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A BRIEF OUTLINE REGARDING THE BIBLICAL LEXICAL SEMANTICS

Author(s): Hermina Apostolache / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

The biblical text has a very rich history in the context of lexical semantics. This important aspect comes from his millenary tradition, being the most translated text from all times. The Bible or the Holy Scripture contain expressions with symbolical meaning, allegorical constructions used in a spiritual context, etymologically interpretations which give us the possibility to understand the history of terms and their evolution. In our study, we will try to describe, in a brief outline, the lexical semantics characteristics of the biblical text. In this concern, we will refer to the next points of view: etymology, semantic changes, basic concepts and sense relations. Our research will have as support the official Romanian and English Versions of Bible.

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A Cluster Study of Community-Based Tourism Terminology

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A Cluster Study of Community-Based Tourism Terminology

Author(s): Dietermar Say / Language(s): English Issue: 8(56)/2021

The lack of an official definition of “community-based tourism” (CBT) from the United Nations has caused the academics in the literature to debate the philosophy of the terminology. This paper collects and studies a list of CBT terminology changes in chronological order. Further observation reveals how the works in the CBT literature area have been mainly written by four groups of authors: 1) academics, 2) local government, NGOs, and 4) international organizations. A cluster of 90 CBT works are displayed through word cloud analysis presents evidence of the differences among these three different groups. The results show how the academics have a stronger focus on “community participation”, the government on “product placement”, and the international organizations on “development goals”. These results may allow future communities to more easily decide on which group of authors would suit them more when applying CBT practices.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KEYWORDS IN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE CORPORATE PRESS RELEASES FROM EUROPEAN COMPANIES: INSIGHTS INTO DISCURSIVE PRACTICES

Author(s): Hanna Teresa Skorczynska Sznajder / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This study provides insights into discursive practices through a comparative study of keywords in English-language press releases from British, Spanish and Polish energy companies. Even though corporate press releases have been extensively researched, there is a lack of cross-cultural and corpus-based studies in this field. In the present research three corpora of approximately 120,000 words each, containing English-language press releases from British, Spanish and Polish energy companies, were used. The keywords were identified with the Wmatrix tool (Rayson 2009) and the reference corpus consisted of business periodical articles. The analysis of corpus keywords usually provides insights that would be difficult to gain by means of manual analyses of texts or qualitative approaches. The results obtained in this study show notable differences between the corpora with regard to the keywords identified. The use of more general meaning keywords by British companies or more technical keywords by Polish companies suggest that lexical choices might be indicative of different discursive practices used to reach stakeholders and the general public.

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A Contrastive Analysis of Hungarian and Croatian Idioms Containing the Component Head

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A Contrastive Analysis of Hungarian and Croatian Idioms Containing the Component Head

Author(s): Nina Spicijarić Paškvan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper analyzes selected examples of idioms containing the component head in Croatian and Hungarian. Despite the fact that Hungarian and Croatian are not cognate languages, due to the universal experiences and to the fact that they belong to a common cultural circle, these languages have a large correspondence in their phraseology, which can be seen in somatic idioms as body parts represent a kind of universality. The aim of this paper is to show similarities and differences in lexical content and meaning of Croatian and Hungarian idioms containing the component head. The motivational basis of idioms is also discussed as well as the influence of basic and transferred meanings of the lexeme head on the meaning of idioms.

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A contrastive survey of stress assignment in Danish and Norwegian. Part 2 - Complex words

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A contrastive survey of stress assignment in Danish and Norwegian. Part 2 - Complex words

Author(s): Vladimir Naydenov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2010

This is the second part of a two-part article aiming to present a contrastive survey of stress assignment in Advanced Standard Copenhagen Danish and Urban East Norwegian. The goal is to establish which of the apparent differences and similarities are inherent in the languages and which stem from the differences between the analyses and theoretical approaches that have been applied to them in existing descriptions. Part 2 deals with complex words, i.e. affixed forms and compounds. As in the case of simplex words, which were discussed in Part 1, it is argued that the rules governing stress placement can be modelled in similar ways, following a metrical and constraint-based approach. The most notable difference found here is the assignment of secondary stresses in compounds.

