Acknowledgment patterns in English and Lithuanian research writing

Author(s): Jolanta Šinkuniene,Gabriele? Dudzinskaite? / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The paper focuses on the features of acknowledgments in scientific texts written by British and Lithuanian authors in the Humanities. The data comes from a self-compiled corpus of acknowledgments in scientific books written by British and Lithuanian researchers in their native languages, and from doctoral dissertations written by Lithuanian doctoral students in Lithuanian. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis suggest that the British scholars place more importance on acknowledgments as they single out their thanks as separate sections, make them longer and express gratitude for a larger number of individuals and institutions than the Lithuanian scholars. Generally the same moves and steps are employed in the three data sets, but the distribution of some moves and steps is different.

Actualisation du sens des séquences figées en contexte

Author(s): Anna Krzyzanowska / Language(s): French / Issue: 4/2018

The article aims to show the role of the context and the situation of speaking (communication situation) in the process of updating the meaning of phraseological units (fixed expressions). It has been observed that in communication, disambiguation usually takes place by means of context. On the other hand, it turned out that the context itself can be a source of ambiguity. The results obtained in this short study seem to confirm the claim that the update is essentially a modal process, and the semantic coherence results from the interweaving of language, pragmatic, socio-cultural and cognitive constraints.

Adaptacija imenica orijentalnog porijekla kategoriji srpskohrvatskog roda i broja

Author(s): Hanka Glibanovic-Vajzovic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 1-2/1991

Orientalismen stellen einen bedeutenden Teil des serbokroatischen Wortschatzes dar. Sie wurden über mehrere Jahrhunderte bei direkten Kontakten hierzulande entlehnt und weisen einen hohen Grad der Anpassung auf. Der Prozen der Adaptation wird auf Grund des Verhaltnisses zwischen dem Modell und seiner Replik verfolgt. Bei der Analyse versucht man, Regelmalssigkeiten festzustellen, aber auch Abweichungen und Ausnahmen bei der Anpassung von Substantiven orientalischer Herkunft an die Kategorien Genus und Numerus des Serbokroatischen. Die Adaptation an die Kategorie Genus wurde dadurch erschwert, dan das Türkische (als die Sprache, aus der, direkt oder indirekt, entlehnt würde) diese grammatische Kategorie nicht kennt. Die Anpassung an die Kategorie Numerus wurde dadurch vereinfacht, dan das türkische Pluralsuffix - ler / -lar mcht ubernommen wurde; statt dessen wurden die grammatischen Mittel des Serbokroatischen benutzt.

Adaptation des Elements Romans Dans les Anthroponymes Herzegoviniens au Milieu Actuel

