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Засоби та прийоми пародіювання

Author(s): Natalia Vinnikova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 88/2013

A parody as a genre is characterized by only its inherent laws of construction and creation, the purpose of this article is to investigate the most popular parody implements and techniques that are used by Ukrainian authors very often. The object and purpose of parody, artistic tastes and writer’s skill determine parodist selection of specific tools and techniques.The parody text analysis is used in this article, the descriptive method is used in unfamiliar texts and the brightest parody examples are introduced in the scientific revolution. Also the functional approach is used the problem of understanding the text.The accent is on the fact that the parody applies the work facilities, which is parodied. Parodist mimics the style of prototext, altering it so that it is recognizable, but ridiculed. As a rule the most characteristic elements of the style are taken – a favorite method, propensity to a particular functional style, desirable usage of lexical items, syntactic structures etc. To achieve the goal parodist can use a lower object style of parody, to introduce new material into the text of the original works.The benefits of this study lies in the fact that for the first time the most popular methods and Ukrainian parodist are described. Consequently the most popular implements and techniques of Ukrainian authors are hyperbola, grotesque, metaphor, absurdity, alogizm, quotations, phonetic (alliteration, assonance, voice parallelism), syntactic (repetition, refrain, gradation), morphological facilities and receptions etc.

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Употреба члана испред личних имена у савременом италијанском језику

Author(s): Aleksandra R. Blatešić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 17/2018

According to a basic grammatical rule, proper names in the contemporary Italian language are used without an article, but there are numerous exceptions that depend on semantic-syntactic factors and various regional, historical, and socio-cultural influences. This paper features situations that require the use of an article with proper names, with this article then becoming the carrier of certain meaning, so a special attention is paid to semantic-functional values of both using the article and leaving it out. We rely on the principles of generative grammar and structural analysis, and we analyse the use of an article in various positions and functions of a noun phrase in a sentence, with a view to categorising the phenomena observed, clarifying general rules on the use of an article with proper names, and pointing to new tendencies in the contemporary Italian language.

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Operationalising construal. A corpus-based study in cognition and communication constructions

Author(s): Karolina Krawczak,Dylan Glynn / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This study seeks to demonstrate that the Behavioural Profile Approach, specifically Multifactorial Usage-Feature Analysis (Geeraerts et al. 1994; Gries 2003), can be used to quantitatively describe lexico-grammatical construal (Langacker 1987; 1999). It examines the of – about constructional alternation for the complementation of cognition and communication predicates. The predicates sampled include know, speak, talk, and think distributed across the two prepositions in British and American English. In total, a sample of some 700 occurrences are analysed; the annotation schema is based on previous literature in the field (Radden 1981; Rudzka-Ostyn 2003; Dirven 2003; Lindstromberg 2010). Using a combination of mixed-effects logistic regression, multiple correspondence analysis, and loglinear analysis, the study is able to successfully identify a behavioural profile of the two alternations, which can be interpreted as an operationalisation of the opposing construals. Although distinct pro-files are obtained, an adequate means for separating the conceptual contribution of the predicate and the complement will require further investigation.

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Naslov u reklamnom diskursu

Author(s): Zoran Starčević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/1989

A sociolinguistic study of advertisement in contemporary Serbo-Croatian press, based on large data, singled out title as one of fundamental elements in code structure of the advertising discourse structure. The aim of this study was to provide exact description of the structure of the advertisement message, and to clarify the choice of relevant means and rules for their application in relation to the factors of communication in advertising /the press as transfer media and social characteristics of both the sender and recipient/. The study deals with lexical, syntactic structures, typography and spacing, the domains which by their specific features express special function of the title in advertising. The structures and titles which are characteristic for advertisements and not typical for other types of texts have been singled out. Thus they become a part of distinctive features of the repertoire forming a special discourse — a discourse of advertising.

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Упитне реченице фразеологизиране структуре у руском и српскохрватском језику

Author(s): Radovan Trajković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1989

В настоящей работе рассматриваются вопросительные предложении фразеологизированной структуры м их сербскохорватские эквиваленты. Исследование проведено на материале литературных произведений советских и югославских писателей, причём собрано 3650 вопросительных предложений. В работе особенное внимание уделяется вопросительным предложениям фразеологизировэнной структуры, в состав которых входят вопросительные слова: что, как, где и почему. Результаты исселдования показывают, что русские вопросительные предложения фразеологизированной структуры нельзя переводить на сербскохорватский язык дословно. Им в сербскохорватском языке соответствуют предложения свободной структуры.