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A Corpus Linguistics Investigation into Phrasal Verbs in British Academic Spoken English

Author(s): Fatma Kübra Durna,Okan Güneş / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This current study aims to shed a new light into the usage of phrasal verbs, which are one of the most avoided multi-word constructions for English learners but widely used by native speakers of English in BASE (British Academic Spoken English). The purpose of this study is to identify which phrasal verbs are used more frequently in BASE and how the findings might be utilized in educational settings. To do this, three lexical verbs (go, come and take) combining phrasal verbs with nine adverbial particles and forming 27 phrasal verbs were analysed using 1.742.886 running words in BASE. BNC (British National Corpus) was used as the core data for selecting lexical verbs and adverbial particles by benefiting from the research of Gardner and Davies (2007). The results reveal some similarities between BNC and BASE in terms of phrasal verb usage and the paper exemplifies some ways to teach phrasal verbs in the light of the analyses.

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A CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF ANGLICISMS ACROSS DIFFERENT TEXT TYPES OF ONLINE NEWS

Author(s): Đelaludina Šukalić,Edina Rizvić-Eminović,Adnan Bujak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The study focuses on the analysis of anglicisms in the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (B/C/S) language on the basis of the compiled corpus of online news. The corpus includes two hundred and fifty online news articles, fifty per each of the five chosen text types, published during one month, the month of January 2022, on online news sites Klix.ba and ba.N1info.com. The chosen text types are: SciTech, News, Sport, Lifestyle, and Business. The task was to determine the extent of presence of anglicisms in these text types, that is, their high frequency of occurrence along with any differences across text types. The qualitative analysis of the aforementioned corpus includes investigation of unique anglicism tokens, total frequency of anglicism occurrence as well as part of speech classification of the noted anglicisms. The analysis reveals that anglicisms show different frequencies of occurrence across the analysed text types. The SciTech and Sport sections exhibit the highest frequency of anglicisms compared to the News section with the lowest anglicism frequency.

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A corpus-driven analysis of structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments in English and their translation into Lithuanian

Author(s): Donata Berūkštienė / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2017

Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.

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A COVID–19-JÁRVÁNY HATÁSÁRA KIALAKULÓ ÚJ NYELVI SAJÁTOSSÁGOK A KIFEJEZÉSKÉSZLET VONATKOZÁSÁBAN

Author(s): Reka Suba / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

From March 2020, an unprecedented period began in the lives of all of us, which put our adaptability, work practices, learning and teaching habits, and even our language use to the test. One of the strict restrictive measures introduced following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was the regulation on immediate transition to online work practice and education. The current situation and work schedule significantly transformed the previous practices: it changed not only interpersonal relationships but also our speaking habits due to the difficulties and interruptions of technical communication, starting from the development of better sound formation and articulation to the use of new expressions, vocabulary units with altered meanings, or lexicalelements never heard before. Our aim is to take stock of some of these newly developed features.

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A dictionary of legal English collocations as an aid for mastering the legal English genre

Author(s): Katarzyna Mroczyńska / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2020

The article begins with a brief overview of collocations and their features as being central to legal language and, as such, worth studying, especially in view of the fact that legal language studies tend to be mostly interested in terminology rather than phraseology. To bridge this gap, the article offers a tool for legal English learners, i.e. the dictionary of legal English collocations based on judgments of the UK Supreme Court. Our dictionary project is aimed at analysing the corpus we created, using Sketch Engine software, a cutting-edge lexicographic tool which enables the uploading and exploration of users’ own corpora. The project will focus on analysing bipartite legal English collocations appearing in the corpus. The next stage of the project will be the preparation of the final product of our research, i.e. a dictionary of legal English collocations. We believe that such a dictionary will prove a useful aid for mastering the conceptual structure of legal English.

