Analiza porównawcza pola leksykalno-semantycznego ‘kobieta w relacji seksualnej’ w dobie staropolskiej i współczesności

Author(s): Dorota Kondratczyk-Przybylska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

This paper is an attempt at describing the sematic field ‘woman in sexual relation’. The basis for the excerption was the lexicographic material included in „Słownik staropolski” edited by S. Urbańczyk nad from Słowosieć – polish wordnet. The material obtained from this both references was subjected to a semic analysis discussed from the viewpoint of the semantic field theory as approached by Ryszard Tokarski. What was considered archisems was kobiecość (femininity) ([Human being+], [Childish–], [Male–]) and sexual relation [Sexual relation+]. The analysed vocabulary group was characterised and comparised in terms of hierarchical relations. Result of analysis of Old Polish and contemporary sematic field suggests existence of binary marked sems: [RELATIONSHIP+/–], [PAYMENT+/–], [NEGATIVE ASSESSMENT+/–].

Analiza prijevoda romana Il Gattopardo u svjetlu kontrastivne lingvistike

Author(s): Ana Lalic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 11/2018

In this paper we analyzed the translation of the novel Il gattopardo by the Italian author Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. We used the Feltrinelli editor's 2013 Italian edition and Mate Maras's translation from the year 1982, published by „Sveučilišna naklada Liber“. We chose this novel because of its specific syntax and lexics which pose a significant challenge for translators and based on the original text it is obvious that it is suitable for contrastive analysis. We did an analytical corpus analysis and we reached the conclusion that we can clearly see differences in the translation between the mechanisms of the two languages. The biggest differences were shown in verb tenses, syntax, the translation (or lack thereof) of foreign words and expressions, and on the semantical and phraseological level. This paper shows that the translator accurately translates the Italian text and adapts it to the language system of the Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language finding the phraseological and functional equivalents and adapting the text where needed, but that we can also see the influence of the foreign language in the translation and certain mistakes and imprecisions.

Analysis of the UK prime ministerial discourse on Brexit: Thematic choices and their implications

Author(s): Ray C. H. Leung / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This study of political discourse focuses on three selected texts about Brexit delivered by British Prime Minister Theresa May in early 2017. The texts represent three rare occasions on which May revealed to the public in detail what “negotiating objectives” the government has for Brexit. The three texts are: (i) the Lancaster House speech; (ii) Britain’s Article 50 notification letter; (iii) May’s oral statement in Parliament on the notification letter. Analytic tools from systemic functional linguistics (SFL) were employed to investigate the thematic choices in these three texts. The findings shed light on the interface between discourse and ideology. For example, frequent reference to the British society in the experiential Themes of the Lancaster House speech suggests that May tries to give prominence to the voice of the British people while addressing the general public. In the Article 50 notification letter, textual Themes which signal an adversative relation construe May’s optimism about the prospect of Brexit. Furthermore, the first-person plural pronoun we in the thematic position serves multiple purposes, one of which is to establish solidarity between Britain and the European Union. The current research underscores the contributions of SFL thematic analysis to the study of ideology in discourse.

Anforderungen an die phraseografische Praxis aus der Perspektive des Nichtmuttersprachlers

Author(s): Doris Sava / Language(s): German / Issue: 59/2016

The German metalexicography of the last decade is preoccupied by exposing the phraseology in (phraseological) dictionaries from the language user’s perpective and from the perspective of his consulting needs. Starting from theoretical considerations regarding the creation of a dictionary entry, the importance of the quality criteria of a lexicographic work, the principle of addressability and the current phraseographic practice, this study exemplarily exposes the main difficulties of the phraseographic practice from a non-native speaker’s perspective and the shortcomings of the Romanian bilingual phraseological dictionaries.

Anglicko-slovenský glosár termínov dane z príjmov pre daňovníkov v Spojenom kráľovstve

Author(s): Julianna Fecušová / Language(s): Slovak,English / Issue: 25-26/2016

The present paper The English-Slovak glossary of tax income terms for taxpayers in the UK points to differences between the English and the Slovak terminology of tax income terms. The glossary list contains English terms of tax income and their translation into Slovak language. In addition the text focuses on translation procedures used in the translation of specialized terminology, namely transpozition, reduction, expansion and description.