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Учебник сербохорватского языка

Author(s): Branko Tošović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1988

Review of: Зенчук В. Н., Йоканович-Михайлова Е., Киршова М., Маркович М., "Учебник сербохорватского языка", Издательство Московского универзитета, Москва, 1986, 414 pp.; by: Branko Tošović

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Српски и словеначки глагол погледати

Author(s): Željko S. Marković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 16/2017

In this paper we analysed the Serbian and Slovenian verb pogledati as a lexical exponent of diﬀerent situation predicates. Situation predicates are defned via characteristics of situation temporal structure of perception action expressed with this verb and via its predicate-argument structure. Te intertwining of these two parameters brings us to single out three main semantic-syntactic realisations of the verb pogledati in Serbian and Slovenian. In the frst one, the verb pogledati is used to express the immediate/perfective perception action and its predicate-argument structure is characterised by a mandatory presence of the right argument in the role of an object of perception (e.g. pogledati prijatelja iznenađeno). In the second realisation this verb shows the same properties of a predicate-argument structure as in the frst one but it does not denote a lasting/imperfective action whereby the perfective verb form emphasises its natural fulfilment (e.g. pogledati izložbu, pogledati pozorišnu predstavu). Regarding the predicate-argument structure, the third realisation is characterised by diﬀerent spacial determinants at the right argument position that defning of perception action as either the immediate/perfective or lasti ng/imperfective one depends on (e.g. pogledati kroz prozor, pogledati naokolo).

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О типу књижевног израза у фрањевачким љетописима (на примјеру "Љетописа сутјеског самостана" фра Боне Бенића

Author(s): Darija Gabrić-Bagarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1986

The characteristic features and idyosyncrasies of the language of the Bosnian Friar literature have been intensively studded and these studies reveal many ties that the Friar literature in Bosnia established with the literatures, of other areas. As far the non-literary works, it has, been noted that they exemplify many specific features but that they are very closely related with the organic idioms. It is possible for the linguist to identify many similarities between the language used din friar literary works and that of non-literary works. The aim of this article is to show the extent to which the authors, of non-literary texts tried to adjust their language to the language of literary works and how the oral, conversational usage of language could influence these non-literary texts. Many of the non-literary texts, were greatly influenced by the oral tradition of popular poetry.

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Могућности класификације лакуна на плану руског и српског језика

Author(s): Violeta P. Džonić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 16/2017

Taking the notion of lacuna as a starting point, which represents an interesting but under-researched linguistic phenomenon in terms of different languages, the possibilities of classification of lacunae from the perspective of the Russian and Serbian languages present an inevitable step in the scientific treatment of the matter, especially when similar languages are concerned. In the beginning, the existing classifications are discussed, and then possible classifications are presented, which are the result of the authors' own research not only at the lexical level, but also at the morphological, syntactic, semantic, paremiologic, and word formation level respectively. Furthermore, the structure of lacuna is also taken into consideration, as well as inter-cultural communication, along with possible criteria for their classification.Thus, by virtue of contrastive analysis, the paper presents a review of possible classifications of lacunae, which represents a scientific contribution in researching this phenomenon from the perspective of the aforementioned languages.

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Analiza prijevoda romana Il Gattopardo u svjetlu kontrastivne lingvistike

Author(s): Ana Lalić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 11/2018

In this paper we analyzed the translation of the novel Il gattopardo by the Italian author Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa. We used the Feltrinelli editor's 2013 Italian edition and Mate Maras's translation from the year 1982, published by „Sveučilišna naklada Liber“. We chose this novel because of its specific syntax and lexics which pose a significant challenge for translators and based on the original text it is obvious that it is suitable for contrastive analysis. We did an analytical corpus analysis and we reached the conclusion that we can clearly see differences in the translation between the mechanisms of the two languages. The biggest differences were shown in verb tenses, syntax, the translation (or lack thereof) of foreign words and expressions, and on the semantical and phraseological level. This paper shows that the translator accurately translates the Italian text and adapts it to the language system of the Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language finding the phraseological and functional equivalents and adapting the text where needed, but that we can also see the influence of the foreign language in the translation and certain mistakes and imprecisions.

