Основной закон о лесах Российской Социалистической Федеративной Советской Республики

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Russian

Javna rasprava o razgraničenju BiH i CG u području Sutorine

Author(s): Merima Mujanović / Language(s): Bosnian

U organizaciji Ustavnopravne komisije Predstavničkog doma Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine održana je javna rasprava o razgraničenju BiH i Crne Gore u području Sutorine (sjednice od 24. februara 2015. i 9. aprila 2015. godine). Javna rasprava je organizirana povodom inicijative Denisa Bećirevića da se donese Rezolucija o Sutorini, koju je on u zvaničnoj parlamentarnoj proceduri uputio na usvajanje. U Rezoluciji je predložio da Predstavnički dom ocijeni neutemeljenim i štetnim Prijedlog ugovora o državnoj granici između BiH i Crne Gore, kojeg je utvrdilo Vijeće ministara BiH u novembru 2014. godine. Prema njemu bi Sutorina trebala ostati u sastavu crnogorskog teritorija i u tom smislu je argumentirao da Crna Gora ne može dokazati vlasništvo nad Sutorinom, jer je u Ustavu FNRJ iz 1946. godine predviđeno da se republičke granice mogu mijenjati samo pod uslovom da Narodna skupština ratificira dogovor na saveznom nivou i uz saglasnost republika. Do te ratifikacije nikada nije došlo. Jedan od glavnih argumenata Rezolucije o Sutorini jeste činjenica da je BiH prema odredbama Berlinskog kongresa imala dva izlaza na more: Klek i Sutorinu. Sutorina se proteže na 83,7 kvadratnih kilometara i od velikog je značaja za ekonomiju BiH.

Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine: Nedovršena pravna država – diskurs

Author(s): Manfred Dauster / Language(s): Bosnian

Ko još u 2010. godini govori o Ustavu BiH od 14. 12. 1995, o ustavu koji datira sa kraja ratnih sukoba u ovoj zapadnobalkanskoj zemlji i kojim se okončava mirovni ugovor iz Daytona, ne može zaobići njegovu nesavršenost. Kazano grubim jezikom, on predstavlja samo organizacionopravni statut koji na jednoj strani izražava minimalni konsens strana u bosnaskom ratu o tome šta bi zajednička država BiH morala biti i na drugoj strani odražava vremenski trenutak u kojem su u Rambouilletu i Daytonu vođeni mirovni pregovori. Jedan od njegovih nedostataka se sastoji u potpunoj ustavnoj šutnji o sudskoj vlasti, o njenoj organizaciji i zadacima, o sudijama i njihovoj nezavisnosti, kao i u nepostojanju, idividualnih garancija prava na zakonskog sudiju. Tako se ključni stav iz čl. I/2 Ustava BiH, da je BiH pravna država, pokazuje kao nepotpun. Što se tiče ostalih nedostataka ovdje o njima ne može biti riječi, posebno ne o hipertrofičnoj politici koja parališe nesavršenu organizaciju države, budući da bi takvo objašnjenje probilo okvire ovog članka. Posmatrač će se, ipak, začuditi da unatoč stalnim internacionalnim i nacionalnim kritikama nije došlo do poboljšanja Ustava. U ovom prilogu nije moguće rasvijetliti razloge zbog kojih su propali dosadašnji reformski pokušaji. To bi nas uvuklo doboko u analizu političkih pozicija unutar BiH. Agiranje politike i pojedinih političara posmatraču sa zapada se ne pokazuje kao racionalno. Bez duboke političke analize, koja do danas očigledno nije provedena, neće biti moguće rekonstruirati stvarnu pozadinu, jedva prihvatljivog ustavnopravnog držanja pojedinih protagonista koji cijelo vrijeme slijede politiku koja je definirana prema etničkoj liniji. Ako se, ipak, svim mogućim argumentima – čak i potpuno nerazumnim – po svaku cijenu održava ovaj ustavnopravni statusu, takva odbrana status quoa može se jedino objasniti egoizmom vlasti određenih etničkih grupa. Ustav koji organizira krov društva nije naprosto statut kojim se ustanovljava jedno udruženje i uspostavljaju njegovi organi. On ne zrači samo prema državi i prema politici, nego utiče i na život pojedinca. On je prema tome suviše važan da bi se prepustio egoističnim grupama vlasti, ma koje boje one bile. Čini se, ipak, da je upravo to u BiH slučaj. Ovo je moguće samo zbog toga što su stanovnici ove ustavnopravne kuće uočljivo neizainteresirani za samo stanje u kući. Nema društvenog dikursa o ustavnim pitanjima koja se tiču ustavnog identiteta. Nije sasvim tačno da društveni interes ima svoju osnovu samo u činjenici da je Ustav iz 1995. zaključen bez učešća samog naroda. Jer, i ustavi drugih evropskih država su donešeni bez neposrednog učešća naroda, a da nakon toga državni narod nije u pogledu ključnih društvenih odluka upao u takvu nezainteresiranost, tačnije u apatiju, kako je to slučaj u BiH.

