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Fluența citirii orale – norme pentru limba română

Author(s): Carolina Bodea-Haţegan,Dorina Talaș,Raluca Nicoleta Trifu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

he aim of this study is to establish reading fluency norms for preparatory students, studets in first grade and students in second grade. A total of 1056 students in the preparatory class, 1977 first grade students and 1763 second grade students both from the urban and rural areas of different counties of the country were evaluated at the end of the school year using a set of tasks selected from the PEAFC probe. The results offer an overview of the oral reading fluency at the end of the preparatory class, at the end of first grade and at the end of second grade, representative for the omanian population. Both the reading frequency and the reading errors, the accuracy of reading were recorded. The published norms can be used both by teachers and by language language therapy specialists to identify students at risk to develop learning difficulties and to develop intervention plans according to the particularities of each case.

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Specificul dezvoltării abilităților de comunicare pragmatică în contextul dizabilității intelectuale

Author(s): Nona Bădescu-Fetche / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

This article presents a case study regarding Down syndrome and the difficulties that appear due to pragmatic communication disorder in the day to day life of persons with Down syndrome. Having difficulties in the area of pragmatic communication suggests the lack of functional communication, with impact on an individuals social life, human interractions, establishing and maintaining significant relationships, along with having difficulties in understanding speech, waiting for one`s turn, listening, starting, maintaining or ending a conversation.Through specific speech therapy interventions, we can see in this case study how pragmatic communication can be trained by focusing on communication skills, articulation and pronuntiation exercises, with significant impact on the individuals self-esteem issues and the diminuation of dezadaptative behaviours characteristic to Down Syndrom

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Particularități ale dezvoltării abilităților morfo – semantice în contextul protezării auditive cu implant cohlear și aparat auditiv

Author(s): Roxana-Loredana PINTEA / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2018

In this paper we will study the level of development of morpho – semantic abilities of students with hearing disability, with cochlear implant and hearing aid. The samples chosen for the research consists of 6 students with hearing disability, 4th grade students from the Special High School for Hearing Impaired Cluj-Napoca, three students with cochlear implanted and three other students with hearing aids. To evaluate the morphological abilities I used Morphological Skills Assessment Test in Romanian Language (Haţegan C. B., 2014), and for the assessment of semantic abilities we used the Peabody Vocabulary Test (Dunn & Dunn, 1981). After the evaluations, the results were processed in order to identify the differences between the two groups of students, the cochlear implant pupils and the hearing aid students, the morphological and semantic abilities.

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Koordinirane asindetske rečenice s uzročno posljedičnim značenjem u romanu Derviš i smrt

Author(s): Mirela Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

This paper focuses on the coordinated asyndetic sentences, i.e. implicit ones, without conjunctions, having causal-consecutive meaning. The basic aim of this paper is to point out the structural and semantic specifics of this type of sentences because they are coordinated structures, but they are marked by causal-consecutive meaning, which, at the level of complex sentences, is primarily referred to as subordination. They are specific in their structural, syntactic and lexical-semantic properties. In fact, they are confined untyped structures in which the second part expresses a cause, and the first part expresses a consequence, or the second part expresses a consequence, and the first part expresses a cause. Their most prominent characteristic is that they are formed without conjunctions. The article also aims to explore the frequency of coordinated asyndetic (implicit) sentences with causal-consecutive meaning in the novel Death and the Dervish by Meša Selimović. It could refer to the possibility of defining certain syntactical features as the characteristics of this writer’s language and style.

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On Evidentialiy, Particularly in Turkish

Author(s): Goran Pavelić / Language(s): English Issue: 67/2018

This informative survey is about the (sub)category of evidentiality, its essential morpho-syntactic features, its areal distribution and linguistic researches in evidentiality. Examples from 22 languages are provided. Then follows the description of evidentiality in Turkic languages, characterized by semantic-pragmatic domain of indirectivity. There are 8 examples from extinct and contemporary Turkic languages. The survey continues with the basic evidential differences of indirectivity in contemporary Turkish. Pragmatic importance of evidentiality is visible in discourse, in mirative expressions and in various narrative genres. There are 29 examples from Turkish. The survey ends with an offer to reader to make her/his decision whether evidentiality is a category or a sub-category. Three different opinions from recent literature are briefly exposed.