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Terminološke višestrukosti u osnovnoškolskim udžbenicima biologije i njihov odraz u učeničkoj memoriji

Author(s): Savo Pujić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/1984

Prilikom utvrđivanja književnojezičke politike u SR Bosni i Hercegovini zauzeto je stanovište о tome da se učenici obavezno upoznaju sa dvojnom terminologijom našega jezika. Mada se taj stav već drugu deceniju realizuje u našem vaspitno-obrazovnom sistemu, pa i u udžbeničkoj literaturi, ipak još postoje neke nedoumice u pogledu nivoa usvajanja terminoloških sinonima. To se jasno vidi i iz najnovijeg Nastavnog plana i programa za osnovno vaspitanje i obrazovanje: iako je ovaj dokumenat bio obavezan da razjasni taj problem, on se samo načelno izjašnjava о »primjeni terminoloških višestrukosti«, a zatim ih veoma nedosljedno interpretira u pojedinim predmetima.

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Naš jezik u praksi

Author(s): Sreto Tanasić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3/1980

Review of: "Naš jezik u praksi", Institut za jezik i književnost u Sarajevu, Priručnici 2, 1979.; by: Sreto Tanasić

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POLITISCHE EUPHEMISMEN IM HEUTIGEN DEUTSCH

Author(s): Silvana Simoska / Language(s): German Issue: 18/2/2017

The concept of euphemism - which derives from Greek, involves the use of deliberately evasive or deceptive language. Euphemisms are nice-sounding words or phrases which are substituted for words thought to be harsh, crude or offensive. Political discourse is well-known to be a hotbed for euphemisms, since in this particular type of discourse the truth is not directly verbalized. Political euphemisms are used as an instrument of promoting certain policy measures, and are manipulated accordingly. For instance, by using vague and “loaded” language expressions the bitter, unpleasant content of the political message is modified and lessened. A case in point is the German proverb den Gürtel enger schnallen (Engl. to tighten one’s belt). If used in a political context, this figurative expression does not suggest immediate stringent saving measures, or even deprivation on the level of the individual, but rather an equal distribution of the unpopular frugal measures in times of economic crisis. The present study analyzes political euphemisms in Modern German and particularly focuses on their function and implications of their usage regarding current issues. The study demonstrates that Modern German is highly prone to political euphemistic encoding, the following categories in particular: syntactic phrases and sentences (mehr Eigenverantwortung übernehmen, Arbeitsgelegenheit mit Mehraufwandsentschädigung (‚Ein-Euro-Job‘), Wir schaffen das!), complex lexical items (Nullwachstum, Rettungspaket, Hartz IV-Empfänger (instead of ‚Arbeitslosengeld II-Empfänger‘), idioms (in einem Boot sitzen, Engl. We‘re all in the same boat), words for special purposes and foreign words (Integration instead of Eingliederung, Segregation instead of Abschottung, Minijob/ Midijob instead of geringfügige Arbeit, Rationalisierung instead of Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen) and acronyms (BASU 21 (‚besonders auffällige Straftäter unter 21 Jahren‘).

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EKSKLAMATIVNE REČENICE U ANTOLOGIJI CRNOGORSKE POEZIJE

Author(s): Miodarka Tepavčević / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 16/2017

This paper deals with an analysis of exclamative sentences in an anthology of Montenegrin poetry, their functionality and structural-semantic characteristics. We will consider how and in what way the interjectional nature of the exclamations manifests itself and by what morphological-syntactical means these sentences differ from each other.