Angol-skandináv kódkeveredés az angol helynevekben

Author(s): Tamás Fekete / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2018

With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyzes this code-mixing in the framework of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), which existed from the 8th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be the direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually and generally focuses on describing intersentential and intrasentential code-switching, and this paper aims at broadening the overall scope of the investigation through the inclusion of onomastics. The analysis will be chiefly based on the corpus of 1915 relevant place-names, with the data drawn from the Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (Mills 1998), and Fellows-Jensen’s regional studies on Scandinavian place-names in England (Fellows- Jensen 1972, 1978, 1985). The primary focus of the investigation will be those place names which contain both Scandinavian and English elements, used to contain at least one Scandinavian or English element which was replaced by an element from the other language, contain at least one element which underwent a transformation to accommodate to the phonological system of the other language and contain elements which could belong to either of the languages but cannot be decided with absolute certainty. In this paper I also argue that names (specifically the above mentioned place-names) can conform to Muysken’s (2000) category of congruent lexicalization and that word-internal code-switching, and CS in general, is in fact a phenomenon that can occur in the case of hybrid place-names.

Antroponimi (patronimici) u nomenklaturi naziva voda u lijevom slivu Drine

Author(s): Dragomir Vujicic / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 4/1979

In hydronymic material from the area of the left bank tributaries of the Drina, a large number of names are of patronymic origin. Those names appear in the form of a two-member syntagm with a possessive genitive singular or plural, as their first part, and the hydronymic term as a second part of the syntagm such as Alibašića potok (Alibašić Brook), Barakovića rijeka (Baraković river), Gruhonjića ada (Gruhonjić Island), etc. It is interesting to note that some of these possessive genitives in plural have preserved both genetive lengths in this category, although in most case in this category of names, both semantic and form al borders between the singular and plural genitive form s have been eradicated. Besides the above listed patronymic bases, the direct inclusion of antroponyms into the structure of hydronyms in this area is frequent. They most of the time function as possessive adjectives ending in -ov/ev and -in with apelative or hydronymic term , and less frequently in -ski. Suffix -ski is directly added to the proper name, or to the adjectival form of it. The names of the type such as Nikolić, Vidošić, etc. are very rare, and it is believed that they must have had the usual syntagmatic forms: Nikolića potok (Nikolić Brook), than Nikolić-potok and finally just Nikolić. Names in the unchanged antroponymic form are also sporadic: Džafer, Radovan, etc. Naturally, in the materials from this area, models of antroponymic with the so-called toponomastic suffixes, are also present.

Antroponimi i akcenat na primjeru govora visočkih muslimana

Author(s): Naila Valjevac / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian / Issue: 4/1979

Although antroponym accent types fit into our presodic system there first are some that deviate from its standards. Falling accents in other than the sylables are not unusual in the antroponyms of the Moslems of Visoko: Djenïta, Sanèla; Uèir, Abdulhak, and specially those of the type of Teufïk, Sabaduhîn, Abdurahman; Jakub, Farûk. This pre-accent quantity is also characteristic of the feminine gender antroponym accent types: Âlèma, Badèma, which agree with the prosodic system of this idiom.

Apie terminografiją ir terminų standartizaciją

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenyte-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

