Komunizam i represija : Sud narodne časti u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Vera Katz / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

On the day of Sarajevo’s liberation, the new government established a court to prosecute crimes and offenses committed against Serbs, Muslims, and Croats in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On May 26, 1945, a law was passed on the court’s organizational structure and proceedings. The court functioned until the middle of August 1945, at which point the President of the People’s Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina closed it. Although the court was short-lived, its revolutionary character had a significant effect on society by removing real and alleged “enemies of the people.” As a political ploy, the court publicly targeted certain bourgeoisie groups and Catholic clergy. The sentences it handed down reflected its political mission. It punished political rivals by removing their civil rights, thus eliminating competition at elections. It used sentences of forced labor to isolate and remove individuals from the community and strategically confiscated property and disinherited people to increase the state’s assets. This theme is just now being addressed, sixty years after the court’s existence.

Britanski pogled na Hrvatsku 1945.: politika i društvo

Author(s): Katarina Spehnjak / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Diplomatic relations between Britain and Yugoslavia in 1945 encapsulated all their past and future conflicts: traditional British orientation and interests as opposed to a pragmatism dictated by political realism and the evolution of Yugoslavian politics equally conditioned by its dominant factor – the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) and its position as a small country at a time of global turmoil. At the end of the war British and Allied Military interest became less important in the face of a new geopolitical strategy which rested on the division of Europe and the world into two blocks. Even if at the time he decided to support Tito and the Partisans Churchill believed that it was not important if they wanted to introduce Communism – because the British ≪‘won’t be living there’≫ – in 1945 it was characterized by this factor. This can be seen in terms of the questions of support for UNRRA, the Tito – Šubašić, the problem of Istria and Trieste, and the extradition of war crimes. Yugoslavia, in an effort to obtain international recognition of the NOP (Narodnooslobodilački pokret – National Liberation Movement) accepted concessions in internal-political matters which in any case were quickly shown to be temporary. Although politically within the orbit of the USSR, the new Yugoslavia did not receive support from it on some critical foreign-political issues. When the resignation of minister Ivan Šubašić, the British trump card, occurred on the eve of the elections to the Constituent Assembly of the new Yugoslavia, and when the opposition – disabled by the regime but also by internal divisions – declined to engage in a political struggle, Britain, after experiencing initial discomfort at the unexpected turn of events, decided not to break off relations with Yugoslavia. Nonetheless, in solving certain future problems, Britain retained elements of its earlier policy. In British diplomatic reports Croatia, along with Serbia, was the main ≪≫bulwark of opposition,≫≫ especially important in this regard were the Croat Peasant Party, the Catholic Church, and the peasantry as powerful forces. The estimation that support for the new government was somewhere between 10-20% conflicts with the strong electoral showing of the National Front. Even if repression by the regime is held to play a large role in this support, the avoidance tactics and lost opportunities on the part of opposition leaders reveal a number of characteristic political and cultural stereotypes, from which the leaders of the communists are not immune either. The bulk of this article rests on this issue.

ИЗ ЗОГРАФСКИТЕ ФРАГМЕНТИ

Author(s): Andrey Bojadzhiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper makes a short overview of the parchment fragments kept in the library of Zograf monastery on mount Athos. Then it throws attention to the oldest of them, Zograf folia, and characterizes some ot its paleographic and linguistic features. The paper further hypotesize that there are close parallels in orthography between Zograf folia, Old Russian manuscripts like Izbornik from 1073, Izbornik from 1076 and Menaion of Dobrian and the Athonite manuscripts from 13th-14th centuries. The review of these parallels concludes with information on electronically published new edition of Zograf fragments.

