses of some dialectal phenomena in the area between the Kama and the Vyatka rivers, and outlines lexical and word-formation peculiarities of the Russian dialects of the Udmurt Republic.

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ОБ ИСТОКАХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ В ИСПАНИИ

Author(s): Anna Olegovna Zholobova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2013

The article deals with the origin of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Spain. It analyzes collections of Spanish proverbs of the 14th–17th centuries, Spanish dictionaries of the 18th–19th centuries, as well as Spanish grammars of the 17th–19th centuries, where the first attempts to master Spanish phraseology can be traced. In Spain, collecting of proverbs and set phrases has been a matter of great attention as early as since the 15th century. The paper discusses the peculiarities and evolution of terminology and lexicographic labels used in original sources, and reveals the first preconditions for theoretical study of phraseology in 19th–century Spanish grammars.

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Уточнение праселькупской реконструкции гласных первого слога. Часть I. Анализ новых полевых материалов по нарымскому диалекту селькупского язык

Author(s): Julia V. Normanskaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: 02 (21)/2016

The material the article is based on was collected by N.L. Fedotova in 2009-2010 in the Parabel village from two speakers of the Narym dialect of the Selkup language – Irina Anatolyevna Korobeynikova and Yakov Yakovlevitch Martynov. In 2009 a word-list of indigenous vocabulary and some paradigms were collected from both informants (the latter as much as they could remember, which they did with difficulty). In 2010 the full dictionary (about 2000 lexical items) was collected from I.A. Korobeynikova, who speaks the language somewhat better. The article presents the analysis of the vowels of the first syllable in the Narym dialect of the Selkup language on the basis of field recordings and their parallels in the Taz and Ket dialects. Qualitative oppositions in the vocalism system are described, using the results of the analysis in a phonetic software Praat, which gives to the transcriptions the base of formant analysis, not the one of the author's intuition. The results of the analysis allow to clarify the system of Selkup bases cited in [Alatalo 2004] and reconstruct four additional Protoselkup phonemes — *e, *ä, *y, *˱i. It is shown that specific Taz phonemes е — е (broad) и ε (lax) — and two i — i (broad) and i͔ (regular) can be recounstructed for the Proto-Selkup language and, as such, should be accounted for during the analysis of the development from Proto-Samoyed system to the Proto-Selkup one.

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ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ РАЗРЯДЫ ИМЁН ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ КАК ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА КОНЦА XV – XVII В.)

Author(s): Elena Vladimirovna Generalova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The paper deals with the question of ambiguity of the division of adjectives into lexico-grammatical classes. The author shows the mobility of the boundaries between the classes of adjectives in the history of the Russian language, using “The Dictionary of Everyday Russian in Moscow Russia in the 16th–17th Centuries” and its card index. The analysis shows that the boundaries between the lexico-grammatical classes were steadier than in modern Russian. It is assumed that the development of a new categorial semantics may depend on the lexico-semantic class to which an adjective belongs, its word-formation and semantic structures, frequency as well as on the text type.

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В ПОИСКАХ СЛОВА И ФОРМЫ: АВТОРСКИЕ ПРАВКИ Г.Р. ДЕРЖАВИНА В ТЕКСТАХ «АНАКРЕОНТИЧЕСКИХ ПЕСЕН»

Author(s): Tatiana Pavlovna Zaikonnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article deals with the correlation between common-literary and individual language. We analyze the linguistic features of the translations of Anacreon’s songs, performed by Lomonosov, Lvov and Derzhavin, and demonstrate how the objective development of lexical, morphological and other systems of the Russian literary language is reflected in 18th century poetry. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the author’s corrections and differences fixed in different editions of “Anacreontic songs” by G.R. Derzhavin. It is found that Derzhavin’s lexical and grammatical usage was not accidental. It was a result of an intentional choice in favor of one of lexical or grammatical synonyms widely represented in the 18th century Russian language.

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ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ СРЕДСТВА РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ТЕКСТОВЫХ КАТЕГОРИЙ В РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫХ ДОКУМЕНТАХ XVIII В.

Author(s): Elena Mihajlovna Sheptukhina,Irina Sergeyevna Gerasimova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article describes the constitutive text categories of informativity, intentionality, cohesion and coherence, implemented in the documents of the Village Office of Michael’s Ataman of the Don Army Region (1734–1746). Two types of information content are identified: the text one, expressed by lexical means, and the document one, which explicates the details. Author’s intentions and the lexical and grammatical means of their expression are defined. It is shown that the characteristics of the sender of document texts are due to its properties such as polysubjectivity and polyglottism. The authors argue that the interrelated categories of cohesion and coherence are implemented by lexical repetitions, the use of synonyms, demonstrative pronouns and subordinating conjunctions, as well as by the replacement of the thematic element of the preceding text by personal or relative pronouns.