In the works of Lithuanian linguists terminography and terminology standardization (preparation of terminology standards) are commonly viewed as two different branches of terminology ordering. Terminography is usually defined as the practice and theory of compilation of terminological dictionaries and terminology standardization is viewed as the preparation of terminology standards. The scope of both terminography and terminology standardization is wider: terminography covers not only compilation of terminological dictionaries but also sets of term entries presented in various forms; terminology standardization deals with terminology standards and sets of term entries presented in non-terminology standards. It is a common perception in Lithuanian linguistics that terminology standards cover microsystems of terms of very narrow fields of manufacturing or technology and are used by a small number of specialists, while terminological dictionaries present macrosystems of terms and have a much wider use. This is true only to some extent. The development of new fields of knowledge and the growth of terminology create the need for specialized dictionaries. There are highly specialized terminological dictionaries comprising a small number of terms as well as large terminology standards which include terms widely used in several fields. Terminology standards and terminological dictionaries are not so different – they both comprise a set of term entries compiled according to the same terminographical principles. Therefore, terminology standardization could be viewed as part of terminography. Terminology standardization is a relatively new kind of terminology work in Lithuania – the first national terminology standards were published in 1993. During the following few years a large number of national terminology standards were prepared each year, but when Lithuania became a member of international standardization organizations this number decreased significantly. At the same time publication of Lithuanian versions of international terminology standards has been started, but the number of translated standards comprises only a small proportion of all adopted standards.

APPENDIX: RJEČNIK LGBT POJMOVA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

APPENDIX: RJEČNIK LGBT POJMOVA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

APPENDIX: RJEČNIK LGBT POJMOVA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

APPENDIX: RJEČNIK LGBT POJMOVA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

APPENDIX: RJEČNIK LGBT POJMOVA

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Aproksimacija verovatnoća i optimalna veličina jezičkog uzorka

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostic,Svetlana Ilic,Petar Milin / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2008

Reliable language corpus implies a text sample of size n that provides stable probability distributions of linguistic phenomena. The question is what is the minimal (i.e. the optimal) text size at which probabilities of linguistic phenomena become stable. Specifically, we were interested in probabilities of grammatical forms. We started with an a priori assumption that text size of 1.000.000 words is sufficient to provide stable probability distributions. Text of this size we treated as a "quasi-population". Probability distribution derived from the "quasi-population" was then correlated with probability distribution obtained on a minimal sample size (32 items) for a given linguistic category (e.g. nouns). Correlation coefficient was treated as a measure of similarity between the two probability distributions. The minimal sample was increased by geometrical progression, up to the size where correlation between distribution derived from the quasi-population and the one derived from an increased sample reached its maximum (r=1). Optimal sample size was established for grammatical forms of nouns, adjectives and verbs. General formalism is proposed that allows estimate of an optimal sample size from minimal sample (i.e. 32 items).

Archaizmy leksykalne współczesnej polszczyzny grodzieńskiej (socjolektu szlacheckiego)

Author(s): Katarzyna Konczewska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the lexical archaisms selected from material collected of the linguistic research carried out at the very Grodno region in 2015, the areas of concentration of the Polish nobility from the area of the Indura city (“szlachta zaindurska”). These tokens non-users in modern literary Polish language, including dialects unmarked in dictionaries, which testifies to the uniqueness of the dialects. Some tokens are not marked in any historical source language.

Asking and answering: A contrastive study of English and Swedish basic communication verbs

Author(s): Åke Viberg / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

This article presents a contrastive study of the English verbs ask and answer and their Swedish correspondents based on data from the English Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC), which is bi-directional and contains Swedish and English original texts and their corresponding translations. As a background, a short overview is given of Verbal Communication Verbs (VCVs) in general with brief discussions of speech act theory (Searle), direct and reported speech and conceptual frames (FrameNet) and their syntactic realizations. The contrastive study is concerned with networks of polysemy and the relationships of various senses with differing syntactic realizations across languages. The senses of ask are primarily distributed between two verbs in Swedish: fråga ‘ask a question’ and be ‘request (politely)’ but even some verbs with more specific meanings are involved. The concept of answering forms a conceptual network which is similar in English and Swedish but contrasts with respect to the way meanings are divided up between various verbs. English has a number of verbs such as answer, reply, respond, correspond, retort and rejoin, whereas Swedish to a great extent relies on one verb (svara) and its morphological derivations: besvara, ansvara, motsvara, försvara. In the Conclusion, pedagogical applications of the study are briefly discussed.