Author(s): Edina Alirejsovic / Language(s): French / Issue: 24/1986

Ako pregledamo popisne liste stanovnika iz nekih hercegovačkih opština (Mostar, Čapljina), odmah ćemo uočiti veliki broj prezimena koja odskaču od uobičajenih prezimena iz tog kraja. Među tim prezimenima ima i njemačkih, čeških, ali najveći broj je romanskog porijekla. Jedan broj porodica nosi čista italijanska prezimena i vjerovatno vode porijeklo iz Italije. Spomenimo samo neka: Balđinelli, Batisti, Batistutti, Becafigo, Belli, Beloti, Beltrani, Biasi, Bijagi, Broj doti Chiandatti, De Bari, Federizzi, Filipetti, Gilardi, Gitelli, Gonzani, Grossi, Kruzzola, Kurinaldi, Maldini, Markati, Markulini, Medini, Montebeli, Moretti, Nardelli, Oggioni, Orlandini, Rossi, Salvesani, Stefanini, Sultioni, Venutti. U popisnim listinama iz opštine Mostar od 1850. godine možemo naći veliki broj ovakvih prezimena, koja se malo po malo gube do današnjih dana, kada se zadržao samo jedan manji broj koji i danas postoji u tom kraju. U ovom prilogu su obrađena prvo ona prezimena koja su nastala po nekom zanimanju kojim se, vjerovatno, ta porodica bavila, bilo da su bili trgovci, drvodjelje, zapovjednici kaštela, providuri i si. Takva prezimena su se sačuvala do našeg vremena i svjedoče o jednom razdoblju u kojem je došlo do miješanja i različitih jezičkih uticaja. Razmatrajući takvo stanje, možemo se približiti novim stadijima u kojima lakše možemo razabrati mehanizam i puteve tog lingvističkog procesa, da bismo na kraju došli do namjerno stvaranih dvojezičnih ili višejezičnih tvorevina što ih iziskuju terminološke i praktične potrebe savremene nauke. Jedno od veoma čestih prezimena je Butigan. Biitiga f. je trgovački termin i znači „prodavnica, dućan” , a dolazi od it. bottega f. Drugo, veoma često, prezime je Kaštelan, ali i Kaštelani, od it. cas telio m. „dvorac, kula” i castellano „gospodar dvorca, zapovjednik kaštela” . Novija posuđenica od lat. deminutiva na -elhts castellum > it. castello, od lat. castrum, potisnula je stariju sa a > o kostel, od koje se sačuvalo prezime Kostelnik. Od castellum je izvedenica na -anus it. castellano : kaštelan i kaštelan. Među prezimenima koja se odnose na neko zanimanje možemo spomenuti i Marangun što je siguran venecijanizam marangon, u značenju „stolar, drvodjelja” . Providur je takođe prezime koje možemo naći u Hercegovini, a dolazi od it. proweditore, mlet. provveđedor, u značenju „mletački visoki upravni činovnik, pokrajinski poglavar” . Još podosta hercegovačkih prezimena nastalo je na sličan način, a znače neko zanimanje, tako da proučavanje čitavog tog materijala zahtijeva izradu jedne poveće studije u kojoj bi mogla biti prezentiram sva navedena problematika. U ovom prilogu je obrađeno i nekoliko antroponima koji se odnose na neke osobine, odnosno mane čovjekove. Dosta često prezime je Manigoda i Manigodić, it. manigoldo „lupež, hulja” . Interesantno je i prezime Pinjuh, a pojavljuje se i Pinjuv i Pinjuf, a možemo ga dovesti u vezu sa pinjav „škrt”, it. pigna f. Ne tako često, ali ipak na ovom terenu zabilježeno je i prezime Spion, ven. spi im, m., it. spione m. „uhoda, špijun” . Od ostalih prezimena spomenuta su sljedeća: Fontana, it. fontana f. „česma, vodoskok” . Kapular, možemo dovesti u vezu sa kapula, što je dalmato-romanski relikt od lat. cepulla. Izgovor k za lat. c ispred e jasno pokazuje da je naziv preuzet od dalmatinskih Romana. Gustin, gäst m, od it. gusto < lat. gustus „ukus, apetit” . Marin, it. marina „mornarica , od lat. > it. ličnog imena Marinus. Musulin, it. mussola, mussolina f „vrsta tkanine” . Priganica, ven. fritola „uštipak”. Daleko bi nas odvelo proučavanje mnogobrojnih prezimena koja u sebi sadrže romanske elemente, a koja su utkana u hercegovačko tlo koje u sebi nosi i brojne leksičke, kao i fonetske elemente preuzete iz romanskih jezika. Spomenimo samo to da među romanskim posuđenicama u Hercegovini najbrojniju kategoriju čine imenice, što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da se one najlakše pozajmljuju, a njihov broj je u jeziku najveći. Navešćemo samo neke od najčešće upotrebljavanih imenica: Arija, bala, balàture, banak, bàül, borša, bronzin, gête, himbulja, Mice, kasëta, kàmostre, kàret, kStula, mrgïnj, mïda, pala, pašta, piSülj, pjàt, raša, sàket itd, Sve te posudenice iz susjednih apeninskih i balkanskih romanskih govora uklopile su se u srpskohrvatske dijalekte i obogatile naš jezik, koji time nije ništa izgubio od svoje izražajnosti. Sada vidimo da i hercegovački antroponimi nose pečat tog vremena, Što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da je istočnohercegovački dijalekt izbijao na morsku obalu i na jednom širokom području dolazio u dodir sa italijanskim jezikom i mletačkim dijalektom.

Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde yeni farsça alintilar sözlüğü”. Part I

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde yeni farsça alintilar sözlüğü”. Part II

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Addenda from pre-Meninski transcription texts to Stanisław Stachowski’s “Osmanli Türkçesinde yeni farsça alintilar sözlüğü”. Part III

Author(s): Luciano Rocchi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2016

Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.

