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Сложные глаголы ‘образ действия — результат’… (на материале карачаево-балкарского и казахского языков)

Author(s): Pavel Valerievich Grashchenkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 04 (15)/2014

The article investigates the Turkic constructions that traditionally have been treated as serializations (auxiliary constructions). These constructions consist of a manner verb juxtaposed with a result verb. The aim of the paper is to show that this kind of constructions is a specific type of coordination, involving reduced verbal projections as opposed to a regular verb phrase coordination.

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Structures rhétorico-lexico-syntaxiques dans l’écrit scientifique

Author(s): Katarzyna Gabrysiak / Language(s): French Issue: 28/2016

The paper offers an analysis of rhetoric-lexical-syntactic structures typical of a scientific text, that is a text that follows quite a stable and rigid structure. A corpus-based analysis, achieved through the use of the Scientext corpora, runs across two dimensions. The first dimension is constituted by the subject matter of the text, while the other dimension concerns the relation between the author of the text and the recipient. The analysis presented is a two-stage process. At the first stage, rhetoric-lexical-syntactic structures are singled out. The second stage is to assign those structures to the particular parts of the text, such as Introduction, Main body, Conclusion. The final objective is to arrive at a lexical-syntactic template of a scientific text.

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Czy język stać na luksus wielomotywacyjności?

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Czy język stać na luksus wielomotywacyjności?

Author(s): Wanda Fijałkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2016

Multi-motivation is considered an indispensible component of a derivation description by researchers in word formation. A more in-depth study of the literature dedicated to this issue and analysis of material permitted a finding that this conviction can change if a thorough and detailed formative paraphrase and semantic analysis of the derivatives which have been treated as multi-motivation ones to date are made and if more difficult cases are subordinated to the principle of system dominance. Such an approach to the problem of the so-called multi-motivation allows its elimination since it has been wrongly sought 1) in words which have been imprecisely paraphrased, 2) in derivatives for which the direct motivation basis has been treated equally, 3) in lexemes in the description of which syntactic connectivity has not been taken into account, and 4) in all (numerous) cases where the principle of system dominance, which was postulated already in 1987, has been ignored. Remedying these deficiencies enables exclusion of multi-motivation from the morphological description.

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Реорганизация видовых парадигм и утрата оппозиции неитеративности–итеративности в русском языке

Author(s): Vladimir D. Klimonov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 130/2010

The reorganization of the aspect system of Russian is investigated in the framework of the theory of natural grammar. It is claimed that the grammatical changes in morphological systems of natural languages are determined by a limited number of markedness principles (or naturalness principles, or preference principles). These typologically relevant principles are considerated as the grammatical laws of change. They determine the direction of morphologically-induced changes. These principles explain the attested diachrony of grammatical changes in the aspect system of Russian and in the area of interaction between aspectuality and iterativity.

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PHONOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF VERBS AS POWERFUL LITERARY DEVICES IN ELMA MITCHELL'S THOUGHTS AFTER RUSKIN

Author(s): Jelena M. Josijević / Language(s): English Issue: 66/2018

This paper aims at analysing Elma Mitchell’s poem Thoughts after Ruskin from the perspective of stylistic analysis. The paper focuses on verbs and their phonological, morphological and semantic features. The analysis will show that these verb properties contribute significantly to the meaning and interpretation of the poem. The analysis will thus illustrate the potential of phonology and morphology and their power in poetic and literary expression. The analysis will also have to address the semantic aspects of different morphological forms.

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RAZVOJ ZAVISNIH OBJEKATSKIH I NAMJERNIH REČENICA U BOSANSKIM SREDNJOVJEKOVNIM POVELJAMA

Author(s): Zenaida Karavdić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

The object clauses and the clauses of purpose developped almost simultaneously – at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century, probably under the influence of the intensification of the work of the scribe's offices. Both are dependent mostly on transformation of former optative particle da into the conjunction, that can be observed through the medieval charters. Considering that in the charters this transformation is in progress, it is necessary to find the criteria based on which it could be reliably determined if da became the conjunction. In this paper, we suggest criteria as follow: use of verb tenses in their primary or secondary meanings, place of clause in sentence, place of da regarding the folowing verb, omission of repeating parts of the clause, verb person in subordinative clause, transitivity of verb in main clause, and predicate type in dependent clause. Beside with conjunction da, the object clauses are registered also with conjunctions kako and jere, or without conjunctions, or as a interrogative object clauses. The clauses of purpose have also the conjunctions kako da and tako da, and they will develop into the clauses of consequence.