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Језик босанскохерцеговачке муслиманске народне поезије у односу према стандардном језику

Author(s): Herta Kuna / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3/1978

Die Verfasserin hat aufgrund des Buches Narodne pjesme muslimana u Bosni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo, 1966, eine eingehende sprachliche Analyse im Vergleich zur heutigen Standardsprache durchgeführt. Obwohl in zahlreichen Einzelheiten, besonders auf phonologischem Gebiet, eine bedeutende Anzahl von Abweichungen in der epischen Volkspoesie der Mohammedaner von der heutigen Standardsprache festzustellen sind, bedeuten sie immer nur, dass der Idiolekt des Sängers hinsichtlich der schon ausgebildeten, die grundsätzliche sprachliche Struktur umfassenden literarischen Koine durchbrochen wird. Auch auf dem Gebiet der Morphologie, Syntax und Lexik sind Abweichungen in Richtung einzelner Mundarten vorhanden, obgleich für die beiden letzteren Kategorien und besonders für die Lexik nahezu unmöglich genauere Angaben zu machen sind, weil entsprechende Wörterbücher einzelner Mundarten fehlen. Aus dem hier vorgestellten Material geht jedoch deutlich hervor, dass die Abweichungen von der heutigen Standardsprache auf morphologischem Gebiet sehr mässigen Umfangs sind, was noch mehr für die Syntax gilt; in der Lexik aber stellen den weitaus grösseren Anteil an Turzismen eigenständige Sprachmerkmale der mohammedanischen Volkspoesie dar. Neben den Abweichungen in Richtung der Muttersprache des Sängers existiert sicher auch ein bewusstes Bemühen um Übereinstimmung zwischen der Sprache des Sängers und schon bestehender Koine, die mit heutiger sprachlicher Norm jedoch nicht ganz übereinstimmt, sondern einige besondere Merkmale beibehält. Für eine vorhandene Koine ist der Hinweis wichtig, dass einige grundsätzliche sprachliche Charakteristiken gemeinsam hier und in den Volksliedern von Vuk Karađžić auftreten, wodurch die Tendenz zu sprachlicher Interferenz und Nivellierung der gesamten Volksepik deutlich gemacht wird.

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Sintaksička sinonimka i njen značaj za opću teoriju jezika

Author(s): Jovan Vuković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/1973

Ako pođemo od rečenice kao osnovne komunikativne jedinice, koja je međuljudsko sporazumevanje i učinila jezikom i na taj način omogućila razvitak čovečije svesti, uočićemo da će se ona ispoljiti, možemo li reći, u tri svoja osovna oblika: inteligibilnom (intelektualna strana svesti), b) volitivnom (aktivna, ili recimo preciznije, najaktivnija njena komponenta) i c) emotivnom (u čistijem obliku senzibilna strana njena). Ako tako pojave posmatramo, shvatimo i to: da se sve tri komponente svesti, adekvatno tome i rečenice (odnosno čitavog jezika kao sistema), međusobno prožimaju: nikad misao u sasvim čistom intelektualnom obliku (postojaće uvek, bar u minimumu, i doza emocije), nikad volitivno bez misli i emocije, i, najzad, svaka emocija imaće i svoje intelektualne impulse.

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Pristup kompleksnijoj stilističkoj analizi srpskohrvatskoga stihovanog izraza

Author(s): Jovan Vuković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/1972

Ako želimo da potražimo i što je moguće adekvatnije da prikažemo izražajne efekte jedne lirske pesme, moramo imati izgrađene kriterije lingvističke analize; potrebno nam je poslužiti se osnovnim principima savremene strukturalne lingvistike, dalje od suhog deskriptivnog tipa a bliže do funkcionalne lingvistike u pravom smislu. Može, kao što se to često čini, predmet analize biti samo jedan „sloj” izražajnih efekata: značenjski efekti, bez formalnih ili sa malim zahvatom u formalne elemente, ili obrnuto formalni elementi sa manjim ili većim osloncem na semantičku stranu izraza; može posebno biti zahvaćen i izdvojen zvučni sloj, koji se opet može raščlanjivati na: a) ulogu čisto fonetskih (odnosno fonoloških) elemenata, b) ulogu akcenatskofonetsikih jedinica, c) dejstvovanje rečenične intonacije, — i, d) najzad, predočava nam se u posebnom aspektu rečenična struktura (u posebnom vidu kompleksnije može biti zahvaćena sintaksička i intonaciona struktura u međuodnosima njihovih izražajnih efekata).

