" ال سرَّ وأخْفَى" المعنى والدلالة دراسة تفسيريَّةٌ تحليلية
In our paper, the meanings of the words "secret and hafa" in the 7th verse of Surat al-Taha in Qur’an. These words in our study are discussed in terms of faith and flow.
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In our paper, the meanings of the words "secret and hafa" in the 7th verse of Surat al-Taha in Qur’an. These words in our study are discussed in terms of faith and flow.
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The article discusses selected lexical units found in the dialects of Silesia, which refer to the act of speaking. It examines more than 190 tokens and collocations whose common denominator is the meaning of ‘speaking’. Analyzed are units referring to the content of the expression (with the main semantic component ‘to talk nonsense’), as well as those referring to physical aspects of the act of speaking, such as the clarity and accuracy of articulation (‘to speak indistinctly’, ‘to stutter’), the pace of speaking (‘to speak fast’, ‘to speak slowly’), also the tone, pitch, and intensity of the voice (‘to speak softly’, ‘to say shrilly’). An analysis of the collected material shows that these units form a semantically very heterogeneous group, and tokens and idioms which belong to it are characterized by a significant degree of semantic complexity. The article touches also the question of motivation and evaluation which is presented in the text of lexical units.
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In this essay/article, after introducing briefly the ideas expressed by various linguists on the matter in question, the author throws into discussion two issues: the origine of the patronymic Buzuku, as well as the origine of the name of Gjon’s father (Bdek), giving thus his contribution. He thinks that the two names, Buzuk and Buzuq, are nominal compounds. There is no doubt that the first part of these compounds is the noun buz/ë/(lip/s), but with the meaning ‘brink, border, bank’. It seems that with this meaning, are especially linked the toponyms and micro-toponyms, numerous throughout all the toponomastic nomenclature in our country, which come out since early times in various medieval documents to our days. The second part of Buzuk/Buzuq is the name Ujk (wolf), which appears since early in documents as personal name. It seems, then, that in Buzuk as well as in Buzuq, we have a compounding or a juxtaposition of two nouns, which originally named a place, buzë ‘brink’, where there were wolves, this perhaps in connection to some occurrence, now petrified in the micro-toponym Bazulk (respectively Buzuk). Later the noun must have been used as a patronym; over time it may have passed also to the naming of the village according to the name of the kin holding it. We are then within that circle which E. Çabej calls ‘the system of Albanian anthroponomy’.
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The present contribution from the field of comparative Slavonic word for mation deals with a specific feature of the Czech language, namely its frequent (in comparison to other Slavonic tongues) use of adjectives of passive possibility (impossibility), which in Czech usually assume the suffix -telný (or ne-telný), and of so-called viewpoint adverbs, like cenově, vzhledově, and povahově. The article’s main focus is the situation of Czech from a diachronic perspective. Emphasis is also placed upon the differences between particular Slavonic languages as well as in academic traditions of linguistics in particular Slavonic nations. These theoretical remarks are illustrated with examples of different languages conveying the same message with means that are either synthetic (one word, e.g. adjective or adverb) or analytic (multi-word phrase).
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The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so- -called szalikowcy subculture (‘hooligans; lit. scarfers’). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd ‘Jew’ and pies ‘dog’ which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent. The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations.
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This article is dedicated to analyses of Bulgarian idioms stemming from semantic fields centred round "earth” and "desert” from the point of view of cultural linguistics. An attempt has been made to classify cultural markers which were found in our material published in the phraseological dictionaries.
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The paper offers a short analysis of the word hála, attested in Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Bulgarian, including Banat Bulgarian. This noun is originally used to denote the daemon causing the storm of hail and tempest. According to popular beliefs the principal attributives of hála are enormous size and strength. Hála, being mainly the personification of the storm of hail, we also present, briefly, customs related to protection from hail. Referring to Banat Bulgarians, even if none of those we surveyed could not describe an accurate representation of the hála, there are some details that clearly demonstrates that we are dealing with the personification of a mythical being.
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In this paper, first of all we will present Linguistic variation in Romanian language (LVLR) and Kabatek’s theory. Then we will formulate a methodology for the lexical availability in Romanian language. This subject is not new; it originated in France in 1950s and it studies the words that spring to our mind in response to a ‘topic prompt’ (the countryside, the city, food and drink, clothes etc.).