Adjektīvu leksikalizācija latviešu onomastikā

Author(s): Laimute Balode / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 2/2012

The modern linguistic term of lexicalization is well-known not only in the analysis of appellative lexica, but also in the derivation of proper names. This article gives a small insight into the possible result of the process of lexicalization, illustrating it with examples of Latvian anthroponyms and toponyms, mostly hydronyms. They are Latvian first-names whose etymon - adjective with an indefinite ending (Smuidra, Vingra), some of them are found only in ancient documents (Bargs, Mazs). The only Latvian first-name, which comes from the adjective with the definite ending - Siltais - considered to be occasional name, recorded only once, in 1931. There are significantly more such anthroponyms of de-adjective nature among Latvian surnames: mostly they are motivated by person’s outward appearance and the person’s character. The most popular surnames of this group are coined from the adjectives with definite ending: Baltais, Platais, Resnais, Smalkais, Kuplais, Lielais. Quite often surnames are recorded with the same root both with definite and indefinite ending Jauns – Jaunais (even comparative degree Jaunākais), Skaists – Skaistais, Sīks – Sīkais. This type of the lexicalization of adjectives is especially frequent among Latvian nicknames: Bēdīgais, Čirkainais, Garais. Many compound names might be treated as questionable de-adjective or de-substative anthroponyms - Baltace, Melgalvis, Lielbārdis. Such lake names as Akls, Dūks, Rūgtens, Strups, also Nelabais in Latvian toponymy can be seen as traces of possible process of the lexicalization of adjectives, though now apparently, by analogy, most of these names are used together with the nomenclature word, for example, Nelabais ezers. Processes of lexicalization, in traditional onomastics called as substantivization and onymization, has not yet sufficiently been studied in Latvian.

Aegyptio-Afroasiatica XI

Author(s): Gábor Takács / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2005

The long-range series “Aegyptio-Afroasiatica”is devoted to the publication of new Afro-Asiatic etymologies of Egyptian lexical roots which have been identified in the course of my research on the “Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian”(EDE, Leiden, Brill, published since 1999). The underlying consonant correspondences the proposed etymologies are based on have been elaborated and demonstrated in EDE I. The numeration of the etymological entries in the present contribution continues that of the previous parts.

Ahmet Ümit’in “İstanbul Hatirasi” Adli Yapitinda Medeniyet Kavraminin Somut Göstergeleri

Author(s): Neslihan Yücelsen,Melda Karagöz / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 81/2015

Although a lot of research has been done on the concept, the “civilization”, “urban” in lexicon, can not have an absolute conclusion that has been reached regarding its use. While some researchers view that the concepts of civilization and culture its equivalent some of others differentiate these concepts from each other. Definitely, there is a close relationship between civilization and culture. The pretiminary condition to cite a likely formation of a civilization is to have an extent of cultural accumulation. The literature is a form of art in which the cultural values of civilizations are described through language. It is likely to find the reflection of the cultural element, at the master of arts such as sculpture, music, architecture, furniture, food, weapons and so on. All these cultural elements of the work reflected by the work display the reality and the richness of life as well as civilization to the reader. Civilizations consist of material and spiritual elements which are interconnected to each other, and these elements show progress throughout the history. The works of literature are a reflector of the circumstances in which their own civilization was formed and also the witness of the time. It could be possible to see some trace, in each author’s time. However, this does not mean that his ideas belong only to his era. The authoruses the past, with all its glorious accumulation, and the future with its unknown world, as a tool. Literature, is a way go art to enrich all of these elements of culture and civilization. There are times when civilizations have disappeared. In such a case with the material and spiritual indicators, it is possible to find out specific features of lost civilizations. In this work Istanbul, as an important material indicator of civilization, has been selected for the place. Istanbul, due to its favorable geographic location and its private community, has been home to many civilizations as the capital town, even played a role in the formation of the historic ages. In a paralel way to these, it has a very high material culture. In these tudy, first, the meanings attributed to the concept of civilization, will be discussed. With the conclusions, the indicators of forming civilization will be determined. Then, some further information as for which indicators are to be provided among those in the work, looked through subsequently, will be presented. And, the functions of the indicators in the editing of the work will be touched upon.

AKADEEMILISTE VÄLJENDITE VARAMU – KEELERESSURSS, MIS ON ABIKS KIRJUTAMA ÕPPIMISEL JA ÕPETAMISEL

Author(s): Anni Jürine / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 64/2018

The present paper gives an overview of the Academic Phrase Bank for Writing in Estonian. The phrase bank is a language resource that supports the thesis writing process. The phrase bank is primarily intended to be used as a pedagogical tool during the supervision process, the resource can also be used by students independently. The phrase bank is a publicly available resource (teadustekst.ut.ee) which includes approximately 750 expressions in Estonian. The expressions are organized according to their function (e.g. stating the aim, indicating a gap, introducing the method, making conclusions, etc.), which are in turn connected to the three major sections in the Estonian thesis (Introduction, Main Body, and Conclusion).