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Jezik Stipana Markovca Margitića

Author(s): Darija Gabrić-Bagarić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1972

Review of: Slavko Vukomanović, "Jezik Stipana Markovca Margitića", Filološki fakultet Beogradskog univerziteta, Beograd, 1971., by: Darija Gabrić

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Corpus-Driven Analysis of Multi-Word Terms Including the Word ‘Risk’ in English, French and Lithuanian

Author(s): Oksana Smirnova,Sigita Rackevičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2018

Straipsnyje pristatomi deskriptyviosios terminologijos tyrimo principai bei empirinis daugiažodžių terminų su žodžiu rizika tyrimas, kurio tikslas – taikant tekstynų lingvistikos metodus, surinkti terminus iš ES finansų srities dokumentų tekstynų ir atlikti jų formaliosios sandaros analizę. Tyrimo tikslams buvo sukaupti keturi tekstynai: finansų srities dokumentų anglų kalba (802 933 žodžiai), prancūzų kalba (940 655 žodžiai) ir lietuvių kalba (639 279 žodžiai) bei lygiagretusis anglų–prancūzų–lietuvių kalbų tekstynas. Iš tekstynų surinkta 210 terminų, kuriuose žodis rizika eina pagrindiniu dėmeniu: 70 angliškų terminų ir po tiek pat jų atitikmenų prancūzų ir lietuvių kalbomis. Žodžio rizika pasirinkimą lėmė tai, kad šis žodis buvo dažniausias visų trijų kalbų tekstynuose. Terminų atpažinimui ir surinkimui buvo naudojamos dvi kompiuterinės programos – AntConc ir AntPConc. Dirbta tokiais etapais: • dažniausių žodžių, galinčių būti terminų branduoliu, angliškame, prancūziškame ir lietuviškame tekstynuose nustatymas ir vieno iš jų (žodžio rizika) atrinkimas tolesnei analizei; • žodžio rizika kolokacijų ir daiktavardinių junginių su pagrindiniu dėmeniu rizika ir jo kairiaisiais bei dešiniaisiais kolokatais nustatymas angliškame tekstyne; • daiktavardinių junginių, laikytinų daugiažodžiais terminais, atrinkimas; • atrinktų angliškų terminų prancūziškų ir lietuviškų atitikmenų nustatymas. Pritaikyta metodologija leido rezultatyviai surinkti daugiažodžius terminus iš daugiakalbių tekstynų. Tai duoda pagrindą teigti, kad ji gali būti taikoma terminų kaupimui bei tyrimams. Surinktų terminų formaliosios sandaros analizė atskleidė keletą svarbių terminų darybos tendencijų tiriamose kalbose: • vyraujantis terminų tipas pagal dėmenų skaičių visose trijose tiriamose kalbose yra dvižodžiai terminai; tai rodo, kad ES terminų kūrėjai laikosi kalbos ekonomijos principo ir stengiasi kurti kuo trumpesnius daugiažodžius terminus; • tik keletas angliškų ir prancūziškų terminų turi daugiau kaip 2–3 dėmenis; tuo tarpu lietuviški terminai, susidedantys iš 4 ir daugiau dėmenų, sudaro beveik ketvirtadalį surinktų terminų; • anglų ir lietuvių kalbų terminų darybos modeliuose vyrauja prepozicinė ir postpozicinė modifikacija, o prancūzų kalbos – postpozicinė modifikacija; • daugumos anglų ir lietuvių kalbų terminų priklausomieji dėmenys yra daiktavardžiai ir būdvardžiai, o prancūzų kalboje – prielinksninės konstrukcijos. Formaliosios sandaros analizės rezultatai suteikia informacijos, kuri gali būti naudinga terminų kūrėjams ir vertėjams. Tyrimo metu nustatyti sintaksinių struktūrų modeliai gali būti taikomi, kuriant kompiuterinius lingvistinius metodus automatiniam terminų atpažinimui be iš anksto pasirinktų raktinių žodžių.

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ÇEVİRİDE SÖZDİZİMİ SORUNLARI: TÜRKÇEDE NİKOLAY GOGOL'ÜN "PALTO"SU

Author(s): Sevinç Üçgül / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 51/2018

In this study, the translation problems from Russian to Turkish of “The Overcoat”, which is written by 19th century Russian writer Gogol, will be discussed. Aforementioned book’s different translations from two different translators, Erol Güney- Orhan Veli Kanık - Oğuz Peltek; Mehmet Özgül, Mazlum Beyhan, Mehmet Harmancı, Aslı Takanay and Uğur Büke, will be compared to the original text and it will be questioned if they protected the Gogol’s language and literary style.

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