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Disa vëzhgime mbi të folmen e mërgatës së re

Author(s): Aida Uruçi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 37.1/2018

Starting from the axis theme: Albanian diaspora, we thought that the object of our work was to study dialects of the new diaspora, which was removed after the 90s for historical and economic reasons that are already known. We have tried to investigate and interpret language and extraneous factors influencing the development of language in second generation children, with the main purpose of their linguistic conscience and the developments that undergo it.We have considered the discourses of different age groups, who were born and raised outside the Albanian lands, but with two Albanian parents. They speak a mock-and-swallow language of the massive influence of English as a result of the school and mass media, such as television, computers, and so on. Interest has shown us the lexicon they carry on themselves, but also the morphological and syntax structures that we will notice in the recitation of the poems, the story of tales, their re-dating, and so on.According to a survey conducted in children (bilingual and trellis), we have come to the conclusion that the speech of these children is clear and understandable considering the age and duration of their contact with the Albanian. Both are able to read well the text, where the use of foreign accent (Italian and English) and difficult reading of some derivative and composite words are highlighted. It is known that bilingual children, trels have difficulty setting the boundary between two (three) language systems they use. So in many cases use language expressions or lexical units in contact without being aware of it. They try to be conscious in the expression of thought, but we also encounter language slips in some forms, as a result of learning a communication language. As the second generation they are, they speak a clear Albanian language and we hope that they will inherit their beautiful Albanian language in their children. For this reason, language strategies should be developed in the entire Albanian territory for the preservation of heritage from generation to generation.

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The Structure of Phrases in English and Albanian

Author(s): Herolinda Bylykbashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 37.1/2018

The main purpose of this study is to analyze phrases’ structure in English and Albanian language in order to come up to a conclusion regarding similarities and differences between the previously mentioned languages. Besides of this, the research in hand tends to provide a basis for contrast between these grammatical forms in English and Albanian. Prior studies in phrase structures are mainly centered on phrases and their divergent classification in both languages, taking into account their structure, too.In an attempt to analyze and finalize a conclusion relevant to the research, thirty sentences are extracted from George Orwell’s “1984” in its original English version and their correspondent translation in Albanian, and thirty sentences are extracted from Ismail Kadare’s original Albanian book version “ The General of the Dead Army” accompanied by their English translation. Therefore, for the purpose of identifying different types of phrases in the provided data charts are used, associated with a detailed analysis of phrases’ structure as well as their discussion. Moreover, the results offer indisputable evidence of phrase structure differences between these two languages. The most striking result to emerge from the extracted data is in tremendous amount of cases related to head word modifiers distinctions, omission of phrases when translated in Albanian, simple ones being translated as complex ones and vice versa, and changing their type (headword) when translated form one language to another.

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EBÛ HİLÂL EL-‘ASKERÎ’YE GÖRE LAFIZ VE ANLAM

Author(s): Halim Öznurhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 14/2006

Problem of lafz (word or sentence) and mana (meaning) discussed by the Arab critics. Abu Hilal al-Askari, one of them, takes division between lafz and mana and discusses each one separately. Although Abu Hilal al-Askari does not devote a specific chapter to discussion of lafz and mana, he does examine them in various chapters of the Kitab asSinaatayn. He also discussed several aspects, problems and defects of lafz and mana.

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Konferenca V Ndërkombëtare “Kërkime gjuhësore”

Author(s): Jeta Shkencore,Adelina Çerpja / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2016

Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë, QSA, organizoi më datën 15 korrik 2016 Konferencën V Ndërkombëtare “Kërkime gjuhësore”.