Akcenat prisvojnih prideva na -ov (-ev), -in i reči koje se od njih izvode dodavanjem imeničkih, odnosno pridevskih sufiksa

Author(s): Stanimir Rakic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 2/1990

In the first part of this paper I pointed out the importance of the observation of Vukušić (1984) that the accent of possessive adjectives derived by suffixes -ov (-ev), -in have the same accent as the genitive singular of the basic noun. I, however, notice that this observation holds -not only for the west stokavian dialect about Which Vukušić is writing, but also for the standard Serbo-Croatian. In the second part of the paper I argue that the possessive suffixes' form a special layer of the lexicon in the sense of lexical phonology (Mohanan 1981, Kiparsky 1982), because they -block the movement of the accent towards the end of the word in further derivation of words by suffixes. This contribution, may, therefore, be an important step toward the construction of the lexical phonology of Serbo-Croatian. However, further empirical verification of the proposed thesis seems to be necessary.

Aktívne zdroje súčasnej ukrajinskej lexiky: Ideografický slovník novej lexiky/Aktyvni resursy sučasnoji ukrajinsjkoji nominaciji: Ideohrafičnyj slovnyk novoji leksyky (Zost. Je. A. Karpilovsjka, L. P. Kysľuk, N. F. Klymenko, V. I. Krytsjka, T. K. Pu

Author(s): Jarmila Kredátusová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 21-22/2015

Aktuálne prešovské výskumy v oblasti slovenskej lexiky

Author(s): Martin Ološtiak / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 39-40/2019

The paper introduces research activities on Slovak lexicology carried out at the Faculty of Arts (Prešov University) during the period 2016 – 2019. These activities are focused on two domains: 1) word-formation and morphemics; 2) neology and neological lexicography. The former activities are concentrated on nomination and word-formation of proper names, univerbization, word-formation adaptation of compounds etc. As the main output of the grant project VEGA (2019 – 2021) the dictionary of affixes is planned. As far as the latter domain is concerned, 29 bachelor and diploma theses were written during the period 2012 – 2019 and several remarkable papers were published. Presently, the grant project Dictionary of Slovak neologisms (lexicographic, lexicological and comparative Slavic research) (2019 – 2023) is implemented, and two major outputs within the project are designed: a) Dictionary of Slovak neologisms; b) the collective monograph Neologisms in Slovak (and in Slavic context).

Aktyvios veiklos veiksmažodžių semantika Kristijono Donelaičio „Metuose“

Author(s): Agne Lisauskaite,Vilma Zubaitienë / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 35(40)/2019

This paper investigates the semantics of the verbs of activity in the first Lithuanian poem “The Seasons” by Kristijonas Donelaitis. It aims to examine the meanings of the verbs of activity. The research covers 51 verbs, selected from the poem, which are subjected to qualitative content analysis and frame semantics methodology. The verbs which best represent the frames and sub-frames were selected applying the method of the qualitative content analysis. The frames of Work, Damaging, Speak on topic, Motion, Ingestion and Entertainment, evoked by the selected verbs, are examined using the frame semantics methodology. Core and peripheral elements of frames and sub-frames are distinguished. Also, the means of expression, used to convey them, are analyzed. The research has shown that the verbs of activity can form the core of the mentioned frames. However, not all situations found in FrameNet have corresponded with the frames and sub-frames that were analysed in this work.

Albanisch, Romanisch und Rumänisch

Author(s): Henrik Baric / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/1956

Seit der Wendung, die in den albanischen Sprachstudien dank Pedersens gründlicher Revision der Meyer’schen Auffassung, dass das Albanische eine halbromanische Sprache sei, eingetreten und der Leitsatz für das Albanische Erklärungsmöglichkeiten in erster Linie im Albanischen selbst zu suchen zum völligen Durchbruch gekommen ist, gilt die linguistische Erforschung auf diesem Gebiete in der Hauptsache seinem indogermanischen Grundstock. [...]

