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У овом раду се разматра стилски условљено син- таксичко онеобичавање у пјесничком језику Петра II Петровића- -Његоша с примјерима из спјевова Луча микрокозма и Горски еијенац, и то: семантичка конгруенција, синтакса двоструких падежа, елипса, инверзија, дистантна употреба адноминалног генитива.
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This paper covers an analysis of the differences in singular and plural syntactic agreement in Macedonian compared to English. What is analyzed is number in the noun phrase as a subject, which influences the following verb (singular or plural form). The examples (sentences) have been excerpted from selected works of literature and daily newspapers in Macedonian and English, together with their translation equivalents. The author shows the conclusions they have come to by analyzing the chosen corpus.
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Este estudio se ha realizado para investigar la polisemia del verbo español hacer. El método que utilizamos es el análisis sintáctico-semántico. Nuestro objetivo principal es representar los significados del verbo hacer y destacar sus características sintácticas. Intentamos averiguar cuáles son las particularidades de este verbo que le permiten tener distintos significados. El corpus de este trabajo se basa en las unidades lexicográficas del español moderno. Los resultados demuestran que los distintos significados del verbo hacer provienen de su capacidad de combinarse con los sustantivos y de recibir el significado del sustantivo con el que se combina.
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In the novel The Fortress by Mesa Selimovic, we have noticed various deviations from the usual sentence structure. Since the focus of the paper is units without a predicate which are statements, the examples from the novel are analyzed from a syntactic and stylistic standpoint. We have singled out the units that are a product of partial sentence structure and are contextually based, followed by contex- tually based questions, statements in the Vocative case as opposed to the Nominative and statements that show a great degree of independence within the context. This independence is related to the formal plan of the aforementioned units, seeing that their meaning is still in close relation to the context. While contextually dependent units contribute to the emotional aspect and dynamics of the narration, the contextually independent units pacify the narrative, summarize it and add to the vividness and symbolism of the prose text.
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This paper deals with verb forms in the poems The Marriage of Bey Ljubović and Zirka Kajovića from the stylistic and syntactic standpoint. The analysis procedure includes a syntactic indicative, a syntactic relative, qualifier, gnome form, narrative form, and absolute. In addition, referentiality and non-referentiality of verb forms are considered. Bearing in mind that verb forms are most often combined, the stylistic effects of combinations of verb forms are considered. This paper aims to determine the inventory of verb forms and describe their syntactic and stylistic features. The analysis showed that a rich inventory of verb forms could be found in Radovan Bećirović’s poems. Simple Past Tense, Truncated Perfect, imperfect, aorist, and temporally transposed Present Tense denote the past. In both poems, the future is expressed by the future one, and apart from it, in the poem The Marriage of Bey Ljubović, a futuroid is found. The present is realized in a syntactic indicative, and, additionally, it is found as a qualifying, gnomic, and narrative present, of which it is most often used as a narrative. Examples of presentations with modal meanings are not uncommon. In terms of referentiality, present forms in poems denote referential and non-referential actions. The infinitive is found as a complement to modal or phase verbs and is also used in the absolute. The past is realized in the syntactic indicative and the syntactic relative and denotes referential and non-referential actions. The aorist is a high-frequency verb form in the poem The Marriage of Bey Ljubović and is used in most cases as a narrative. The imperfect is realized in syntactic relative and suggests referential and non-referential actions. The Future Simple Tense is found in the syntactic relative, then the absolute, and with modal meanings, i.e., the meaning of intention, commandments, possibilities, etc. While the use of the Future Simple is linked to the heroes’ discourses, the futuroid appears in the narrative discourse. Except in the function of Future Simple, futuroid is found in gnome use. The pre- sent, the aorist, the imperfect, and the truncated perfect are forms whose stylistic features contribute to the topicality, experience, dynamism, and drama of the events being reported.