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Developing translation techniques in a business English classroom

Author(s): Teodora Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2008

Dieser Artikel bringt ein mögliches unterrichtendes Paradigma hervor, das den pädagogischen Nutzen der unterrichtenden Übersetzung Techniken zu den Wirtschaftswissenschaften-Studenten neu bewertet. Bei der Zurückweisung der einseitigen strukturellen/grammatischen Übersetzung Methode, schlagen wir ein Modell vor, das auf der lexikalischen Annäherung basiert wird, die auf das lexikalische zeichnet, das paradigmatisch, sowie syntagmatische Gleichwertigkeit zwischen der Ausgangssprache und der Zielsprache.

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THE ADHERENCE-RELATEME OF THE ROMANIAN PROPER ADJECTIVES

Author(s): Diana-Maria Roman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2017

Representing a grammar study of the contemporary Romanian language, the present paper is intended to reopen the discussion regarding the subordination modality of the proper adjectives considered totally invariable or non-flexible. Generally speaking, the Romanian proper adjective, from a morphosyntactic point of view, is characterized by the following axiomatic features: it appears in a structural position as a part of a sentence type and a syntactic function, it has inflection, it extricates, according to topic, monomorphematic flective and bimorphematic flective, it accords syntagmatically with a substantival one. In regards to the variable adjective, as a flective typology, this knows: flective-relateme of desinence type, the definite determinative article, article of gender, number and case. Once recognized the total invariability or inflexibility of certain lexemes within this lexical-grammar class, there can be traced two essential and complementary features: on one side, the respective words, in the absence of a flective, but alternatively occupying the position of a variable proper adjective, they can own the same grammar categories, named, in this context, non-flectional grammatical categories, on the other hand, the subordination method is adherence-relateme, not flective-relateme.

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Glas L u arbanaskim govorima Crnogorske Krajine

Author(s): Idriz Ajeti / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/1956

Vredno je pokazati da li je sa istoriskog gledišta trojnost glasa / u arbanskom jeziku održiva. O tome je glasu napisano prilično. Kopenhaski lingvist Pedersen posvetio mu je malu studiju: L—Laute im Albanesischen, KZ, XXXIII, str. 535-551. On je, nakon analize latinskih posuđenica u arbanskom jeziku, pokazao da je arbansko l po svome postanku trojako. [...]

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Balkanologische Sprachstudien

Author(s): Henrik Barić / Language(s): German Issue: 2/1961

Eine im Albanischen oft zu belegende, unlogisch anmutende Ausdrucksweise besteht darin, dass ein Verbum im Plural stellt, obschon im Vorausgehenden mir von einer Person die Rede ist, die Subjekt sein kann, eine zweite mit me „mit“ verknüpft aber nachträglich genannt wird, vgl, z, B. pubešin me vajze (Holger 'Pedersen, Albanische Texte .158), was nach dem ganzen Zusammenhang nicht etwa „sie (d.h. mehrere) küssten sich mit dem Mädchen” , sondern nur heisst = „er und das Mädchen küssten sich“. [...]

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Pojave tursko-srpskohrvatske jezičke interferencije

Author(s): Alois Schmaus / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/1968