РЪКОПИСНИТЕ ПРЕПИСИ НА ПСАЛТИРА ОТ БИБЛИОТЕКАТА НА ЗОГРАФСКИЯ МАНАСТИР (Предварителни методологически бележки)

Author(s): Andrey Bobev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with some of the theoretical problems, related to the future catalogue description of the manuscripts of Zograf monastery on Mount Athos. Taking the Psalter manuscripts as a starting point, the author discusses terminological and analytical issues of the cataloguing. The second part of the text puts up specific problems, concerning three of the library’s “jewels”. Ms. 59, the so-called Psalter of Radomir, still hides unsolved liturgical calendar puzzles. Ms. 79, the Psalter of Avram Dimitrievich, one of the few Bulgarian manuscripts with chrysography, is notable not only for this fact, but also because its illumination forms a secondary semiotic system, revealing liturgical and theological topics. In addition, Ms. 104 contains fragments from a Psalter, that might be connected with the period of church flourishing in Moldavia under the rule of prince Stephen the Great, Ștefan cel Mare, or even with the prince himself.

НОВИ ПРЕПИСИ НА БОГОРОДИЧНИЯ АКАТИСТ ОТ БИБЛИОТЕКАТА НА ЗОГРАФСКИЯ МАНАСТИР

Author(s): Lyubka Nenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article examines three manuscripts from the library of Zograf monastery – № 317, № 381 and № 400. All three manuscripts contain The Akathist Hymn to the Theotokos. The main purpose of the article is to present a comparison of the three texts and to define their belonging to one of the recensions, described by M. Momina – recension 31, whose emergence and spreading refers to the time between the 17th and 19th centuries.

БЪЛГАРО-УНГАРСКИ КУЛТУРНИ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯ

Author(s): Monika Farkash Barathi / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to present the Bulgarian-Hungarian cultural relations throughout the centuries. To study the historical roots of the Bulgarian-Hungarian relations, we have to look to the distant past – to the ages before the foundation of the Bulgarian and Hungarian states when the two nations lived side by side and in good neighbourly relations for a very long time. This is reflected in the two nations’ legends and folk art, and also in certain linguistic facts. Important milestones in the history of the Bulgarian- Hungarian relations are John Hunyadi’s military campaigns and the Battle of Varna, the cultural activity of the Kossuth Emigration, as well as the migration of Bulgarian gardeners to Hungary.

ЕЗИКОВАТА ПОЛИТИКА В БЪЛГАРИЯ ПО ОТНОШЕНИЕ НА ТУРСКИЯ ЕЗИК В ПЕРИОДА НА КОМУНИСТИЧЕСКАТА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ

Author(s): Harun Bekir / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The largest minority in Bulgaria is formed by Turkish; After the Bulgarian, Turkish is the most spoken language in the country. For multiple languages are spoken in the country, language planning is one of the country's major open or hidden agendas. In different historical periods of Turkish in Bulgaria, instances by the different approaches are possible. However, when this approach comes a time in the country, it did not continue in the same way every time it has started. Because the Turkish approach to language planning a special exhibit about the Bulgarian state, the various struggles, transformations, after changes regarding language policy has had to develop new approaches. In this study for Turkish language in Bulgaria we would like to evaluate language policy.

Záver

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

V prvej časti kolektívnej monografie sa autori zamerali na tradične chápanú problematiku života a diela Ľudovíta Štúra. Všímajú si ho ako pedagóga, mysliteľa, kodifikátora spisovného jazyka, vedúcu osobnosť slovenského národného hnutia od 40. rokov 19. storočia a sústreďujú sa i na jeho aktivity na pôde evanjelickej cirkvi. Rezumujú staršie a prinášajú nové poznatky o jeho rodinnom zázemí, politickom myslení, názoroch na Slovanstvo, o reflexii jeho osobnosti historikmi, či v dobových lexikónoch.

Summary

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the first part of the collective monograph its authors focused on the traditionally understood issues of the life and work of Ľudovít Štúr. They see him as a teacher, thinker, codifier of the standard language and leader of the Slovak national movement in the nineteen forties. They summarize older and bring new knowledge about his family background, political thinking, opinions on Slavonic patriotism, reflection of his figure among historians or in period lexicons.

