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Enoch Oladé Aboh, Maria Teresa Guasti, Ian Roberts (eds.) Locality

Author(s): Sabina Halupka-Rešetar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This volume represents a collection of eleven papers dealing with the concept of locality in syntactic theory. The chapters, authored by fifteen eminent generative linguists, explore this key concept in linguistic theorizing, relating to the line of research Luigi Rizzi has pursued for three and a half decades. Various issues pertaining to locality are explored crosslinguistically and in both syntactic and psycholinguistic terms, which makes the present volume an extremely rich and useful reference book both for students and scholars working in the domains of linguistic theory, generative

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Postmodifiers as Intensifiers in Romanian Adjectival Phrases

Author(s): Imola-Ágnes Farkas / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

The aim of the present paper is very modest: I propose to uncover some of the properties of those Romanian adjectival phrases where the postmodifier, functioning as an intensifier, is expressed by an adverbial noun in singular. The interest is both in adjectival phrases such as ud leoarcă ‘very wet’, gol puşcă ‘completely naked’, or singur cuc ‘completely alone/lonely’, as well as in participial structures such as îngheţat bocnă ‘frozen solid’, beat turtă ‘very drunk’, or supărat foc ‘very angry/upset’. The discussion also extends to some comparisons between the canonical absolute superlative and these phrases with superlative value.

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On the Normative Evaluation and Presentation of Some Phenomena in Lithuanian Syntax: Cases of the Prepositional Construction tikėti į ką (Believe in sb.) and Attributive Locative

Author(s): Vaidotas Valskys / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The article is an analysis of issues concerning the relationship of the prepositional construction tikėti į ką (“believe in sb.”) and the attributive locative with the codified language norm. On the basis of the polemic and insights by some linguists and theologists as well as the data of contemporary usage, it is argued in the article whether the phrase tikėti į Dievą (“believe in God”) should reasonably be treated as a translation loanword, whether it does not possess distinctive semantics typical of the Christian discourse, due to which such a prepositional construction should rather be acknowledged as variant of the norm in Standard Lithuanian. The article also contains a discussion on some cases of expressing an attribute using the locative case, as they also have a nuance of location. Therefore, a question is raised whether they are reasonably attributed to syntactic phenomena that should be avoided in standard language.

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Sintaktičke osobitosti glagola u prozi Skendera Kulenovića

Author(s): Sead Nazibegović,Izet Beširović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2015

Rad predstavlja ligvističku analizu sintaksičke upotrebe nekih glagolskih oblika, prije svih infinitiva, krnjega perfekta, kraćih oblika aorista i potencijala i pomoćnog glagola biti, ali i postupka obezličavanja na primjerima proznoga stvaralaštva Skendera Kulenovića. Tu se je autor pokazao kao osoben, zanimljiv i raznovrstan stvaralac, s nizom primjera osobenih gramatičko-stilskih struktura. Upravo tim pojavama bit će posvećeno najviše pozornosti u radu.

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Rečenica kao polemički argument Danila KIša

Author(s): Elvir Bajraktarević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2015

Knjiga Čas anatomije predstavlja polemički odgovor Danila Kiša na napade koji su uslijedili nakon objavljivanja njegove zbirke pripovjedaka Grobnica za Borisa Davidoviča. U tim napadima na knjigu i njenog autora, Kišu je zamjerano na onome što je već decenijama bila praksa u zapadnoeuropskoj književnosti (a tu se misli i na Borgesa, ili prvenstveno na Borgesa): na citatnosti i pseudocitatnosti, na dokumentarnosti i pseudodokumentarnosti, odnosno na onim književnim postupcima koje danas smatramo tipičnim elementima postmodernističke proze. Ne razumijevajući te postupke, ili ih ne želeći razumjeti, pojedini su novinari, kritičari i pisci Kiša nazvali plagijatorom,što je dovelo do žestoke polemike između dva nepomirljiva tabora, i do nastanka Časa anatomije. Ovaj rad donosi sintaksostilističku analizu Kišova polemičkog stila, odnosno osvjetljava one postupke i figure koji doprinose ubjedljivosti teksta i njegovoj polemičkoj uvjerljivosti.