Ausser zahlreichen Lehnwörtern und Redewendungen („Turzismen"), die in den Jahrhunderten osmcnischer Herrschaft in die Balkansprachen eingedrungen sind und denen bisher das Hauptinteresse der Forschung galt, haben diese Sprachen ihre grammatische Struktur im wesentlichen unversehrt bewahren können. Immerhin kam es dort, wo der türkische Einfluss besonders stark wirkte, zu Interferenzerscheinungen im Bereich der Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax, so vor allem in den muslimischen Zentren von Bosnien und Herzegovina. Hierher gehört — abgesehen von der Phonematisierung des di — der Ausgleich bzw. Zusammenfall der palatalen (ć — đ) und nichtpalatalen Affrikaten (č — dž) und in einer späteren Phase, aber nicht mehr zu Ende geführt, die neuerliche Differenzierung nach türkischem Vorbild (für tk. k’— g , ç — c ) in Verschlusslaute k — g, und Affrikaten č — đ, so dass sich Dubletten vom Typ äerdan: gerdan ergaben. Gegenüber dem tk. Doppelsuffix -çi, -ci, (progressive Assimilation), wie es sich in Bosnien-Herzegovina vielfach erhalten hat (inačija), hat sich im übrigen štokavischeii Gebiet erst nach Ablösung und Verselbständigung der Suffixform -diija das skr. Gesetz der regressiven Assimilation durchgesetzt (inadiija). Im Bereich der Morphologie ist die auffälligste Erscheinung die Vermehrung der Indeklinabilia, besonders der Adjektiva auf -U. Das Fehlen der Motion erlegte dem Gebrauch gewisse Beschränkungen auf: attributiv gebraucht, können sie nur vor dem Substantiv stehen, prädikativ werden sie nur ausnahmsweise verwendet. Während andere tk. Adjektiva auf Grund ihrer Form (bajal) oder nach Erweiterung durch eigensprachliche Suffixe ( ćor-av, bakr-en) ihre Wortart eindeutig bestimmten und damit rasch in die morphologische Struktur integriert wurden, beweisen hybride Bildungen mit -li (slrukali, modali), dass die Formen aut -li zwar als Adjektiva aufgefasst wurden (wohl wegen des Nebeneinanders von demir-kapija: demirli pendier), aber den erwähnten Beschränkungen unterworfen blieben. Dagegen schwanken konsonantisch auslautende tk. Adjektiva vielfach zwischen Adjektiv und Substantiv (haki'. uz: batli: batlija; dinsitz, sariioš), da sie in ihrer Form an mask. Substantiva erinnern. Bei Nachstellung der Adjektiva auf -li wird — wohl nach dem Typ hadii- 4- Name: (selbständig) hadiija — nur die erweiterte Form auf -Hja verwendet, die zwar nicht den Wechsel des Genus, aber mit ihrer substantivischen Deklination die Bezeichnung des Numerus und Kasus gestattet (ćurak samurlija). Aber die Form auf -lija wird aus dem eigenen Sprachgefühl leicht als Substantiv empfunden und neigt daher dazu, sich als solches, meist mit einer spezifischen Bedeutung, zu verselbständigen (čardaklija, ođžakltja, kapullija). In der Syntax wären ausser Interjektionen, Partikeln und Konjunktionen besonders für die Gestaltung der umgangssprachlichen expressiven Rede vor allem die sogenannten „phraseologischen Verba” zu erwähnen, Nach tk. Muster (Abstraktum + etinek, eylemek) bildet man r rieh skr. Umschreibungen wie seir učimti (eig.: 'Betrachtung anstellen'; tk. seyir) und konstruiert sie — wiederum nach türkischem Vorbild — genau wie regelrechte transitive Verba (seiriti) mit Akkusativobjekt. In allen diesen Fällen hat die intensive Wirkung der „Modell” spra che sogar die Struktur der Empfängersprache beeinflusst, vor allem in Gebieten mit stärkerer mohammedanischer Bevölkerung und ausgeprägterem Bilinguismus. Der Einfluss war nicht so tiefgehend und nachhaltig, dass er die eigene Sprachstru-ktur auf die Dauer empfindlicher gestört hätte. Vieles davon ist verhältnismässig rasch wieder rückgängig gemacht worden. Trotzdem verdienen Interferenzphänomene dieser Art unsere volle Aufmerksamkeit, da sie eine richtigere Vorstellung von der Dynamik sprachlicher Kontaktprozesse, von der aktiven Rolle beider Partner in der Auseinandersetzung zweier grundverschiedener sprachlicher Systeme vermitteln.