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A direct application of medical corpora to academic writing: A specialized concordance search interface and Moodle-based courseware

Author(s): Shozo Yokoyama,Chizuko Suzuki,Seisuke Yasunami,Naoko Kawakita,Ryo Ohba / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Despite a relatively large number of research papers discussing corpus-based discourse analysis for medicine, few attempts have been made to uncover the rhetorical distinctiveness of subdisciplines such as Genome Bio-Science, Nursing, Public Health, and Clinical Surgery. The aim of this study is to apply the frequencies of verbs (including modal verbs) found in medical research articles (RAs) among these four subdisciplines to materials development by incorporating a specialized concordance search interface and Moodle-based courseware for medical students.

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A foglalkozást jelölő főnevek nyelvpolitikai kérdéseiről – különös tekintettel az olasz nyelvre

Author(s): Gergely Kadvány / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

The linguistic policy aspect of the formation of nouns denoting professions is in fact a problem linked to the ability of languages to express gender. In Hungarian there is no category of grammatical gender, but there is a male and female lexical gender. In contrast, one of the grammatical categories of Italian nouns is grammatical gender, which is divided into masculine and feminine gender, and thus the identification of the feminine pair of masculine base forms in nouns denoting professions is very problematic. Even today, the linguistic representation of this parallelism is still not fully developed, and this has led to a highly contradictory usage, which is naturally reflected in the morphology of the noun. Filling this gap quickly became a political issue in Italy, and the debate on the subject has been part of the discourse of linguists and language policy makers for four decades. For this reason, various recommendations have been made in Italy for the use of feminine forms in addition to masculine, but the question is wether these proposals are legitimised by the language user. Although my present research, based on an analysis of the comment section of a Facebook post written by a linguist, cannot provide a clear answer to this language policy question, it does provide an insight into the synchronic state of language.

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A Geographical Map of the Phrase (Part 1)

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A Geographical Map of the Phrase (Part 1)

Author(s): Yana Sivilova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article is a review of phrasemes, adopted in Bulgarian from neighboring and non-neighboring languages. The author discusses the history and the origins of the phrases and comments on the leading influences on the Bulgarian language in different periods of its development. An attempt to analyze the loan translations is made by the comparison of texts, written in Russian and Western European languages with their translations in Bulgarian, that were published during the Revival.

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A glance at the concept of money through its linguistic realization by the tokens of ‘coin’ and ‘banknote’ in Bulgarian language

Author(s): Ivo B. Panchev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This article deals with coins and banknotes as linguistic implementations of the concept of money. Based on an analysis of proverbs and sayings as well as other language material, the method of perception of the nature and characteristics of the coin and banknote by native speakers of Bulgarian language and culture is deduced. The names of Bulgarian coins and banknotes, popular phrases involving these lexemes, and the roles of the coin and banknote in Bulgarian culture are considered. Unambiguously comes the conclusion that the coin is a much more 'popular representative' of the concept of money in the Bulgarian language and culture.

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A janë njësi të veҫanta leksikore foljet vetvetore në gjuhën shqipe?

Author(s): Anila Shorri / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.1/2019

The Albanian language contains dozens of lexicological, semantic and word-forming classes in its lexicology, which need to be further studied, especially regarding their most important aspect, i.e. the semantic one. Such a class is composed of passive and reflexive verbs, which have so far been subject to pure grammatical and word-forming research. There is no comprehensive research that focuses on their lexicological content or semantics to answer the question whether reflexive and passive verbs represent separate lexicological units, i.e. units of an entirely independent meaning from the respective active voices or whether they are forms that derive form them. The answer to this question is first of all related with the nature of their lexicological content, and secondly with the concept of the diathesis and conjugation of verbs. In grammar and vocabularies, diathesis is at times defined as a grammar category and included as an element of verb conjugation, and at others as a lexicological-grammatical category. While verb conjugation is seen from different perspectives, researchers have often different, and more then rarely even contradictory views. The research analyses 2390 reflexive verbs extracted from the Dictionary of the modern Albanian language, 1980. A careful review of the lexicological groups and sub-groups tries to answer the question: are reflexive verbs separate lexicological units in the Albanian language? The research intends to shed light, using the componential analyses approach, within its limits, on the lexicological semantics of reflexive verbs in the Albanian language, which is the scope of our PhD thesis,