Albanische und Albanisch-Rumänische Wortstudien

Author(s): Henrik Baric / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/1961

Alb. akól »Diener, Knappe« kann bestimmt nicht mit G. Meyer , Wörterb. der alb. Spr. 6 zu anklingendem, aus dem südslav, okolo »ringsherum« entlehntem alb. akole, okol gestellt werden; mögen auch die beiden Bedeutungen durch die semantische Zwischenstufe in griech. »circumversans« vermitteln, entschieden spricht gegen diese Zusammenstellung der Unterschied in den l-Lauten: bei okol ein l, bei akól ein l-Laut. [...]

Alica u Zemlji Čudesa kao susretište književnosti i medicine i kao poticaj medicinskomu nazivlju

Author(s): Kristina Slunjski / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 02/2015

The paper aims to show the interaction between two seemingly unrelated areas: literature and medicine. Although the above-mentioned connection is sometimes hard to notice, it is present in many literary texts, including Lewis Carroll’s fantasy story Alice in Wonderland. The first part of this paper focuses on the symptoms commonly referred to as the Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. The story inspired scientists to name a specific group of medical symptoms after Carroll’s protagonist, thus pointing to the connection between certain medical conditions and Alice’s wondrous adventures. The second part of the paper considers the inscrutability of Carroll’s inspiration to create this type of fantasy story, as well as the possible influence of medical phenomena on some aspects of the novel. It is not quite clear whether Carroll drew some of the inspiration for his writing from his health condition (his struggles with migraines) or hallucinations caused by hallucinogenic drugs he allegedly consumed. One thing remains certain: Alice in Wonderland presents a meeting point between medicine and literature.

ALL ABOUT THE MONEY IN TOURISM AND TRAVELLING VOCABULARY

Author(s): Cristina-Gabriela Marin / Language(s): English / Issue: 15/2018

This article aims to explore “phraseology of tourism and travelling”. Firstly, a large amount of authentic material are collected from official tourism websites of Britain and the U.S , travelling blogs or online newspapers and magazines. Lastly, it is hoped that the research could enrich the English for Tourism and Travelling and promote the translation of the tourism English vocabulary. At the same time a corpus has been widely employed in the study of practical problems. The results of this study on one hand will contribute to the translation of English for Tourism and travelling , and on the other hand are helpful for students to learn tourism English.

ALTERNATIIVSEID ETÜMOLOOGIAID IV KORI : KORJA, MELEK(AS), RAHE(-) JA RIKKUMA

Author(s): Lembit Vaba / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 63/2017