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Les Isoglosses Italo-Grecques et la Prehistoire des Peuples Balkaniques

Author(s): Bojan Čop / Language(s): French Issue: 7/1970

Uprkos dosadašnjim pogledima, italsko-grčke izoglose su od veoma velikog značaja za preistoriju italskih naroda i Grka; ali još više, može se ustanoviti, da su bile te izoglose stvorene u neko vreme kad su narodi koji su govorili ovim jezicima živeli bas na Balkanskom poluostrvu ili negde sasvim blizu njegovih granica. 1. Italsko-grčke izoglose su — suprotno običnom mišljenju — tako mnogobrojne i tako Stare da ih treba nužno uzimati u obzir kada se posmatra preistorija italske jezične grupe i grčkog jezika; treba onda sakupiti sve italskogrčke izoglose, prosmatrati starost njihovog postanka i ustanoviti njihov izvor. 2. Istina je da su narodi koji su govorili grčkim i italskim jezicima bivali u istorijsko doba u različitim zemljama, ali njihovo srodstvo i zajednički izvor ukazuju na to da su morali, u nekom davnom vremenu, stanovati zajedno u prvobitnoj otadžbini indoevropskih jezika; a to znači da su ljudi koji su doneli grčki i italske jezike u nova područja prešli barem kratak put zajednički, i to sigurno preko severnog delà Balkanskog poluostrva. Zbog toga treba ustanoviti: a) otkud su polazili ti narodi i b) dokad je trajao njihov zajednički put. Elementi koje poseduju i italska grupa i grčki jezik kao zajedničke mogu se podeliti na sleđeće grupe: 1. elementi obrazovani već u praindoevropsko doba; obično ih poznaju i ostali indoevropski jezici; 2. elementi stvoreni nakon raspada indoevropske zajednice, i to: a) elementi koje poznaju svi dijalekti kentum ; b) elementi istog područja, osim toharskog i hetitskog jezika; c) elementi zajednički grčkom jeziku, italskoj grupi i ilirskom, često i albanskom jeziku; italsko-grčko-armenske izoglose; d) grčko-italsko-keltske izoglose; e) elementi poznati isključivo italskoj grupi i grčkom jeziku; 3. lingvistički elementi koje su pozajmili italska grupa i grčki jezik: a) zajedno za vreme simbioze na odredenom ukupnom području; b) u kasnije vreme, kada su ti jezici već bili na samostalnom putu ka istorijskim sedištima, bilo od istog izvora ili italski jezici od grčkog jezika. Nas interesuju samo elementi pomenuti pod tčk. 2c-e. Samo ti mogu pričati o zajedničkim putevima italske grupe i grčkog jezika na području Balkanskog poluostrva; možđa éemo dodati i zajedniêke pozajmljene tude elemente koji isto tako mogu da svedoče o preistoriji pomenutih jezika, otkrivajuéi nam strane jezike koji su živeli u susedstvu naših jezika za vreme njihove simbioze. Sasvim prirodno je da éemo u našim istraživanjima pomenuti skoro isključivo zajedničke italsko-grčke inovacije; podelićemo ih u 2 grupe: a) leksičke inovacije; b) gramatičke inovacije.

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Les Isoglosses Italo-Grecques et la Prehistoire des Peuples Balkaniques (II)