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A láb/нога főnevekből alkotott magyar és szerb szavak kontrasztív elemzése

Author(s): Edit Andrić / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Hungarian and Serbian nouns indicating limb of human beings and terrestrial animals useful for dislocation. I would like to reveal to what extent the different typological nature of the two languages affect the method of word-building. By examining the corpus of the two languages, I have reached the conclusion that just as rich, but at the same time less structured set of derivatives of the Serbian language enable the formation of derivatives roughly with an identical number. In the paper I touch upon the semantics of the words as well in order to be able to establish that the lexical meaning of the nouns being the subject of the study motivates word-building. Ultimately I have also made a word-class classification of words resulted this way.

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A LEXICAL ERROR ANALYSIS IN WRITTEN TEXTS BY LEARNERS OF GERMAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Andreja Retelj / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

In this paper, we focus on the lexical errors of novice learners who have started learning German but already have several years of prior knowledge of English. The vast majority of learners in the study have Slovene as their native language, i.e., they come from a Slavic language family. The results of a lexical error analysis of short essays in L3 written by 15-year-olds show that most errors occur from a second foreign language rather than from the first or native language. The most common errors made by beginners are coinage from L2, borrowings from L2 and calque from L2.

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A lexico-conceptual approach to multilingual terminology structuring

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A lexico-conceptual approach to multilingual terminology structuring

Author(s): Boyan Alexiev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2006

This paper argues for a combined conceptual and lexical approach to multilingual terminology structuring conceived as an activity performed in consecutive phases involving: decision making on the number of dictionary entries/keyterms and information categories for each keyterm to be represented depending on the particular user group, followed by collecting a corpus of relevant textual and knowledge-based information sources; extracting automatically from corpus candidate keyterms and accompanying contexts; lexicosemantic analysis for capturing syntagmatic (collocational and derivational) relationships a keyterm enters in; conceptual analysis for capturing hierarchical relationships which a keyterm shares. The phases are exemplified with the material entity keyterm ‘concrete’ envisaged as a candidate entry in a bilingual specialized learner’s dictionary intended for non-specialist translators and LSP learners. The translation equivalents are specified by a contrastive analysis based on available multilingual reference tools. Finally, a model of a typical entry structure is proposed.

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A LEXICOGRAPHICAL APPROACH TO THE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF BULGARIAN AND POLISH PHRASEOLOGY

Author(s): Diana Blagoeva,Maciej Paweł Jaskot,Wojciech Paweł Sosnowski / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

This article discusses the concept behind The Lexicon of Active Bulgarian and Polish Phraseology [Leksykon aktywnej frazeologii bułgarskiej i polskiej] and provides an overview of the key aspects of the methodology used for selecting and composing the dictionary’s entries. The authors outline the theoretical underpinnings of this project, touching on the issue of interlingual equivalence, and explain both the process of selecting and verifying phraseological material and the methodology of presenting lexicographical information in the Lexicon. The article includes various examples of active phraseological units from both languages.

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A Lexicological Approach to Look-up Frequency of Turkish Sign Language Dictionary Users

Author(s): Erdem Önal,Bahtiyar Makaroğlu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

From a lexicography perspective, the phenomenon of dictionary lookup frequencies can answer many critical questions on the dictionary users’ needs and the relationship between corpus data and look-up tendencies. Although numerous studies have been carried out on the theoretical and functional aspects of look-up frequencies in the field of spoken language to date, there are relatively a few attempts to describe the characteristics of look-up behaviors in sign languages. This paper investigates the relationship between the objective frequency list of the Turkish Sign Language Corpus (Makaroğlu, 2021) and The Contemporary Turkish Sign Language Dictionary (Makaroğlu & Dikyuva, 2017) look-up occurrences. Using an approach to compare corpus data and log files, the results demonstrate that there are very limited similarities between the two and that there is no positive relationship for the percentage of the highest ranked items. In addition, the current study concludes that the corpus-based objective frequency list is a comparatively poor predictor of the dictionary look-up frequency and this difference could be direct result of the morphological structure of the words/signs in TİD (rather simultaneous realization) compared to Turkish (rather agglutinative morphology).

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