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Subject case alternation in Latvian and Estonian existential clauses

Author(s): Helena Metslang,Ilze Lokmane,Andra Kalnača / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2019

In Latvian and Estonian existential clauses, the subject’s case form alternates between nominative vs. genitive (in Latvian) and nominative vs. partitive (in Estonian). This article is a study of the case-alternation systems of existential clauses and related clause types, locative and possessive clauses in these languages. It includes a corpus based analysis of Latvian existential clauses that is being compared with Estonian corpus-based findings on similar clause types in Estonian.

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XIX SAJANDI EESTI KIRJAKEEL – VAHEKEELEST SULANDKEELEKS

Author(s): Külli Habicht,Helle Metslang / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 64/2018

While in Western Europe the period from the French Revolution to World War I is regarded as the long 19th century − the time of the development of nationalism and the modernization of society, in the countries forming the western part of Czarist Russia similar developments emerged a bit later, from the beginning of the 19th century. Estonia entered the 19th century as a class society, in which the upper class was formed by Baltic Germans and the lower class by Estonians. Germans were also the developers and primary users of the Estonian written language. In the 19th century, the Enlightenment reached the Baltics, societal reforms took place, and the economic situation and educational opportunities of the native population improved. In the second half of the 19th century, the Estonian national awakening began, and the status of Estonians and Estonian in society gradually rose. Beginning from the mid-19th century, Estonian-language texts were written primarily by native Estonian speakers, although their language of education and culture was German.

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ANALÜÜTILISED TULEVIKUTARINDId 17.–18. SAJANDI PÕHJAEESTI KIRJAKEELES

Author(s): Liina Pärismaa / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 64/2018

This article is part of a broader morphosyntactic study and deals with analytic saama ’get, become’, pidama ’must, have to’, tahtma ’want’ and võtma ’get’ constructions which express future tense in Old Written Estonian. This study also focuses on elucidation of the future forms used by the 17th century author Christoph Blume. The study is usage-based and relies on the framework of historical sociolinguistics. The material used in the study is comprised of 610 tagged examples from 17th and 18th century ecclesiastical and didactic texts, which are from the corpuses of Old Written Estonian and the Concordance of Estonian Bible Translations. It was found that the literary language reform influenced the more native and even use of future tense. Although abrupt changes in the expression of future tense occurred from the end of the 17th century, e.g. the usage proportion of the German-influenced saama future construction decreased considerably, although it never fully disappeared, early indications in that direction can also be seen in the middle of the 17th century in the texts of Blume.

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Apstiprinājums sengrieķu dialogā

Author(s): Gita Bērziņa / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 9/2018

Mutual agreement of communication partners, finding of a common position is of great significance in dialogical intercourse, the affirmation being most substantial in this regard. In different languages, various language means and ways of expression can be used for this purpose. The present paper considers the expression of affirmation in the ancient Greek language mainly focusing the attention on the forms used most frequently in short utterances, as well as on dominating regularities in their usage. The choice of a specific form is determined by various factors: the semantic and syntactic structure of the question, i.e., of the preceding utterance, the context, a purposeful stressing of the positions of communication partners, the emphasizing of communicative link, the intensity of respondent’s consent, the confidence in the veracity of communication partner’s utterance, as well as genre characteristics of the literary text and artistic purposes of the author. There are affirmation forms suitable for different situations, forms which express affirmation without additional nuances, and there are definite forms used in specific contexts and situations which together with the semantics of affirmation comprise additional nuances, e.g., as regards its intensity.

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Les idées linguistiques de Lucien Tesnière. Première partie

Author(s): Samuel Bidaud / Language(s): French Issue: 34/2019

Šiame straipsnyje, kurį sudaro dvi dalys, nagrinėjamos Lucien Tesnière (1893–1954) lingvistinės idėjos. Nors šis mokslininkas pasaulyje daugiausia žinomas kaip struktūrinės sintaksės teoretikas ir svarbiausių valentingumo konceptų įtvirtintojas, jo darbai atveria kur kas platesnę lingvistinę panoramą. Ne vienerius metus L. Tesnière analizavo teorinius lingvistikos, ypač taikomosios lingvistikos, klausimus ir skyrė didelį dėmesį kalbų dėstymui ir lingvistinės geografijos tyrimams. Be to, jam buvo nesvetimi ir vertimo, literatūrinės tekstų analizės klausimai, kuriuos nagrinėjo versdamas ir pristatydamas slovėnų poeto Oton Joupantchitch kūrinius.