Author(s): Bojan Čop / Language(s): French Issue: 8/1970

Pošto smo obradili leksičke izoglose, treba proveriti i gramatičke izoglose; i te su mnogobrojne i od veoma velikog značaja za preistoriju naših jezika. A. Velik je broj promena u deklinaciji osnova na -o- i -Ó- koje su stvorili zajedno grčki jezik i italska grupa: (1) U genitivu množine osnova na -a- stari je oblik na *-Óm zamenjen novim na *-asóm, koji potice od zamenica: gr. theâôn (hom.), lat. equarum, osk. egmazum; več u mikensko doba -ion je jedini oblik ovog padeža u grčkom jeziku. (2) Nominativ množine osnova na -o- zamenio je stari nastavak *-5s u grčkom i latinskom jeziku — a ne u osko-umbrijskom! — mladim -oi, koji je opet uzet od zamenica: lat. equi < *-oi, gr. hippoi; primetiti treba da taj nastavak nastupa i u drugim evropskim jezicima: ir. ir < *viroi, sl. vtiči, lit. kod prideva (geri, gerie-ji), germ, kod prideva (got. blindai), alb. v end es-i-t, zoq, tohar. B yakwi; nastupanje *-oi, u ovom slučaju, mora biti vrlo staro, još starije nego italo-grčka simbioza; ali osko-umbr. grupa mora da je bila u to doba odvojena od latinsko-grčkog kompleksa. (3) Akuzativ množine osnova na -o- sa nastavkom na -ons uticao je na isti padež osnova na -5, tako da je i taj dobio nastavak *-ans umesto prajezičnog *-Ss: gr. kret. timans, lat. equas < *-ans, osk. viass, umbr. vitlaf. (4) Osnove na -5- imaju u grčkom i latinskom jeziku — ali ne u osko- -umbr.! — nastavak (gr. -ai pod uticajem -oi osnova na -o-) u nominativu množine: lat. equae, gr. timai. (5) Dativ — ablativ množine u ital. grupi je na -ois (lat. equïs < *-ois, osk. nesimois), što polazi od ievr. lok. mn. *-oisu i od ievr. instr. mn. na *-Óis; u grčkom jeziku imamo dat. mn. na -oisi i -ois (hippoisi, hippo is). (6) U dativu množine osnova na -5- grčki jezik je imao nekad dva nastavka: -asi < lok. mn. ievr. *-asu (at. tamiasi) i *-ais > -ais, stvoren pod uticajem osnova na -o-: khorais; slično u italskoj grupi: instrumental množine (prešao i u dativ-ablativ množine) osnova na -á- završava se na -ais < *-5is: lat. equïs < ^equals, osk. deivinais. U dativu-ablativu množine ievr. nastavak *-bhos, *-bhyos potpuno je eliminisan u deklinaciji osnova na -o- i -á- kako u grčkom, tako i u italskom jeziku. Jer je fonetički sistem u grčkom jeziku i italskoj grupi ostao dugo skoro nepromenjen, ne mogu se očekivati mnogobrojne igr. promene. Ipak, neke promene mogu se zapaziti: (20) Zvučne aspirirane okluzive *bh, *dh, *(gh), *gh, *guh prelaze zajedno u grčkom jeziku i italskoj grupi u bezvučne *ph, *th, *kh, *quh; u italskim jezicima te su okluzive prešle u bezvučne spirante f, fr, x» X> iz ko j ih su postali historički glasovi (osko-umbr. f, h, lat. f-b, d, h-g, f-v); prim. *bhérd »nesem« > gr. phérd, ital. *phér5 > jerd itd. (21) Samo ograničeno pojavljuje se izoglosa ievr. r, l > or (gr. i ro), ol (gr. i Io): lat. cord-, eol. kôrzâ, lat. molta, multa, osk, moltam, cipr. plôtei; itd.; u grčkom jeziku ta je promena poznata iz eolskih i arkado- -eiparskih dijalekata, pa i iz mikenskog doba (to-pe-za — (tôrpeza) »trdpeza«).

