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This article compares the ancient heritage of two medieval monastery societies, the Holy mountain of Sliven and the Holy mountain of Athos. Apollo, Dionysus, Zeus, and the Great Mother Goddess were celebrated in both regions as described by ancient sources, art works, archeological and numismatical evidences, and contemporary customs and folklore. According to the research, Dionisos and Orphical rituals were practiced in Antiquity in both areas, perhaps by domestic organized male societies.
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This article examines the works of Patriarch Evtimii, founder of the Tarnovo Literari School and an undoubted authority in the spiritual and cultural life of medieval Bulgaria, in connection with the ideas of the most powerful ideological movement – the Hesychasm. The ideas of hesyhast doktrine are indirectly reflected in the life and encomium of the writer through the image of the characters who have the features of the perfect Hesychast. Evtimii’s answers in his messages directly reflect the ideas of hesychasm of unity of the church and dominion over secular authority and fight against the moral corruption. The analysis of Patriarch Evtimii proves that his entire literary work is subject to the strict moral norms that impose the hesychasm as a spiritual trend, as well as to the high artistic and aesthetic criteria he forms in the literature – true and artistic translations, richly decorated style, exquisite phrase.
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This contribution analyses the link between economic and political integration in Europe from a historical perspective. The aim is to shed light on the dynamics behind the various phases of European integration, which – it bears clarifying from the start – is first and foremost a political project. In the first part of the paper, I will look at the context in which the European Communities were created after the Second World War. I will then present Jean Monnet’s vision and analysis of Europe, before expanding the scope to include some competing visions. This will be followed by an explanation of the shift in European integration in the 1990s. I will conclude with a look at the latest integration-related issues and the prospects for the future.
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The post-World War Two period in Iran is characterized by the feeling of crisis and alienation in the Iranian society. It is stregnthened particularly after the coup of 1953, which topples the democratically-elected prime minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. A satirical novel, published in the same year – 𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒 by Saeed Nafisi provides valuable insights in the reasons for crisis in Iranian society – the negative selection of its elites, who lack qualities, ethics, culture, but are full of vices. The author, who belongs to the old elites of his country, masterfully depicts the weaknesses and comic elements of the Iranian political elites through a skillful usage of various satirical literary means. That is how the condemnation of those newcomers among the tops of the country is achieved.
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Toponymic name Zagora is practically absent over the vast territories inhabited in the past and recently by Slavic population excluding the Bulgarian land. In our communication five historical areas with such toponimic names are listed on the territory of the First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms. These are: Tervel’s Zagora, Zagora around the town of Melnik, Zagora around the town of Belogradchik, Zagoria (Zagori hori) in Northern Pindus mountain, and Zagora around the capital Tarnovo. To these, we can add the region of Zagura (VI century) placed in the North-Western Carpathians and inhabited by early Bulgarians, as well as areas Zahra-i Dobruca (Zagora in Dobruja), Paroraia (“Trans-mountain” in Greek) in the Strandzha mountain and the former Bulgarian region of Rashka later called Serbian Zagora (XII century). Taking into account the predominant border location of the mentioned areas with the Bulgarian name Zagora, we assume kinship of this name with the early Persian šahr “subordinate country, newly annexed province”. The names of Bedechka river and of the mountain peaks Bedek and Beter are all known for being very windy. Hence, the semantic root “bed”, common for these names, is derived from the rare Old Bulgarian word “bad” “wind” which has strong kinship with similar Iranian words. The presence of such early Bulgarian appellations in the Stara Zagora vicinity is related to the information of Theophylact of Ohrid and Blazius Mili about the early occupation of the Beroe region by the newly established Bulgarian state.
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The article presents the two centenaries of Bulgarian national poet Dobri Chintulov, celebrated in his hometown of Sliven. On October 29, 1922, a great celebration was held in the city center, since then the poet has been designated as the patron of the Sliven High School, and an anniversary collection book has been published. One hundred years later, Sliven again became the center of celebrations dedicated to Dobri Chintulov. Now the emphasis is on a large scientific conference, the reports of which, reworked as scientific articles, are included in the present book-collection. A presentation of the contents of the collection book was made in this article.
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The period, which is under review, is marked by two main trends: the publication of folklore and ethnographic materials, on one hand, and theoretical justification, on the other hand. A series of publications until the end of the 19th century laid the foundations of Bulgarian ethnology. At the same time, Rakovski’s “Indicator” and Ivan Shishmanov’s paper provide a scientific justification for the need to collect, record and store ethnographic materials. The article examines the works on Bulgarian folklore of Yuriy Venelin, Ivan Bogorov, Zahariy Knyazheski, Petko Slaveykov, Dimitar Miladinov and Konstantin Miladinov, Lyuben Karavelov, Kuzman Shapkarev, Dimitar Marinov, etc. It should be noted that a large number of collectors of folklore materials do not have a university education. However, by the end of the 19th century, the foundations of the sciences of ethnology and folkloristics were formed in Bulgaria.
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The article examines the reports for the archaeological monuments on the territory of the city of Sliven and her vicinity, left in the travelogues and descriptions by Evliya Çelebi, S. Sayger, Dr. С. F. Pоyet, August Jochmus and Georgi Rakovski, from the 17th – to the middle of the 19th century. Evliya Celebi, Sayger, Dr. Pоyet and Rakovski mention the remains of the Early Byzantine and Medieval fortress of Hisarlka, north of the city. Johmus describes the remains of one ancient road in the mountain north of Sliven, and Rakovski notes some other fortifications in the area near the city.
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The article examines Dobri Chintulov’s pedagogical activity during his teaching in Sliven. It traces the period from 1850 to 1875 when the poet lived and worked in the city. It shows the changes that occur at the school and the education of the students under the guidance of Chintulov.
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The historical narrative presents the youth of Shumen who received education in Italian educational institutions at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. They studied in today's cities of Turin, Milan, Pisa, Pinerolo and Naples. In the period from 1879 to 1912, ten young people born in Shumen studied in Italian educational institutions. Among them are the girls Penka Preslavska and Manya Dimitrova. A significant part of the Shumen graduates are realized in various spheres of activity - veterinarians, generals, professors in higher schools, artists, actors, and teachers. Graduated or not, they return to their homeland having mastered European languages and the achievements of Western European civilization. This large number, as well as the specialities chosen by them, are a vivid testimony to the aspiration of the Shumen youth to obtain higher education and to make efforts for the modernization of the Third Bulgarian State and their native Shumen.
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This study presents brief historical data on the establishment and development of the „Commodity Science“ program at the University of Economics - Varna. The actuality of the training in the field of commodity science, both in Bulgaria and in other European countries, has been revealed. Bachelor programs in lots of European universities were studied and it was found that there are many educational programs close to „Commodity Science“. While "Commodity Science" program at University of Economics – Varna prepares students both in the field of foodstuffs and industrial goods, in the majority of foreign universities training in the field of foodstuffs is more prevalent.
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