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In der vorliegenden Arbeit analysieren wir die syntaktischstilistischen Typen epizeuxisischer Anhäufungsformen. Epizeuxisische Anhäufungen stellen einen Typ der syntaktisch-stilitischer Formen dar, die durch die papilische Intensivierung enstehen. Der Grund für das Stilematische bei diesen kumulativen Formen ist die Verletzung der Reduktionregel lexisch übereinstimmender, aber kommmunikativ redudanter Glieder bei der Gliederung der Tiefenstruktur einer koordinativen Verbindung. Da auf dem kommunikativen Plan bei den Anhäufungen dieses Typs die Wiederholung der lexisch übereinstimmenden Einheit redudant ist, kann die Anhäufung nur durch die expressiv-stilistiche Gründe gerechtfertigt werden. Durch die mehrfache Realisation eines Begriffes, die sich auf der bewussten Einführung überflüssiger Elemente in die sprachliche Nachricht basiert, wird die Beziehung zwischen den Wörtern und der Realität belebt, was zu einer Perzeptionssicht führt, d.h. zu einer Vorstellung. Die Stilogenität epizeuxisisch struktuierter Anhäufungen wird in literarisch-künstlichen Prosatexten mit der Wiederbelebung des Erzählens, der Konkretsation und der Hervorhebung unterschiedlicher Elemente, wie z.B. mit der psychologischen Beschreibung des Helden, mit der subjektiven Beschreibung der erlebten Situation, oder mit der Darstellung der Situation, unter welcher man die betonte Emotionalität versteht, in Zusammenhang gebracht.
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The explanation of merged and / or separate writing of words and phrases can only be achieved as a principled research position when the third axis in the coordinate system of language – the human consciousness, is taken into account. The syntactic orthographic principle explicitly introduces the cognitive approach, as the syntax expresses the cognitive need. This is a extremely sufficient justification for taking out of the vocabulary those supposedly complex words, but in fact word combinations, whose spelling is entirely and only syntactically justified – only separate writing.
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The article goes into a problem about addresses rendition by different syntax forms - single lexical forms, word expressions, sentences. It focuses on usage of the addresses in instigator and questioning sentences. This study take a survey about doublet addresses forms in Bulgarian literary texts.
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The parameters of the syntactic relation and the mechanism of its formation are investigated.Variations in which the same positioning has a different syntactic function are indicated. Contact and distance can be considered as prototypes of the syntactic relation. We consider the use of a prototype correct, because the syntax assumes that there are both semantic relations and relationships that express them between the parts of the sentence. What predetermines or takes away the relationship is contact or distance.
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The article describes the system of the past tenses in Tuvan (Tuvin). Each of the forms of the past tenses (-dy, -gan, -chyk, -byshaan, -p-tyr) expresses temporary meanings and additional meanings (evidentiality, aspect and modality), so they have the complex sets of meanings and different spheres of usage. The article is an attempt to determine, what grammar meanings are relevant for Tuvans (Tuvins) to denote actions happened before the moment of speech, and to describe the usage of these temporary forms in the modern Tuvan (Tuvin) language.
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The paper covers various deviations from rules and anomalies in syntactical constructions of the Russian language, lacunas in syntactic paradigms determined by a number of covert categories (cryptotypes). Among the covert categories that are revealed based on an analysis of atypical syntactic usages or syntactic gaps which I dub “syntactic prohibitions” are: controlled vs. uncontrolled actions, dependence vs. independence, activity vs. inaction, and version. One of the sources allowing to identify these syntactic gaps have been erroneous Russian sentences constructed by foreign students of Russian. Covert categories of the Russian language have usually been discovered by comparison with overt categories (phenotypes) in other languages. The present article offers a preliminary analysis of the use of lacunas in syntax paradigms as another method, besides the comparative one, of revealing covert categories in Russian.