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Zaimki – uniwersalny system referencji

Author(s): Zuzana Topolińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2016

The author elaborates the thesis that pronouns, as a “pars orationis”, function as a universal system of reference in their respective linguistic code. She gives a short review of three pronominal subsystems in Polish from the point of view of their referential function: (a) definite pronouns, i.e. the basic means of referential identification; including personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, (b) indefinite pronouns, and (c) relative-interrogative pronouns.

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GRUPİÇİ İLİŞKİ METOTLARININ BİLEŞİK SENTAKTİK BÜTÜNÜN OLUŞMASINDAKİ ROLÜ

Author(s): Feride Allahverdıyeva / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2009

The article deals with the text Composition and its elements. By the helping of the word order, the inverted word order and the internogative sentences we can get some formations of the sintactical Units. The direct word order is the text from function of the Composition. İt is also the aim of means of formation interrelations and elements of the text

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Syntactic Structure of Specificational and Predicational Copular Clauses

Author(s): Valentina N. Đorić / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

The main aim of this paper will be the analysis of specificational copular clauses in Serbian and their syntactic behavior in comparison to predicational copular clauses and predicate topicalized structures. Specificational copular clauses consist of the copula be and a non-referential expression in the clause initial and a referential DP in the clause final position (Winner is Peter). The main question is whether we can apply predicate inversion to Serbian specificational copular clauses. One of the most important arguments will be the subject-verb agreement as well as the case distribution in Serbian. Tests that Mikkelsen (2004) used for the distinction of Danish specificational clauses and predicate topicalized structures were used in Serbian. It will be argued that in Serbian DPref, in predicational clauses moves to the subject position in the TP layer, satisfying case and agreement features, while DPpred in specificational clauses moves to the subject position in the SpecTP, satisfying [top], thus leaving DPref in situ. It is assumed that these two types of copular clauses have similar syntactic structures in comparison to predicate topicalized structures.

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ADAPTACJA ZINTEGROWANEJ SKALI ROZWOJU (ISD) DO POTRZEB JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO

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ADAPTACJA ZINTEGROWANEJ SKALI ROZWOJU (ISD) DO POTRZEB JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO

Author(s): Katarzyna Bieńkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2017

The Integrated Scale of Development (ISD) is a questionnaire used in 30 countries in the world in order to assess speech development in cochlearimplanted children. The aim of this study is to estimate the usefulness of this questionnaire in assessing speech development in Polish-speaking children and to describe the adaptation process and the related diffi culties. The research conducted in a group of 193 hearing children allowed the ascertainment that the ISD version adapted to the specifi city of the phonology, morphology and syntax of the tested language is a universal tool. The results can be used to study the level of language skills of normal-hearing children, hearing-impaired children – to compare them with a given language standard, and to compare the results of the therapy of hearing-impaired children to the results of research carried out in other languages. At the same time, the experience gained during the process of ISD adjustment to the Polish language can be used while adjusting this scale to other Slavic languages.

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The left periphery of CP phases in Japanese

Author(s): Keisuke Yoshimoto / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

This paper discusses syntactic conditions under which complement clauses constitute a phase in Japanese. Since CPs are assumed to be phasal (Chomsky 2000; 2001), it is predicted by the Phase Impenetrability Condition that phrasal extraction out of a CP complement must transit through the edge of the complement, i.e., Spec CP. As Spec CP is an Ā-position and movement through an Ā-position must create a uniform Ā-chain, phrasal extraction out of a phasal complement is expected to create an Ā-chain. However, evidence from Japanese suggests that long distance A-scrambling is permissible out of some complement clauses that are headed by an overt complementizer (Uchibori 2000). It follows therefore that the category CP is not sufficient to characterize clausal phases. In search for an alternative definition of clausal phases, I argue that main clause phenomena such as thematic topics and exhaustive foci are allowed only in phasal complements in Japanese. Assuming that Top and Foc are licensed by Force (Haegeman 2006a), I propose that phasal complements project up to Force in their clausal left periphery, independently of a complementizer. I further argue that the correlation between phasehood and the clausal left periphery can be captured if we assume that uninterpretable topic and focus features must originate on the phase head Force.