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ИНОЯЗЫЧНЫЕ СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ АФФИКСЫ В СТРУКТУРЕ ТЮРКСКИХ ЛЕКСЕМ, ХАРАКТЕРИЗУЮЩИХ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Author(s): Asiya Rizvanovna Rakhimova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article explores foreign affixes participating in the formation of Turkic words describing a person. The analysis is carried out using the words of the Tatar language in comparison with other Turkic languages. Seven affixes are revealed, including three affixes previously considered as non-encodeable: -gai (-гай), -bæt (-бәт), and -mal (-мал). It is found that six affixes are word-forming in the source language, and only one formant -bæt (-бәт) acts as an independent lexeme. This research shows that foreign affixes play an insignificant role in the formation of words describing a person. The only relatively productive affix in this case is -gai (-гай), which has a genetic relation to the Mongolian language.

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ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ СПОСОБЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ РЕЧЕВЫХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ГЕРОИНИ РОМАНА И. БАХМАН «МАЛИНА»

Author(s): Elena Olegovna Semschikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article deals with the narrator’s verbal expression in the novel “Malina” by the Austrian writer Ingeborg Bachmann. The syntactic, phonological, lexical and thematic levels of the text are studied. It is shown that the changes in the narrator’s verbal appearance are determined by the introduction of intermedial elements from the musical sphere in the narrative. Such synthesis of the two kinds of art has its own features. The rhythmical component of the verbal text is an important sound characteristic of the analyzed extract. Numerous techniques used for the complete assimilation of the musical component in the novel are found, which makes it possible to talk about the character’s “new” language and the author’s original style.

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СЕМАНТИКА И ОБРАЗНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ЛЕКСЕМЫ ЗИМА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПОЭЗИИ XIX – XXI ВВ.)

Author(s): Gulshat Ahmathanovna Khairutdinova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

In this article, we study the figurative potential of the temporal lexeme winter. We identify paradigms containing the image of winter and find stylistic devices using the word winter in poetical works of Russian authors.

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ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ АССИМИЛЯЦИИ ПЕРСИДСКИХ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Author(s): Rogayye Akbari / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article examines the words of Persian origin in the Russian language and defines the regularities in semantic assimilation of loanwords in the process of their migration and further functioning in the recipient language. The author reveals four tendencies in the adaptation of Persian loanwords to the semantic structure of the Russian language: maintaining of meaning in monosemic words; narrowing of conceptual field; expansion of semantic sphere; shift of meaning in prototype words. It is shown that in the majority of cases the semantics of Persian loanwords undergo changes, mostly towards the narrowing of their meaning.

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ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ТАТАРСКИХ ЛИЧНЫХ ИМЁН В НАЧАЛЕ XXI ВЕКА

Author(s): Guzaliya Sayfullovna Khazieva-Demirbash / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

This article is dedicated to the development of modern Tatar anthroponymycon. The etymology and derivational structure of the names of children born in Tatar families in the period from 2005 to 2014 are discussed on the basis of the official register books of births. A lexico-semantic classification of these anthroponyms is proposed. The study shows that modern Tatar names preserve an imprint of ethnocultural and historical processes.

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БАЗОВЫЕ ПРИНЦИПЫ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ ТЕЗАУРУСА ТИПА WORDNET ДЛЯ ТАТАРСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Author(s): Alfia Makarimovna Galieva,Olga Avenirovna Nevzorova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The paper describes the basic principles of creation of a WordNet-like thesaurus for the Tatar language on the basis of verbal vocabulary. A review of the main lexicographical resources involved for the project is given. Using verbs of sound emission as an example, the authors discuss general methods for the development of WordNet-like resources and examine the key problems arising during the construction of synsets for the Tatar language.

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РАЗРЕШЕНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОЙ МНОГОЗНАЧНОСТИ В КОРПУСЕ ТАТАРСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Author(s): Bulat Ernstovich Khakimov,Rinat Abrekovich Gilmullin,Ramil Raisovich Gataullin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

This paper deals with the corpus-based study of the most frequent types of grammatical homonymy in the Tatar language and the possibilities to automate disambiguation in the corpus. We determine the relevance of alternative parses generated in the process of automatic morphological analysis in terms of the real language ambiguity. We propose a classification of frequent homoforms and methods for homonymy resolution and also estimate the potential effect of resolution of these types of grammatical ambiguity for the corpus.