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The paper resumes the main etymological works – first of all etymological dictionaries, but also some other books focusing on various etymological aspects – referring to Central and Southeast European languages: Slavic, Romanian, Albanian, Hungarian, in vocabulary and place naming. The author points out the outstanding situation of Romanian, without any ‘Academic’ etymological dictionary, a situation unparalleled in Europe. The author also briefly resumes some of his studies and books recently published.
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V dňoch 7. – 9. septembra 2021 sa v Prešove uskutočnila 21. medzinárodná konferencia Komisie pre slovanskú slovotvorbu pri Medzinárodnom komitéte slavistov pod názvom Slovanská slovotvorba: synchrónia, inovácie, neologizácia,2 ktorá bola spojená so zasadnutím tejto komisie. Podujatie zorganizovali Filozofická a Pedagogická fakulta Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove v spolupráci so Slovenskou jazykovednou spoločnosťou pri Jazykovednom ústave Ľudovíta Štúra Slovenskej akadémie vied a Komisiou pre slovanskú slovotvorbu pri Medzinárodnom komitéte slavistov. Vzhľadom na aktuálnu epidemickú situáciu sa toto medzinárodné podujatie konalo druhýkrát po sebe v online priestore, na virtuálnej pôde Prešovskej univerzity (v roku 2020 sa konferencia uskutočnila vo Varšave taktiež výlučne online).
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Hašek is a Croatian on-line spellchecker that continuously operates since March 21, 1994, nowadays at the address https://ispravi.me/. In 25 years of functioning Hašek processed nearly 30 million texts, which build a corpus of more than 7 billion tokens. By comparison, all books ever published in Croatian form a corpus with less than 20 billion tokens. As a WWW-embedded tool, Hašek took advantage of many web-based services including learning. Thanks to Hašek’s learning capability, its dictionary increased from initial 100 thousand to more than 2 million word-types. Another aspect of learning was the creating and regular updating of the Croatian n-gram system. Unlike Google, whose n-gram systems are based on the WaC (Web as Corpus) approach and cut-off criteria, Croatian n-grams were extracted from processed texts by a lexical criterion: each n-gram constituent must be proven by the spellchecker as valid in Croatian spelling. The difference in approaches made Croatian n-gram system comparable in size to the largest Google n-gram systems. Unfortunately, the advantages of on-line spellchecking for rapid breakthroughs into much more sophisticated language technology areas were not recognized by Croatian decision makers, with some consequences mentioned in the paper.
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The article presents an analysis of the peculiarities of the origin of the secondary form дрозки ‘rolling pin’ and highlights the specifics of the existence of variant forms of the noun in the Ukrainian language from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th century. The analyzed word is a phonetic variant of the literary noun друзки , which is a loan translation of the Polish noun used in the construction rozbić w druzgi . The adaptation of the Polish phrase in Western Ukrainian dialects led to the emergence of the noun дрізки , which is a literary variant of the noun друзки . In the east, Ukrainian dialects mostly retain the form of друзки , which in the 17th century, as a result of analogy, changed to дрозки . The change took place in the Poltava region, from where a new phonetic form as a component of the construction of побити на дрозки extended into the adjacent territories. Sporadically written texts recorded the analyzed name before the early 1930s, but later the noun дрозки became obsolete in the Ukrainian language.
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The paper reviews the various situations, which allow to postulate that Proto-Romanian did have a specific phoneme, a laryngeal or, perhaps, a velar spirant, conventionally noted as *X. The glossary and the case studies preceding it suggest that there are strong arguments supporting the reconstruction of such a phoneme; vatră, fărâmă, ceafă and buf are analyzed in more detail, but the list is a lot longer. The paper also discusses the situation of Proto-Slavic ch [χ], which – in initial position at least – also witnesses the existence of a ‘special phoneme’ in pre-expansion Slavic. The relationship between the Romanian and the Slavic forms should be understood in the light of old north Thracian and Proto-Romanian relations with Proto-Slavic. These were approached in other works and studies.
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The purpose of this contribution is to evaluate the Hittite verb pukk-, pugga- ‘to be hateful, to be repulsive, to be unpleasant’ that, according to the opinion here presented, would reflect our conceptual schemes, and to explain the semantic shift undergone by a polysemic PIE root *bhewg(h)- ‘to bend, to run away’ taking into account some theoretical prerequisites of cognitive linguistics. Within this framework it is possible to confirm Kronasser’s etymological interpretation, also considering a further possibility, advanced by the scholar, of a motivation due to linguistic contact with Akkadian.