Asmenis įvardijantys teisės terminai 1918–1940 m. Lietuvos kodeksuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 12/2005

Sources for the research in this article are unofficial translations of Russian legal codes, which were valid in Lithuania between 1918 and 1940, into Lithuanian. The article analyses terms of law for naming persons. Part of these terms could be attributed to the jurisprudence, other part – to the legal practice. They are names of persons connected by the legal relations and persons performing legal functions. There were about 800 such terms found in the earlier mentioned codes. About half of them are one-word terms, a half of them – complex terms (mainly two-word terms). Terms are discussed according to their origin and word-formation.A characteristic feature of law terms of that period naming persons is their Lithuanian origin. Names of persons, which are separable in respect of word-formation, are rare in those codes, most of them are derivatives. Some of them are coined specially for the needs of law terminology, most of them are terminologized. It is quite difficult to mark strictly terminologized formations from new formations. If a derivative, which is systematically possible, did not get into the earlier lexicography, it is not possible to conclude that such word did not exist. Most of law terms naming persons are derivatives with suffixes -to-jas, -a and -ėjas, -a, which on the whole are very common and productive. It is possible that exactly because of the commonness some terms made with the suffix -tojas, -a were replaced with derivatives with the suffix -ovas, -ė. More clearly new words were made with the suffix -ininkas, -ė.The article singles out a distinctive type of law terms naming persons – substantivized participles, mostly of the passive voice of the present tense. This is quite convenient way of a short expression. Some of the terms of this type are usual until nowadays.Borrowings make quite a small part of law terms naming persons in these codes. Almost all borrowings are international words. An absolute majority of them are of the Latin origin. The Lithuanization of a very few international words differs from the present one, variations are rare. Hybrid terms are close to borrowings, though such way of naming persons in these code was not popular at all.

Asmenų pavadinimai kompiuterijos žodynuose

Author(s): Alvydas Umbrasas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 25/2018

The field of terminology research covers various concepts, but names of persons are among things which are rarely discussed in the context of terminology. It has been noted in works of Lithuanian terminologists that in general it is problematic to attribute names of persons to terminology. However, in some fields such names comprise a significant part of terminology. The assumption can be made that systems of terms naming persons are more developed in social sciences. The article deals with terms naming persons which were collected from dictionaries of computer science. An attempt is made to establish what names are covered by terminography of computer science, to analyse their form in respect of word-formation and origin (the novelty and uniqueness of terms are taken into consideration when comparing with other fields). The research shows that the majority of names of persons presented in the dictionaries of computer science are suffix derivatives, though very few of them are neologisms which have been specially created for the nominations needs of computer science. Most often derivatives are taken from other fields, i.e. transterminologized. Derivatives of Lithuanian origin prevail, but hybrids are also found. Borrowings which name persons and are included in Lithuanian terminological dictionaries as terms of computer science are also rather rare. The majority of borrowings are also used in other fields, i.e. they are not unique in the context of computer science. For the purposes of translation not only terms of computer science are included in dictionaries of this field but also words and phrases from various software and other computer related contexts. As a result, not all names of persons presented in such dictionaries are true terms of computer science. The necessity to include some names of a more general nature in the dictionaries of computer science seems quite doubtful. At the same time there are names of persons which are important in the context of computer science, but they have not been included in such dictionaries and that can be treated as their shortcoming.

Aspecte ale influenţei limbii franceze asupra limbii române

Author(s): Elena Deju / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 19/2018

Istoria umanităţii se identifică cu o luptă continuă pentru asigurarea existenţei, în decursul mileniilor, comunităţile omeneşti fiind într-o mişcare permanentă și căutând să-şi satisfacă necesităţile atât prin explorarea, ocuparea şi exploatarea unor noi teritorii, dar şi pe calea contactelor directe sau indirecte, căci încă de la începuturile civilizaţiei omeneşti au avut loc schimburi incidentale de cunoştinţe şi bunuri, iar pe măsură ce societatea păşea mai hotărât pe drumul spre civilizaţie, rolul şi intensitatea schimburilor au crescut vertiginos, iar transformările economice ce au survenit au dus la dezvoltarea economicã, dar și la dinamica lexicului.