Primjena kriterija ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude u postupcima javne nabave u Republici Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Dušanka Marinković Drača / Language(s): Croatian

In this article the author gives insight of legislative regulation and analysis of “most economically advantageous tender” application in public procurement procedures in the Republic of Croatia. The article points out on main obstacles for application of this practice, considering that “most economically advantageous tender” is almost negligible criterion in public procurement procedures. Frequent changes of public procurement legislation did not affect increasing number of procedures in which, along lowest price, other criterion were represented, which could achieve “value for money” objective. Restrictive approach of the State Commission for Supervision of Public Procurement Procedure in application of this criterion, which demands from contracting authority that literally every criterion value, even the evaluation for qualitative criterions, could be recalculated in monetary amount, additionally discourages contracting authorities to conduct procedures applying “most economically advantageous tender” criterion. New Public Procurement Act, which will be applied from 1st January 2012, author sees as a chance for change in approach, for which additional special education is necessary for all participants in that procedure.

Ugovori o socijalnom osiguranju između država sljednica bivše SFR Jugoslavije i stjecanje mirovine zbrajanjem staža iz više država sljednica

Author(s): Mihovil Rismondo / Language(s): Croatian

Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, its successor states have regulated their pension insurance relations by bilateral social security agreements. Such agreements regulate the relations between two countries; therefore, a problem of aggregation of the insurance periods acquired in third–country–successor states occurred, which periods are requisite for granting of the pension entitlement. Therefore, the author suggests the application of the Convention ILO no. 48 Concerning the Establishment of an International Scheme for the Maintenance of rights under Invalidity, Old–age and Widows’ and Orphans’ Insurance, 1935, applicable to all successor–states of the former Yugoslavia.

Výber z použitej literatúry

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

K počiatkom stredovekých miest na Slovensku

Author(s): Richard Marsina / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Je všeobecne známe, že o mestách v politicko-hospodárskom zmysle na Slovensku možno hovoriť už v staroveku. Práve nedávno sa našli nové archeologické dôkazy, ktoré potvrdili už vyše sto rokov staré zistenia historikov, že na území dnešnej Bratislavy (nielen jej starého mesta, ako to niekedy nesprávne predstavovala denná tlač) bolo pred začiatkom a po začiatku nášho kresťanského letopočtu veľké keltské opidum – mesto. Tuná sa však nebude hovoriť o týchto tzv. starovekých mestách, ale len o takých mestách, u ktorých možno predpokladať kontinuitu s neskoršími časmi, teda so stredovekými mestami. Hoc aj nemožno nespomenúť, že nikto sa – pravda azda čisto z teoretického hľadiska – nezaoberal možnosťou či nemožnosťou kontinuovania spomenutých starovekých miest s neskoršími stredovekými mestami u nás, alebo aspoň s pokusom o chronologické určenie hiátu medzi nimi a možnosťou či nemožnosťou kontinuovania zvyškov či pozostatkov.

Možnosti komunikácie pri počiatkoch mestskej society v Bratislave

Author(s): Žofia Lysá / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

V roku 1296 predstúpili pred Bratislavskú kapitulu šľachtici z Rače z jednej strany a z druhej strany, tak mešťania ako aj hostia z Rakúska a Uhorska, aby medzi sebou spísali dohodu ohľadom poplatkov za vinice na vrchu Schinberg (Schintperg, kopec v oblasti nad dnešnými Krasňanami v Bratislave). Je to prvý prameň, kde sú obyvatelia Bratislavy pomenovaní zdvojením „cives et hospites“. Následne sa táto formulácia ukotvuje v prameňoch týkajúcich sa Bratislavy najmä od 30. rokov 14. storočia. Ide o terminologické vyjadrenie faktu, že v mestskej societe sa stretli dve sociálne vrstvy? Kto boli cives a kto sa skrýval pod termínom hospites?