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Govori jugoslovenskih Cigana u okviru balkanskog jezičkog saveza

Author(s): Rade Uhlik / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/1973

The languages of the Balkan Peninsula have for a long time had a number of structural features in common. However, these features, found in their phonetics, morphology, and syntax, arc not always manifested to the same extent, nor are they always present in the same way. Still, the Balkan languages are clearly different from the languages spoken outside this area, which suggests either a foreign influence, or a common linguistic heritage. While the vocabulary of ancient Balkan languages is almost completely lost, some strange and original spirit still emanates from the Balkan sentence. It is not at all my intention to offer a solution to the problem of the genesis of the Paleo-Balkan language substratum, whose existence is strongly felt by anyone dealing with a Balkan language. My own starting point is that there must have existed a Balkan language community, founded on some basis which was more or less common. Consequently, my chief purpose here is to point to some features in the dialects of Yugoslav Gipsies which can serve as indisputable evidence of the influence of a compact Balkan community. These features, thus, establish the Gipsy language as part of the Balkan sprachbund, which, egain, connects more or less to the Paleo-Balkan language substratum. Various barbarian peoples from the north invaded the Balkans during the Grand Exodus at the beginning and around the middle of the first millenium A.D. The language of the invaders started spreading among the old inhabitants of the Balkans, who had by that time been largely romanized. Only a few traces were preserved' of the original language of the old inhabitants, but they represent a precious heritage. The Paleo-Balkan substratum has given a uniform impact to the present day heterogenous population of the Balkan peninsula. Apparently the remnants of the old substratum had not completely disappeared. They must have remained latent for a while and then reappeared after several centuries. This is, indeed, a unique case of that kind of phenomena. That substratum showed a strange vitality by penetrating as an adstratum mediated by modern Balkan languages, into the languages of the most recent settlers of the Balkan peninsula, who had come here around the end of the Middle Ages. These were Gipsies and Sephardic (Spanish) Jews, who adopted features of the old substratum within a comparatively brief period of time. The Paleo-Balkan substratum is manifested chiefly by the following five features (1) Anticipation. This often eliminates possible ambiguity from the Gipsy sentence and thus contributes to its clarity. (2) Post-postitioned article. One ot the functions of this article is to make the indefinite form of the adjective, which would otherwise be non-existent in Gipsy. While pre-postioned article is found in numerous languages all over the world, the post-positioned article is almost a unique Balkan category. In the dialects of the Walladk Gipsies, this article still survives, although only as a dead affix with no function and hardly any meaning, while in the Turkish and Greek Gipsy dialects there is no trace of it. (3) Ethical dative. This dative conjures up intimacy and closeness of certain situations and thus saves the use of other elements. This dative is characteristic of the Balkan languages. (4) Regression of the infinitive and its replacement. Finite forms of the subjunctive mode replace their non-finite counterpart the infinitive mode. (5) Analytic formation of the Simple Future tense and the Present Conditional. This is done by means of the verb kamam (wil, want). The analytic forms are definitely prevalent, although parallel use of both analytic and synthetic forms is found in some dialects. Of the above phenomena (1) and (2) affect the noun phrase, while (3), (4) and (5) are manifested, in the domain of the verb phrase. Other less important manifestations of the old language substratum will not be discussed here. A Yugoslav will encounter some difficulty in understanding the »Balkan sentence«, especially because of anticipation and the lack of synthetic case forms. Fortunately anticipation is limited to only a small number of Gipsy dialects, and the Gipsy language has an abundance of cases, namely eight. It is interesting to note that Turkish-Greek Gipsies, who are nearly all Moslim, that is of the same faith as the one-time ruling Osmanlies, did not admit into their language the ’infidel’ post-positioned article. It appears that the old substratum was at places looked down on as a mark of the occupied Christian masses. The post-positioned article did not enter the languages of the Islamic peoples of Y-uruks, Yoga is Circassians, and others, vho had been colonized by the Osmanlies all, over the Balkan Peninsula to serve as pillars of their domination. Nevertheless, Albanians do not belong to this group, although they are about two thirds Moslim. They are, however, old inhabitants of the Balkans, and were not colonized by the Turks and were thus not very dependent on them. This pan-Balkan linguistic phenomenon is indeed a rarity of its kind: eight small, more or less heterogeneous peoples who live on a relatively limited area speak languages whose structures are characterized by a number of common features. Let us now look at these languages individually.