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Эвалюативный потенциал немецких слов столетия как культурно- специфическое явление

Author(s): Olga Kaškina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2002

Straipsnis skirtas vokiečių kalbos potencialo nagrinėjimui šimtmečio bėgyje. Tai žodžiai, kurie funkcionuoja skirtinguose vertinimo diskurso lygiuose kai yra taikoma pažintinė-diskursinė analizė, kuri nustato mokomų žodžių pažintinės ir vertinimo charakteristikos tarpusavio ryšį bei šimtmečio bėgyje vartotų žodžių vertinimo potencialo aktualizavimo būdus leksikos lygmenyje ir pragmatinės reikšmės realizavimo ypatumus sintaksės lygmenyje. Gauti rezultatai gali būti panaudoti antrinės kalbinės asmenybės formavimo procese mokant vokiečių kaip užsienio kalbos.

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Concurrence of Case Forms – Lapse or Norm in Standard Latvian

Author(s): Andra Kalnača / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2002

The grammatical and semantic systems of noun categories are undergoing obvious changes in modern Latvian. The most vivid example of such change is in the category of case and it’s semantic structure. There is a concurrence between case forms for different syntactic functions, e.g., for negation G//N ‘makā nav naudas//nauda’/‘there is no money in the wallet’; in debitive construction (these constructions express necessity in Latvian, e.g., Man ir jālasa grāmata ‘I must read a book’. Debitive belongs to the system of moods in Latvian) N//A ‘man ir jālasa grāmata//grāmatu’/‘I must read a book’; and for a negated direct object G//A ‘neteikšu neviena vārda//vārdu’/‘I’ll not say a word’.

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Sintaksės atskyrimas nuo morfologijos XX a. kalbotyroje

Author(s): Aldona Paulauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2002

The issue addressed in this article in modern linruistics is considered to be unfashionable, not scientific and even a manifestation of ignorance. However, some knowledge of grammar essence and its history shows that there is nothing new in our world. Having perceived unity and harmony of all language elements, knowing that grammar has maintained its classical model in the course of ages and that its name has derived from Greek word gramma “letter”, fluctuation towards either meaningless morphology (comparative historical grammar) or universal syntax (grammar of the 18th century, middle and second part of the 20th century) is very interesting. Fruitless are the efforts to separate grammar from perception of the world and thinking when the purpose of the language itself to express the thought and to convey similarly perceived reality is not taken into consideration. Historical approach shows that “the new” was known some time ago.

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Sosyal Medyada Kullanılan Ödünçlemeler Üzerine Bir İnceleme: YouTube Yorumları Örneği

Author(s): İsmail Çoban / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

Relationship between cultures is also related to language. Those who need each other over time are in activities such as borrowing words from each other’s tongues. Borrowing has different reasons such as backwardness, aptitude, foreign language education, slang, science, trade, migrations, technology, media. Communication without borders thanks to the internet in recent years can now easily communicate with everyone in the world is another important dimension undertaken through social media in this communication. In social media, people can easily communicate with people they know or do not know and share their ideas. YouTube comments, which are included in the writing dimension of the communication, are also in this category. In the study, the question “How is the status of the borrowings used in YouTube comments on social media? was sought in terms of voice, word and sentence. It has been observed that the interpretations used in the interpretations are under the influence of foreign languages under the influence of foreign languages and they are used with different letters, 22 different words not mentioned in the Turkish Dictionary pass through the comments and 8 words are used with the Turkish words in the different languages. 2 reviews are added in the sentence in a foreign language into Turkish syntax, which made 22 errors in spelling and word excerpt users are determined in the foreign language they use abbreviations and acronyms way going to quote the words in Turkish.

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Kitap İncelemesi

Author(s): İsmail Yaman / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2019

The review of: Tuba Karataylı Zehir: İngilizce (Kullana)bilmek? Dil Öğrenmeyi Kolaylaştıran 115 Öğretici Öneri; Blackswan Publishing, 2012, 119, İsmail Yaman.

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