Witch-Hunt in Szeged in the Early Eighteenth Century

Author(s): István Petrovics / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the very beginning I would like to make two remarks. Firstly, the paper is rather a case study than a theoretical or a typological approach to witchcraft. Secondly: I am deeply convinced that the witch trials at Szeged can only be understood properly if their discussion is placed into the context of the history of the town. Therefore in the first part of my paper I am going to deal with the urban development of Szeged.

Turkish Magic and Habsburg Propaganda

Author(s): Elisabeth Klecker / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following study deals with magic as a topic of literature, of heroic poetry in particular; it will be a philological approach, which implies looking for artistic models as well as enquiring why scenes of magic were included at all. Magic commonly involving the underworld is quite deeply rooted in the ancient epic tradition, but for a Christian hero attempts to gain more than human power or knowledge by other means than prayer would hardly seem appropriate. Due to its demonisation magic could, however, be used to denigrate the enemy who by this charge was not only accused of associating with the devil, but also convicted of lack of courage and self-confidence. Examples taken mainly from literature in praise of the Habsburg emperors illustrate how classical models, Christian values and crusading propaganda set the frame for the shaping and development of magical scenes in neo-Latin epics and drama.

Vzťahy olomouckého biskupa Stanislava I. Thurzu s Uhorskom

Author(s): Martin Rothkegel / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Dňa 1. februára 1526, necelý polrok pred bitkou pri Moháči, napísal Jakob Piso, sedmohradský humanista a vychovávateľ na budínskom dvore (zomrel 1527), list svojmu starému priateľovi z čias spoločných štúdií v Taliansku, Erazmovi Rotterdamskému. V srdečnom liste Piso opisuje rozhovor s vratislavským biskupom Jánom IV. Thurzom a jeho bratom Stanislavom, biskupom v Olomouci, ku ktorému došlo niekoľko rokov predtým, počas návštevy oboch bratov na Budínskom hrade: „Pred ôsmimi rokmi, keď som ešte býval v kráľovskom paláci, prišli ma raz obaja navštíviť, ako je zvykom medzi učencami. Na stole ležalo zopár tvojich kníh (už neviem, ktoré to boli). A kým v nich listovali a podrobnejšie si ich pozerali, odrazu sa obaja súčasne spýtali, aký názor mám na Erazma. Ich otázky boli ešte naliehavejšie, keď zistili, že som s tebou kedysi strávil veľa času. O tom som im nielen porozprával, ale ukázal som im aj list, ktorý si mi raz poslal zo Sieny do Ríma a ktorý uchovávam ako zlatý klenot. Ten obaja veľadôstojní biskupi nielenže láskali svojimi rukami, ale dokonca aj bozkami, a stále znova ho s najväčšou horlivosťou čítali. Potom už vôbec nebolo ťažké prehovoriť ich, aby sa s tebou pustili do výmeny korešpondencie, čo po nie príliš dlhom čase aj urobili – a to takým veľkorysým spôsobom, aký by som sa im nikdy neopovážil pripisovať, lebo na teba pamätali nielen listami ale aj najrozmanitejšími darmi.“

Metamorfózy medzivojnového slovenského politického života s akcentom na židovské obyvateľstvo na príklade mestečka Spišská Belá

Author(s): Peter Švorc / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Dejiny sú jedným z najpozoruhodnejších, ale aj jedným z najkomplikovanejších fenoménov ľudskej existencie. Pochopiť ich priebeh, smerovanie, ale aj ich napĺňanie ľudskou činnosťou nie je jednoduché ani len na pohľad. No i napriek tomu, resp. práve preto, musí historická veda, ktorá dostala do vienka úlohu zmapovať ľudskú spoločnosť v jej vývoji, pozorne sledovať všetky stránky jej života, mapovať ich vzájomné dotyky, ich prelínanie, ich konflikty, aby mohla vo fáze syntézy načrtnúť základné tendencie historického vývoja. A tak potom tzv. „veľké dejiny“ s celoštátnym či celonárodným charakterom prezentujú verejnosti proces, ktorým prešla spoločnosť v skúmanom historickom období. Súčasne ukazujú, čo všetko ho determinovalo a posúvalo do tej či onej polohy a ako sa tento proces javil a javí navonok. To následne umožňuje historikom vysloviť charakteristiku spoločnosti a urobiť súd o výsledkoch svojho poznania. No a v tomto okamihu môže bádateľ odrazu stáť na „tenkom ľade“. Jeho charakteristika, ktorá naozaj platí na široké spoločenstvo, v istom momente stráca svoju platnosť. Stráca ju vlastne vtedy, keď ju chceme mechanicky aplikovať na jednotlivé zložky spoločnosti, na ich vývoj, na ich vlastné „malé“ dejiny.