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Zapažanja o romskim glasovima

Author(s): Rade Uhlik / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 19/1981

La langue tzigane est une branche récente de l'arbre linguistique indien. Cette langue n’est pas unique, mais elle rejoind plusieurs dialectes. Ce phénomène peut être expliqué par le fait que cette langue, durant des siècles, a subit de nombreux changements dans les nouveaux milieux et par le fait que les Tziganes, déjà avant l'abandon du territoire de leurs ancêtres, ont vécu territorialement séparés. Dans le cadre de cette contribution, l’auteur explique, dans plusieurs chapitres, certains faits liés à la prononciation, orthographe, voyelles, aspiration, methatèse, épithèse, palatalisation et aux beaucoup d'autres phénomènes linguistiques. L'auteur conclue à la fin que, »entre les peuples balkaniques, existe un groupe ethnique exotique, dont la langue se distingue par les modifications phonétiques, étrangères et inconnues aux parlers de ces peuples«. La langue tzigane a été soumise aux influences des langues européennes, néogrecques et des langues de l'Asie mineure, les langues iraniennes ont eu leur contribution aussi dans la structure de la langue tzigane.

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MİRZƏ FƏTƏLİ AXUNDZADƏNİN KOMEDİYALARININ DİLİNDƏ İŞLƏNMİŞ XƏBƏR BUDAQ CÜMLƏLİ TABELİ MÜRƏKKƏB CÜMLƏLƏRİN STRUKTUR-SEMANTİK XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

Author(s): İlkin Gulusoy / Language(s): Azerbaijani Issue: 41/2019

Despite the presence of a large number research works devoted to the analysis of the language features of comedies of the founder of the national drama M. Akhundzada, the syntactic features of the writer's comedies still remain unexplored. Akhundzada's comedies, in which the living folk language was used, provide rich material for the investigation of the syntax of the XIX century Azerbaijani literary language. The structural and semantic features of complex sentences with predicative subordinate clauses used in Mirza Fatali Akhundzada's comedies were analyzed in the article. During the research it was determined that complex sentences with predicative subordinate clauses used in the language of the writer's comedies do not differ in their structure from the sentences of modern Azerbaijani language. The main differences are that there are much more prepositions used between parts of sentences in modern Azerbaijani language. The study also found that the various shades of meaning (condition, purpose, admiration, etc.) of complex sentences with predicative subordinate clauses used in the language of comedies make up only 3 percent of the other types of sentences (subordinate clause + main clause). The work was done according to the Azerbaijan grammar. (Q. Kazimov “Modern Azerbaijan language” (2004), Abdullayev, A., Seyidov, Y., Hasanov, A. “Modern Azerbaijan language” (2007), I. Qasimov “Modern Azerbaijan language” (2017).

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The expression of path in three satellite-framed languages. A cognitive study of Polish, Russian, and English

Author(s): Joanna Łozińska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Cross-linguistic studies of the lexicalization of motion tend to contrast satellite- with verb-framed languages (e.g. Slobin 1996; 2004; Cardini 2008; Özçalışkan & Slobin 2003; Kopecka 2004; Fargard et al. 2013, etc.) and concentrate less frequently on intra-typological analyses (but cf. e.g. Filipović 2007; Hasko 2010; Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2009; Ibarretxe-Antuñano & Hijazo-Gascón 2012). Even fewer studies contrast genetically related languages (but cf. e.g. Łozińska 2018). The main aim of this study was to establish the path-saliency cline of three satellite-framed languages: Polish, Russian, and English. The analysis was based on elicited data. The overall patterns of expressing the path of motion in the three languages were shown to be caused by their belonging to the same typological category. The differences could be attributed, to a large extent, to differences in the morphological structures and in the lexical repertoires of motion-coding expressions available to the speakers of the three languages. However, the analysis of descriptions of three specific spatial situations (i.e. vertical, boundary-crossing, and deictic relations) pointed to other factors that may influence path coding in the three languages. Thus, despite the satellite-verb character of the languages examined and the morpho-syntactic differences between them, all our participants, who were native speakers of the three languages examined, tended to code vertical relations by means of path verbs. The number of tokens of path verbs used to code this particular spatial relation was found to be higher than the number of tokens of path verbs used to code deictic or boundary-crossing motion.