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Leftward movement with discontinuous appositive constructions

Author(s): Tanja Milićev,Nataša Milićević / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2012

A rather standard generalization regarding both clausal and nominal appositives to noun phrases is that the appositive element needs to be right adjacent to its antecedent/anchor (cf. Potts 2003). The exceptions to the adjacency requirement are usually restricted to the cases of extraposition (cf. de Vries 2002 for Dutch; Cinque 2006 for Italian). In some languages, however, such as Serbian or Old English, it is possible to split the antecedent and the appositive without resorting to extraposition. Our claim is that in such cases the observed discontinuity is the result of the leftward movement of the antecedent to a higher position in the clause. We discuss the interpretative and syntactic restrictions on this operation, basing our conclusions on the data from Serbian and Old English. We show that the leftward movement account of this phenomenon is not only the most optimal one, but provides a strong argument in favour of treating appositions as specifying conjuncts, as proposed by de Vries (2002; 2006), rather than noun phrase adjuncts.

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Grammatical sensitivity and working memory in children with language impairment

Author(s): Luca Campanelli,Klara Marton,Lajos Farkas / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2011

Children with primary language impairment (LI) show a deficit in processing various grammatical structures, verb inflections, and syntactically complex sentences among other things (Clahsen-Hansen 1997; Leonard et al. 1997). Cross-linguistic research has shown that the pattern of performance is language-specific. We examined grammatical sensitivity to word order and agreement violations in 50 Hungarian-speaking children with and without LI. The findings suggest a strong association between sensitivity to grammatical violations and working memory capacity. Variations in working memory performance predicted grammatical sensitivity. Hungarian participants with LI exhibited a weakness in detecting both agreement and word order violations.

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Predicate inversion and English there-sentences

Author(s): Jutta M. Hartmann / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2011

This squib argues against the predicate inversion analysis of English existential there-sentences. The main problem of this analysis is caused by wh-extraction data. Wh-extraction is possible of and from the noun phrase in there-BE (there-sentences with the copula), but not in there-V sentences (there-sentences with other verbs). This is not predicted by the predicate inversion analysis. It is shown that the predicate inversion analysis is adequate (with some modifications) for there-V sentences and locative inversion. Existential there-sentences, however, need to be analysed differently. They are derived from a predication configuration in which there is the subject of predication and the sentence states about this location that it contains the kind and amount/number of individuals given in the noun phrase. The existential reading arises from the interaction of this predication configuration and existential closure of an empty D-layer of the noun phrase.

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Syntactic microvariation and methodology: problems and perspectives

Author(s): Judit Gervain / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2003

Variation in empirical data has been a perseverant problem for theoretical linguistics, especially syntax. Data inconsistencies among authors allegedly analyzing the same phenomenon are ubiquitous in the syntactic literature (e.g., literature on focus-raising in Hungarian; É. Kiss 1987 vs. Lipták 1998), and partly result from the highly informal methodology of data collection. However, even if adequate controls are used to exclude potential biases, variation might remain. The general practice in syntactic research has been to ignore these „microvariations”-mainly in the lack of any systematic empirical method to detect them. The present paper shows that this practice leads to serious theoretical problems and proposes a new empirical method, cluster analysis, to discover, explore and systematize these variations. It also illustrates how this richer empirical basis gives rise to a more fine-grained theoretical analysis.

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Focus effects on quantifier domains in a visual verification task

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Focus effects on quantifier domains in a visual verification task

Author(s): Barbara Tomaszewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2018

In a visual verification study we investigated how syntactic focus affects the interpretation of quantifiers. We compared the effect of syntactic focus on the truth conditions of sentences with the quantificational adverb only and the superlative quantifier most in Polish. In this language, the scopal properties of most as well as the syntactic construction of the sentence final focus allowed us to predict parallel focus association patterns for both quantifiers. We found that, indeed, syntactic focus is able to guide the attention during visual verification. It is known that prosodic focus is immediately integrated during semantic processing, our study is the first to demonstrate that syntactic focus can facilitate the verification of the truth of a sentence, by guiding attention towards the more salient information in the picture, i.e., the set of focus alternatives.