Vymedzenie pojmu žida v právnych normách slovenského štátu

Author(s): Katarína Zavacká / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Ochrana národnostných a rasových menšín, zakotvená vo versaillských mierových zmluvách a vzťahujúca sa i na Nemecko, nielenže v tejto krajine od roku 1933 prestala platiť, ale do popredia sa dostal nový fenomén – úplné popretie rovnosti človeka pred zákonom, predovšetkým na základe rasového princípu. Pri transformácii demokratického politického systému na nový – totalitný – došlo teda v chápaní vzťahu politiky a práva k zásadným zmenám. Nemeckí národní socialisti, vychádzajúc z ideologických zásad Hitlerovho Mein Kampf presadili názor, že zákony nepomôžu, dôležitejšia je vraj „instinktivně cítěná potřeba německého národa“. V týchto intenciách vyhlásil roku 1933 poslanec ríšskeho snemu za NSDAP Dr. Freisler: „Co pak tu záleží na nějakém rozhodnutí státního dvora! Pryč se směšnou posvátností paragrafů! Národ přece neobětuje vlastní život pro pár paragrafů.“ Pre tých, ktorým totalitná ideológia imponovala, to znamenalo prekročenie morálneho Rubikonu. „Podle nacistické theorie je zákon toliko zbraní v politickém boji. Kerrl, státní úředník, který se stal ministrem spravedlnosti v Prusku, tvrdil v prvních dnech revoluce, že se zákon musí zbavit posedlosti ‘mrtvou objektivností’, tohoto žalostného dědictví liberalismu. Hitler tento názor schválil.“

Postavenie národnostných menšín v Slovenskej republike (1939 – 1945)

Author(s): Ondrej Podolec / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Percentuálne zastúpenie národnostných menšín v slovenskej spoločnosti sa po územných stratách, spojených s prvou Viedenskou arbitrážou (1938) a tzv. malou vojnou (1939), výrazne zmenšilo. Z hľadiska štátnej moci bola v politickej praxi akceptovaná len existencia troch minorít: nemeckej, maďarskej a rusínskej. Uplatňovanie práv iných národností – Čechov, Židov, Rómov – nebolo vo vtedajších mocensko-politických pomeroch reálne. Osoby českej národnosti nová štátna moc nepovažovala za autochtónnu národnostnú menšinu, ale za pozostatok zamestnávateľskej politiky bývalého československého štátu. Ich prítomnosť sa teda chápala ako problém v oblasti zamestnanosti, ktorý sa riešil núteným odchodom českých zamestnancov zo Slovenska. Ani postavenie Židov a Rómov nebolo ponímané v rovine práv národnostnej menšiny. Ich prítomnosť na území štátu vládnuci režim vnímal ako „problém“, ktorý bolo potrebné „riešiť“. Perzekúciu na rasovom princípe pritom zakotvovala osobitná legislatíva. V štúdii sa preto budem zaoberať len postavením troch, štátom reflektovaných národnostných menšín.

Alžbeta Rákócziová a Juraj Erdódy - príbeh strastiplného manželstva z prelomu 17. a 18. storočia