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Images of scales: An English-Slovenian contrastive analysis of idiomatic minimizers and maximizers

Author(s): Gašper Ilc,Frančiška Lipovšek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The paper investigates the syntactic, semantic, and cultural properties of minimizers and maximizers from a contrastive perspective. Minimizers and maximizers are scalar constructions whose function is to strengthen the speaker’s (negative) assertion by pointing to the minimal (minimizers) or the maximal (maximizers) point on a pragmatic scale. The syntactic analysis reveals that these items are predominantly sub-clausal (V+NP/PP or NP/PP), and polarity sensitive, requiring the presence of a polarity licenser. The lexical analysis identifies three possibilities with regard to lexical selections in the two languages: a complete, partial, and a non-existent lexico-semantic overlap. Furthermore, the corpus data indicate that there is considerable variation in the lexical items appearing in minimizers and maximizers (e.g., give a damn/shit/toss/fuck/monkey’s/fig/rat’s (arse, ass, fart)/hoot). Even though minimizers and maximizers in both languages involve the metaphor MORE IS UP, LESS IS DOWN / GOOD IS UP, BAD IS DOWN and PART-FOR-WHOLE metonymy, the analysis shows that the lexical selection in the two languages diverges due to different cultural conceptualisations and cultural background. The observation and results of the analysis presented herein aim at contributing to a better understanding of idiomatic expressions from the viewpoint of contrastive linguistics, cultural studies, and cultural conceptualisation.

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Riječi perzijskog porijekla u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Zenaida Karavdić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 29/2018

Review of: Đenita Haverić, Amela Šehović, "Riječi perzijskog porijekla u bosanskom jeziku", Posebna izdanja 25, Institut za jezik Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo 2017.; by: Zenaida Karavdić

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Types of Exercises and Activities Used in Teaching English For IT Vocabulary

Author(s): Iulia Veronica Cocu / Language(s): English Issue: 18/2017

The ability to master specialised terminology in English is of an utmost importance in selecting candidates for employment, thus making it a primary concern for ESP teachers as well. Knowledge of a foreign language opens new prospects of mobility and collaboration for professionals in the modern world. Educators recognize the increasing role that English for Specific Purposes plays in the professional development of future scholars and try to introduce this subject at tertiary level. The present paper focuses on teaching English for IT vocabulary and outlines a number of useful exercises and activities that could enrich first year computer science students’ grasp of different terminology from various IT domains such as: input and output devices, the processor, the Internet, databases, programming languages, neural networks, programming languages, web design etc. These exercises represent the result of thorough research regarding the curriculum for Automatics and Computer Science Faculty, accumulated in more than ten years of teaching computer science students, and they are intended, on the one hand, to familiarize students with different topics they will study during the four years of study in higher education and, on the other hand, to provide them with a framework of general information that any future IT specialist must acquire. The approach used would be student-centred learning, whose purpose is to develop learner autonomy and independence and which encompasses methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the students, who have a primarily active role.

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Lecturi destinate principilor: Dumnezăiasca liturghie a lui Dosoftei (1679) din perspectiva particularităţilor de limbă

Author(s): Loredana-Liliana Buzoianu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 17/2017

Am ales spre studiu lingvistic cartea bisericească: „Dumnezăiasca liturghie, Dosoftei, 1679. Ediţie critică de N.A. Ursu, Iaşi, 1980 (Cu studiu introductiv de Înalt Prea Sfinţitul Teoctist, Arhiepiscop al Iaşilor şi Mitropolit al Moldovei şi Sucevei)”. Am încercat să menţionez cele mai importante particularităţi lingvistice. Textul înregistrează, cu valoare de normă, unele fonetisme arhaice, iar limba este, în general, unitară, omogenă pe plan lexical, morfologic şi sintactic. Astfel, constatăm utilizarea lejeră a limbii şi ușurința de exprimare a autorului.

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