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The biblical text has a very rich history in the context of lexical semantics. This important aspect comes from his millenary tradition, being the most translated text from all times. The Bible or the Holy Scripture contain expressions with symbolical meaning, allegorical constructions used in a spiritual context, etymologically interpretations which give us the possibility to understand the history of terms and their evolution. In our study, we will try to describe, in a brief outline, the lexical semantics characteristics of the biblical text. In this concern, we will refer to the next points of view: etymology, semantic changes, basic concepts and sense relations. Our research will have as support the official Romanian and English Versions of Bible.
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The lack of an official definition of “community-based tourism” (CBT) from the United Nations has caused the academics in the literature to debate the philosophy of the terminology. This paper collects and studies a list of CBT terminology changes in chronological order. Further observation reveals how the works in the CBT literature area have been mainly written by four groups of authors: 1) academics, 2) local government, NGOs, and 4) international organizations. A cluster of 90 CBT works are displayed through word cloud analysis presents evidence of the differences among these three different groups. The results show how the academics have a stronger focus on “community participation”, the government on “product placement”, and the international organizations on “development goals”. These results may allow future communities to more easily decide on which group of authors would suit them more when applying CBT practices.
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This paper analyzes selected examples of idioms containing the component head in Croatian and Hungarian. Despite the fact that Hungarian and Croatian are not cognate languages, due to the universal experiences and to the fact that they belong to a common cultural circle, these languages have a large correspondence in their phraseology, which can be seen in somatic idioms as body parts represent a kind of universality. The aim of this paper is to show similarities and differences in lexical content and meaning of Croatian and Hungarian idioms containing the component head. The motivational basis of idioms is also discussed as well as the influence of basic and transferred meanings of the lexeme head on the meaning of idioms.
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This current study aims to shed a new light into the usage of phrasal verbs, which are one of the most avoided multi-word constructions for English learners but widely used by native speakers of English in BASE (British Academic Spoken English). The purpose of this study is to identify which phrasal verbs are used more frequently in BASE and how the findings might be utilized in educational settings. To do this, three lexical verbs (go, come and take) combining phrasal verbs with nine adverbial particles and forming 27 phrasal verbs were analysed using 1.742.886 running words in BASE. BNC (British National Corpus) was used as the core data for selecting lexical verbs and adverbial particles by benefiting from the research of Gardner and Davies (2007). The results reveal some similarities between BNC and BASE in terms of phrasal verb usage and the paper exemplifies some ways to teach phrasal verbs in the light of the analyses.
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Formulaicity is one of the characteristic features of legal discourse, which manifests itself not only at the level of wording, “but also in the content, structure and layout” of legal texts (Ruusila & Londroos 2016, 123). Formulaic language, which includes phrasal and prepositional verbs, idioms, collocations, lexico-grammatical associations, lexical bundles, etc., are building blocks of legal discourse shaping legal text meanings. However, up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the nature of frequently occurring “sequences of three or more words that show a statistical tendency to co-occur” (Biber & Conrad 1999, 183), i.e. lexical bundles, in different genres of legal texts. Most studies in the field of lexical bundles in legal texts have only been based on one language (e.g. Jablonkai 2009; Goźdź-Roszkowski 2011; Breeze 2013), whereas translation-oriented contrastive studies on lexical bundles are lacking. In respect of the aforementioned gaps, the aim of this pilot study is to analyse structural types of lexical bundles in court judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union in English and to examine the way these structures are rendered into Lithuanian. To gain insights into the frequency and structure of lexical bundles, the present study uses the methodological guidelines of corpus linguistics. The classification of lexical bundles into structural types is based on the framework suggested by Biber et al. (1999, 2004). For the purpose of this study, a parallel corpus of court judgments was compiled comprising approximately 1 million words of original court judgments in the English language and about 8 hundred thousand words of court judgments translated into Lithuanian. Lexical bundles in this research were identified using the corpus analysis toolkit AntConc 3.4.4 (Anthony 2015). A concordance program AntPConc 1.2.0 (Anthony 2017) was employed to find Lithuanian equivalents of the most frequent lexical bundles identified in the English court judgments. The evidence from this study suggests that different structural types of lexical bundles have more or less regular equivalents in Lithuanian; however, in most cases, these equivalents tend to be shorter.
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