Author(s): Borbála Benda / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Bad and problematic marriages were not rare in the early modern period. Elizabeth Rákóczi was orphaned at the age of ten. She was the only owner of the numerous lucrative estates and manors. She was not even 14 when she married Adam Erdődy. Nevertheless, only couple of weeks after her wedding the husband was fatally injured in a battle with the Ottomans. Several of her husband's relatives immediately claimed their right to her property and so she had to marry as soon as possible. George Erdődy, the cousin of her late husband, seemed a— suitable suitor. He had been studying law in Vienna and starting his career that was later to culminate in his position as a judge royal, one of the highest court officials of the realm. For the house of Erdődy the marriage was prom ising because they would be able to keep many lucrative Rákóczi's estates in the family. Elizabeth, on the other hand, was not too eager to marry George; she was waiting for a better suitor, probably for Paul Esterházy. In the end, however, she did marry George Erdődy. Their marriage can be divided into three visibly different stages. Decisive are the years when Elizabeth left her husband. He asked for the mediators and though the conflicts between them were settled, their relationship cooled off. George was often in debts and the profits from his estates were not enough for his living standard. Living in Vienna he usually used his wife's estates yields to cover his expenses. Moreover, he pawned and even sold some of her property without her knowledge. In the first years of their marriage, he limited her freedom, would not take her with him and did want her to go to and be entertained at courts of neighbouring nobles. Perhaps out of jealousy he did not let her go to Sintava where Paul Esterházy was holding a ball. George's servants, who did not listen to her orders, further worsened their marital relationship. Moreover, George's servants denounced and complained about her to him. In the time of revolt of Imrich Thököly, the insurgents occupied her manors and captured her. Eventually she was able to run away to Poland with her valuables. Elizabeth had the feeling that her husband did not support her in these hard times. Later, when the property was returned to her, she tried to restore her as well as her husband's estates. George stayed in Vienna, though. This led to further conflicts. George addressed mediators again and accused her of "turning her back to him." This situation repeated itself several times. In the autumn of 1703, she had to flee to Novigrad in Croatia where she lived until her death. Nevertheless, Croatia remained a foreign country to her. Household management was only substitute activity so she would not think of her lost property. Despite seemingly peaceful state, Elizabeth suffered a lot in her marriage. Several problems would show repeatedly in their marriage. Elizabeth was thrifty and prudent whereas George Erdődy was always making debts. They had different interests too: Elizabeth was fond of hunting she used to send some of the killed animals to her husband. Erdődy if ever interested in hunting he would send his servants instead of going himself. Elizabeth wanted to live her own life, administer her property and amuse herself without her husband. Erdődy wished to spend more time with her wife. We do not know why Elizabeth disliked her husband, but the fact was that she often avoided him.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FAKE NEWS: A ROADMAP.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Fake News: A Roadmap explores the character, consequences, and challenges of fake news. The twists and turns that connect fake news to related buzzwords and themes including ‘post-truth’, ‘populism’, and ‘trust’, are far from straightforward. Fake News: A Roadmap is published by King’s Centre for Strategic Communications (KCSC) and the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, in Riga, Latvia. Both organisations are committed to encouraging innovative thinking.

Srpski intelektualci i Jugoslavija 1918-1929.

Author(s): Branka Prpa / Language(s): Serbian

Kada sam, 1989. godine, prijavila doktorsku tezu o srpskim intelektualcima i njihovom odnosu prema jugoslovenskoj državi, u istorijskom vremenu koje pripada prvim decenijama XX veka, nisam mogla zamisliti da se bavim istorijom koja će me zapljusnuti kao cunami, koja će razrušiti, opustošiti i uništiti moju savremenost i temu mog istraživanja. Počeo je rat, a sa njime je počeo i moj lični i profesionalni pakao u koži istoričara i učesnika istorije. Kako uopšte pisati o stvaranju jugoslovenske države u trenutku njenog nepovratnog sloma, kako se izvući iz dva toka istorije koja se međusobno isključuju?

Kritička kultura sećanja

Author(s): Todor Kuljić / Language(s): Serbian

Izgleda da je 2005. godine suočavanje sa bliskom prošlošću novih balkanskih država pod pritiskom izvana dobilo nove tonove. Zaoštrena je debata oko ratnih zločina unutar i između država. Hrvati grčevito brane dignitet Domovinskog rata, a Srbi nastoje da ublaže neuporedivost genocida u Srebrenici ističući i ostale zločine. Domovinski rat se ne smije kriminalizovati, a Srebrenica je rezultat smišljene propagande – jesu parole kojima se umiruje povređeno vrelo ponosnog nacionalnog osećanja običnog čoveka. Ne manje je upadljiva retorika po kojoj su se svi branili od agresije, a ako je i bilo preterivanja, reč je o ekscesima.

Pařížská kultura a esejisté Giedroyc, Gombrowicz, Stempowski, Jeleński, Herling-Grudziński, Czapski

Author(s): Jiří Zatloukal / Language(s): Czech

The presented disertation deals with selected essayists associated around the polish exile magazine "Kultura" published in maisons-laffitte in paris in the second half of the 20the century (1946-2000). its managing editor was Jerzy Giedroyc. the oeuvre of the closest magazine associates (so called "kultura group") is disscussed with regard to the aspects of the art of essay. research in this paper is limited to the so called first generation of the culture associates (1946-69). apart from the spiritus agens of the periodical - jerzy giedroyc, the analysis looks in detail at these personae from the closest magazine circle: witold gombrowicz, jerzy stempowski, konstantyn a. jeleński, gustaw herling-grudziński and józef czapski. essay as such goes beyond mere literary genre. at the basis of this texts of this nature lie more general attributes and essay can be placed among texts structured by strict logic and texts so called "litterary". as such, these are grasped in the sense of a statement inferred from several basic principles, whereas literary texts as those of which structure is based on digressions.