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Atgriezeniskuma formālie rādītāji latviešu valodā

Author(s): Andra Kalnača / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 3/2013

Latvian has different types of reflexive markers – the light form – a verbal affix, the heavy form and superheavy form, which are usually pronominal. In Standard Latvian the light reflexive marker is expressed by the final -s in verbal finite and non-finite forms. In Latvian subdialects, in prefixed verbs the light reflexive marker stands between the prefix and the root, e.g., sa-sa¬-runāt ‘to speak’ (Standard Latvian sarunāties) in Couronian subdialects of the Middle Dialect, na-sa-klauseit ‘not to listen’ (Standard Latvian neklausīties) in the High Latvian Dialect. The light marker can occur twice – the element -sa- between the prefix and the root as well as the final s: pa-sa-priecātie-s ‘to be happy’ (Standard Latvian papriecāties), ap-sa-rauduotī-s ‘to start crying’ (Standard Latvian apraudāties’). Heavy reflexive markers in Latvian are attested in the form of the reflexive pronoun sevi (ACC) or sev (DAT): es neieredzu sevi ‘I hate myself’, es nopirku sev grāmatu ‘I bought myself a book’. Superheavy reflexive markers in Latvian take the form of a cluster of two pronominals – the emphatic pronoun pats/pati (NOM) + reflexive pronoun sevi (ACC) or sev (DAT): es neieredzu pats sevi / sevi pats ‘I hate myself (male speaker)’, es nopirku pati sev / sev pati grāmatu ‘I bought myself a book (female speaker)’. Examples with pašu (ACC) and pašam, pašai (DAT) in the cluster of pronominals also attested.

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Saitiņas primārajā un sekundārajā predikācijā

Author(s): Ilze Lokmane / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 2/2012

The article analyzes the most widely used copular verbs in Latvian. They can participete in formation of different compound parts of sentence. Compound predicate may be either verbal, nominal or adverbial. In Latvian, subject is not an obligatory part of sentence. In subjectless sentences, the predicate may be either nominla or adverbial. Copula may be part of the subject in combination with the dative form of noun or prepositional phrase. Compound semi-predicative component consists of participle or infinitive form of copula and an adjective. Use of verbs of seeming in subject raising constructions shows that the borderline between lexical and copular use of verbs is not clear-cut and reveals different degrees of grammaticalization.

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Atgriezenisko kustības verbu daudznozīmība latviešu valodā

Author(s): Ieva Kuplā / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 2/2012

The article explores the lexicalization of polysemous reflexive verbs of motion and the systems of their meanings. In order to establish the peculiarities of the meaning systems of reflexive verbs of motion more successfully, the systems of their meanings are opposed to those of non-reflexive verbs. The analyzed reflexive verbs of motion are divided into the following groups: reflexive verbs the basic meanings of which differ from the basic meanings of non-reflexive verbs due to reflexivity only – staipīties ‘to stretch’, ārdīties ‘to rave’, sviesties ‘to get along in how are you getting along?’, rauties ‘to shrink’; reflexive verbs the basic meanings of which are withdrawn from the basic meanings of non-reflexive verbs – ņemties ‘to toil’, laisties ‘to fly’, and reflexive verbs that lack non-reflexive verbs – tuvoties ‘to get closer’, mosties ‘to awake’. The meaning systems of the reflexive verbs of motion mentioned above are taken from the “Dictionary of the Latvian Language”.The meaning of the reflexive verbs can be classified by the activity area they describe, that is, subject and object domains. The following meanings of the reflexive verbs are the most common in the systems of reflexive verbs of motion in the Latvian language: in subject domain – prototypical reflexive meaning, reciprocal or mutual activity meaning, autocausative meaning, aspectual meaning, in impersonal domain – modal accidental meaning; in object domain – decausative meaning, modal quasi-passive meaning and negative modal meaning.Observing the meaning systems of reflexive verbs it can be concluded that they are to be considered as separate lexemes:1 As there are reflexive verb meaning systems created independent from the meaning systems of non-reflexive verbs.2 Meaning systems are created also by those reflexive verbs that have no appropriate non-reflexive verb.

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Newralgiczny: leksykologiczne studium przypadku

Author(s): Kacper Kardas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2016

The aim of the article is to present a comprehensive lexicological description of the adjective newralgiczny with special reference to the semantic and pragmatic problems which are associated with it. During the course of the discussion the author inter alia shed light on the question of the most likely etymology of this word (from the Fr. nevralgique, an artificial word-building compound consisting of assimilated Greek formants), determined the presumable period when the word was borrowed by the Polish language and put forward a suggestion to account for the disruption of the analogous change of the affixoid newr‑ (*neur‑) which is a part of this word. Moreover, on the basis of the lexicographical and corpus material the author analysed the catalogue of meanings which the word currently has, suggested a reconstruction of the path of derivation which is responsible for these meanings and presented the relations of the aforementioned word with the analogous lexemes in other European languages.

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