The article presents new etymological interpretations of the words kori : korja ‘hearth’, melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’, rahe(-): rahejalg, kooljarahe ‘bier’ and rikkuma ‘to spoil, ruin, break, etc’. Kori : korja ‘hearth’ is a forgotten word in modern Estonian, which is known from northwestern Läänemaa as well as Hiiumaa. Nikolai Anderson suggested over a hundred years ago that kori belongs together with the Finnish word korju ‘bear’s (above-ground) winter lair’. Anderson’s comparison has been cited by Andrus Saareste as well as, with some hesitation, in Finnish etymological dictionaries. Julius Mägiste did not attempt to explain the word’s origin in his Estnisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Due to both phonetic and semantic considerations, an etymological link between Estonian kori : korja and Finnish korju is impossible. I suggest that kori : korja is a Baltic loan from the word family represented in modern Baltic languages by Lithuanian kùrti (kùria, kū́rė) ‘to heat up, start a fire etc’, ùžkura(s) ‘oven full of wood; widower’, užkurỹs ‘man who has married a widow and moved into her home; man living in his wife’s parents’ house’. This Baltic word family has equivalents with fire- and hearth-related meanings in other Indo-European languages, e.g. Old Russian курити ‘to start a fire, ignite’, Old English here ‘fireplace, hearth, small oven’ and the stem variant with a final dental consonant heorð ‘hearth, fireplace, home etc’. Kori : korja presumes a Baltic loan base with the stem i̯a-, *kuri̯a-, presumed original meaning ‘fire, fireplace’. Melek(as) ‘stock pigeon’ occurs sporadically in different parts of northern Estonia. This bird name has been seen as onomatopoetically motivated (Andrus Saareste, Mart Mäger, and with hesitation Alo Raun), a view which has been rejected by Julius Mägiste. Another suggestion is that melekas derives from a common Finnic-Mordvin stem, in which -l- may have developed from the affricate *č, cf. dialectal Finnish mettinen ‘turtle dove’, Erzya Mordvin m´eče, m´eča ‘dove’ (Y. H. Toivonen, Mikk Tooms), but Mägiste is skeptical of this explanation as well, and sees the word as more likely a contamination of mehikas ~ mehekas ‘wood dove’ + meltsas ‘green woodpecker, wood dove’. I argue that the explanation of the origin of the word melek(as) must take into account the observation of the Lithuanian linguist, who in the 1880s-1890s drew a parallel to the Lithuanian bird name meletà ‘Picus viridis, Dryocopus martius, Merops apiaster, Coracias garrulus; chatterbox, sweet-talking person’. Baltic *melatā ~ *meletā is etymologically related to the Balto-Slavic word family *mel- ‘to rub, grind; chatter’: Lithuanian málti ‘to grind; speak too much, blather, prattle’, dialectal Russian мелея́ ‘grinder; blabbermouth etc’, dialectal Belarusian мэ́ лю́х ‘lblabbermouth’. Phonetically, there is no reason not to accept the Baltic etymology. The final syllable *-tā of the Baltic loan base has been replaced by the very productive affix k(as), which appears in many bird names. (k)rae- in the compound words (k)raejalad, (k)raepuud ‘trestle table, stretcher, barrow’ derives from the Low German schrage ‘(transverse) stand (with two pairs of crossed legs) etc’ (Udo Uibo). According to older lexicography, Estonian has known the compound words kooljarahe and rahejalg ‘bier, coffin base’, which are not related to the aforementioned Low German loan base, because in Low German loans in Estonian, word-internal -g- is replaced by the partially voiced medial stop -g-, in some cases also -j-, but never -h-. Mägiste has presumed that rahe(-) is related to the Finnic word family rahi: Courland Livonian ra’i ‘chair’, dialectal Finnish rahi : rahin ‘bench with no backboard; stool etc’, Ingrian rahi ~ rähi ‘bench, stove-bench etc’, North Karelian rahi ‘bench’. I propose a Baltic etymology for the word rahi: < Baltic *krasi̯a-, cf. Lithuanian krãsė ‘chair, reclining chair, stool; low footstool; seat’, krasià ‘sofa-like wooden bench with backboard; (reclining) chair; standing/walking chair for a small child; footrest etc’. This Baltic stem has plausible etymological correspondences only in Eastern and Western Slavic languages, e.g. Russian крéсло́ ‘armchair, reclining chair, backrest in a sleigh’. An analogous substitution, i.e. Finnic h < Baltic *s, is e.g. Estonian lahja ‘lean, thin’, dialectal lahi, laih, Finnic laiha etc < Late Proto-Finnic *laiha < Early ProtoFinnnic *lajša < Baltic *laisa-. Estonian rahe ‘hail’ has conformed to other nouns ending in e. Rikkuma, in dialects also rikkima, rikma ‘to break, ruin, damage, smash, destroy; negatively influence someone; decay, deteriorate; (dialectally) go bad, become spoiled’ is a wide-ranging word family found in all Finnic languages: Finnic *rikkoi- < Early Proto-Finnnic *rikka. A Germanic etymology has been proposed for it (Christfrid Ganander 1787), which is rejected by etymological dictionaries of Finnic languages. Another rejected explanation is that of Lauri Hakulinen, who suggested that it is related to the word family rikka : rikan ‘dust, scrap, litter’. I propose a Baltic etymology for this Finnic verb stem, deriving from either 1. Baltic *rika-, on the successors of which are Lithuanian rìkti (riñka ~ reñka ~ rinksta, rìko) ‘to disintegrate, break into pieces, be crushed; to be wrong, confuse, err, act wrongly or imprecisely (e.g. when speaking or enumerating), stumble’, aprìkti ‘to confuse, mix up, garble; to be wrong, do something wrong etc’ or 2. Baltic *trika-, the successors of which are Lithuanian trìkti (triñka, trìko) ‘to be wrong, make a mistake, stumble, get stuck (when speaking, enumerating, etc), stutter; disintegrate; break, be ruined; to be ruined, go out of order (e.g. health); to prematurely give birth; to go crazy, lose one’s mind, rave; to get rabies (of dogs); to get angry; to get confused, puzzled; to engage in mischief, act strangely, impolitely; bother, disturb, annoy etc’. Phonetically, the German and Baltic loan bases are equally plausible, but semantically the Baltic explanation is a better fit. The core meaning of both the Baltic and Finnic word families is ‘to do material damage (i.e. break, ruin)’, from which (likely independently of one another) the other semantic lines have branched off.