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The paper analyzes the urban local-centric culture based on the study of a specific linguistic phenomenon excerpted from some stories on the local history of post-liberation Tarnovo. “Labels” hold a very important and at the same time special place among the distinctive symbols of the town and the signs of urban identity. The socium that on the one hand, is getting urbanized, while on the other, has managed to preserve its provincial-patriarchal culture, uses those labels to identify the elements of its own environment. Assuming that labeling assists the formation of the unique image of urban people and their everyday life, the study reveals the pragmatic potential of the appositive collocations mentioned in the sources. The aim is to prove the thesis that the use of these collocations is a significant factor in the perceptual categorization of the provincial urban world and in the (re)construction of the historical memory of it.
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The paper deals with the debatable point of modern linguistics – the predicatives which express the state in the broad sense and are using exclusively as a predicate in a non-subject sentences. The author considers the specifics of such words on the material of youth slang. In the spotlight are the lexical, morphemic, morphological and syntactic features of the analyzed category of words.
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The vocabulary was collected in Vylyngurt village (Syumsinski district) of the Udmurt Republic (2013). The dialect of this village represents the middle dialects of Udmurt. The glossary includes original Permic vocabulary. The article also describes phonemic system and phonetic features of this dialect.
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The object of the article is a late legend – The Story of the Irani Star – which might have originated among the Eastern Orthodox Slavs in the 15th c. The plot revolves around the Star of Bethlehem, the birth of Jesus, and the pilgrimage of the Magi (cf. Matthew 2: 1–12). The article discusses the narrative, its structure and the history of the text, with a focus on the edition and reconstruction of the text. The Story is published according to the copy found in Miscellany No 143 (504), 258v–265r, dated to the 16th c., which is part of the manuscript collection of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery. Today, the manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library (Moscow, Russia). The edition is prepared in comparison with four copies of the legend dated to 15th and 16th c.
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The paper deals with the word order specificities of adverbial modifiers of time and of place and direction on two levels: from the perspective of the formal as well as of the information loaded word order of the Bulgarian oral speech. The high frequency of the two types of adverbial modifiers in the Bulgarian oral speech is statistically proven.
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The study focuses on word order specifics of the exclamatory utterance in Bulgarian colloquial speech. Two aspects have been dealt with in parallel: the grammatical word order and the information structure of the utterance. The linguistic material was collected in an informal, everyday settings, wherein people with a secondary or higher education were having a casual conversation with their friends and relatives.
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The central concern of this article is prolepsis within the complex sentence. The author offers the syntactic, semantic and stylistic analysis of this type of the complex sentence in which the direct object of the main clause anticipates the subject of the subordinate clause, (eg. Vidim PTICU da/gdje /ikako leti — I can see the BIRD that/where/as it is flying: Vidim da/gdje/kako PTICA leti — I can see that/where/as the BIRD is flying. »I can see the BIRD which is flying«). The author claims that the following peculiarities can be associated with this type of the complex sentence: 1. only the verbs of perception and some verbs of state can occur in the position of the predicate in the main clause, 2. the subject of the main clause is always »the experience«, 3. the subordinate clause itself is a nominal-adjectival clause, 4. the whole sentence with the proleptic object in the main clause should be considered as syntactically and semantically marked compared with the unmarked sentence in which the subordinate clause contains the grammatical subject eg. Vidim da/gdje/како PTICA leti.
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The article describes various modal meanings expressed by one grammatical construction of compound future tense, using three sixteenth-century manuscripts written in the “prosta mova”, the literary language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The special focus is placed on Compound Future I, namely the “маю + infinitive” construction and its meanings in the “prosta mova” clerical and regulatory manuscripts. In all the studied texts this construction has modal semantics with different meanings depending on a particular text – e. g., obligation, possibility/impossibility, inevitability or vow. In the clerical manuscripts, the constructions using the linking verb in the past tense (мель + infinitive) express both the modal meaning and the future-in-the-past meaning. Two most common meanings for the studied grammatical construction are prediction (inevitability) in the clerical texts and obligation in the regulatory text. This kind of research is important for studying the Slavic languages interference, which obviously had a significant impact on the “polysemy” of the studied construction in the XVI century.
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