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Operators for extending and developing an utterance (Based on conjunctions of alternative relation in Slovak)

Author(s): Jana Kesselová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

Operators are understood as language means functionally oriented towards establishing a system of relations and links between utterance meanings. The aims of the synchronic research of operators may be reached via the following steps: 1. Specification of the inventory of operators expressing individual types of relations in contemporary written Slovak on the basis of the relation centre - periphery; 2. Specification of communication functions of utterances with individual types of operators; 3. Specification of the relation between selection of operators in an utterance and human ability to think about relations between objects and phenomena. These aspects will be presented and illustrated on the basis of on conjunctions of alternative relation in Slovak.

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Објекатска акузативно-дативска падежна структура у србистичкој литератури

Author(s): Janko Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 48/2017

The objekt accusative-dative case structure in Serbian literature In this paper is prsented chronological review of classbooks and scientific papers devoted to accusa tive-dative case structure and verbs of giving in Serbian language. Although this group of verbs has not been systematically tested on a wider corpus, our grammatics as well as pa pers by many domestic authors show that mentioned group of verbs attracted attention of researchers and for them it was an interesting field of research, probably because of very important place it takes in a system of verbouse words. The goal of this paper is to point out some of this works and to see how domestic linguists observed this group of verbs. First of all, gramatics of Serbian language and classbooks were analyzed as well as sci entific papers in which those verbs and this case structure were mentioned.

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К ВОПРОСУ О СТРУКТУРЕ МНОГОКОМПОНЕНТНЫХ СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЙ В ЯЗЫКЕ ПОЭЗИИ XIX ВЕКА

Author(s): Alexander Aleksandrovich Lebedev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (178)/2019

The article deals with the specifics of the structure of multicomponent complex sentences in the poetry of Pyotr Vyazemsky and Anton Delvig, famous poets of the XIX century, not so well known to readers nowadays. Data obtained during the work on the“Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry” are involved. The most productive models of multicomponent complex sentences are defined. The article presents the analysis of the poetic texts of two authors, based on a number of criteria: the size of the construction,syntactic relations, the use of semi-composite sentences, and the use of homogeneous subordinate clauses. Despite the formal similarity of the analyzed structures in terms of the sentences size and the basic syntactic relations, there are fundamental differences in the choice of certain types of subordinate clauses (in particular, clauses of time and place) by the authors, in the usage of different types of complicators (participial phrases, vocatives and parenthetic constructions), and in the presence or absence of homogeneous subordinate clauses in a sentence. The findings provide a more consistent and accurate description of the specificity of Vyazemsky’s and Delvig’s poetry, which enables to determine the authors’ stylistic preferences, and to clarify the role of these authors in forming a poetic picture of the XIX century against the background of other poets of that time.

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Information Structure Projects in Syntax: Evidence from Focus and Modality in Sinhala

Author(s): M.G. Lalith Ananda / Language(s): English Issue: 02 (21)/2018

The major claim of this paper is that information structure related particles of Sinhala are distinct functional heads and they project in syntax. This is in line with the cartographic approach to syntax which claims that discourse related features are visible for computation (Rizzi 1997, 2004), a claim also supported by Miyagawa, (2010), and Aboh (2010), among others. The present paper seeks to validate the above claim with evidence from Sinhala, motivating the argument that discourse related features lexicalized in Sinhala drive the derivation, and these features are comparable to formal features in establishing an Agree relation.

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On ‘small’ structures in syntax: small clauses, nonsententials, and small nominals

Author(s): Wiktor Pskit / Language(s): English Issue: 07/2017

This paper is concerned with various dimensions of the ‘smallness’ of syntactic structures. Grammatical constructions selected to illustrate the apparent smallness in syntax include small clauses, nonsententials and small nominals. The ‘smallness’ of small clauses (e.g. We consider him very silly) has recently drawn the attention of researchers, leading to various accounts of their internal composition and derivation. As regards small nominals, they are discussed on the basis of Pereltsvaig [2006]. It is also proposed that NPN structures (e.g. day after day) constitute an instance of ‘small’ structure. Recent developments in syntactic theory (e.g. Citko 2008; Haïk 2013; Progovac et al. 2006; Travis 2001; Pskit 2012, 2015) demonstrate that behind the surface ‘smallness’ of the above-mentioned types of expressions there are complex syntactic mechanisms.

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