Pramene a literatúra

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Anomické vzťahy vo vyučovaní dejepisu v Maďarsku

Author(s): György Jakab / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Na školstvo v Maďarsku je vyvíjaný čoraz väčší spoločenský tlak a je evidentnejšie, že vzdelávací systém sformovaný v 19. storočí je neaktuálny z koncepčných ako aj z obsahových dôvodov. Je stavaný pred také výzvy, na ktoré dokáže čoraz menej a čoraz ťažšie reagovať. Následkom toho dochádza k permanentnému spoločenskému znehodnocovaniu školského vyučovania a pedagógov. Toto všetko sa priamo týka aj vyučovania dejepisu, ktoré je na spoločenské zmeny obzvlášť citlivé.

The Concept of Neutrality: Origins and Challenges - From the Peace of Westphalia to the European Union

Author(s): Ove Bring / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Neutrality could be defined as a nation’s status of impartiality, and thus non-participation in hostilities, when other countries are at war. The position of neutrality is probably as old as war itself, but only in the sense that certain actors wanted to stay outside an armed conflict. The self-proclaimed neutrals had no rights in this context, no guarantees, no legal assurances. But during the Middle Ages and later, for example during the Thirty Years War in Europe, bilateral agreements were concluded that promised certain states respect for their position of neutrality during an ongoing armed conflict. The position of permanent neutrality, valid also in future wars, was more ambitious and was not, at this time, covered in international agreements. But to the extent that a concept of neutrality slowly was emerging, it was linked to the existence of an armed conflict. It was not a matter of neutrality or impartiality in a general political sense. Thus, the emerging legal position of neutrality did not exist in peace time, but only after the outbreak of war. That important point also corresponds to the position of modern international law.

Post Cold War “neutral” states - Moldova, Turkmenistan, Ukraine

Author(s): Dragan Štavljanin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

South Eastern Europe: A Common History in Brief

Author(s): Živorad Kovačević,Meghan Simpson,Radomir Šovljanski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There used to be a clever description of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) that indicated all of its complexity: one country, two scripts (Cyrillic and Latin); three basic religions (Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Islam), four languages (Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian, and Macedonian); five major nationalities (Serbs, Croats, Slovenians, Macedonians, and Bosniaks) and several smaller national groups (Albanians, Hungarians, Turks, Roma, etc.); six Socialist Republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia), with seven neighbors (Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Albania); and eight constitutive parts (six Socialist Republics and two Autonomous Provinces—Vojvodina and Kosovo). A history of the territory of South Eastern Europe might be best summed up in terms of the constant flow of populations and changing regimes. In the center of what came to be the SRFY, across Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, there stretched a line separating the Western and Eastern Roman Empire (later known as Byzantium); Roman Catholic and Orthodox religions (after the schism in 1054); the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires; the West and the East. While Yugoslavia’s name was supposed to indicate that it was the country of the Southern Slavs, in fact, it was composed of significant nonSlav minorities—among them, the largest in number being Albanians, Hungarians, and Germans—who had also inhabited the region for centuries. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, established in 1946 (as the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia), was a socialist state and not an actual democracy. Though leadership in Belgrade wielded a significant amount of control over all the Republics, the country was much more liberal domestically and more open to the world than other countries of the Eastern Bloc. For much of the socialist period, particularly from the 1960s, it enjoyed high living standards and access to international markets. When the SFRY refused to accept Soviet hegemony in 1948, it became, according to Warren Zimmerman, the last Ambassador of the United States to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the “protected and sometimes pampered child of American and Western diplomacy.”

Alliances and Institution Building - Introduction

Author(s): Aleksandar Popov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The first part of this book tells the story of a group of actors who have worked for the normalization of turbulent relations, stability, and the entrenchment of democracy in South Eastern Europe. This story begins with the Center for Regionalism (Centar za Regionalizm) that, since its establishment in October 1998, has played an important role in creating a favorable environment for cooperation within and across communities, cities, and regions of the former Yugoslavia. The Center has been involved in several initiatives that have had far-reaching effects, from the local to interregional levels

The Association of Multiethnic Cities of South Eastern Europe–Philia

Author(s): Jovan Komšić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This chapter introduces the work the Association of Multiethnic Cities of South Eastern Europe–Philia in the decade and a half since the cessation of hostilities in the former Yugoslavia. Growing from its origins as a civil movement and a loose network of activists to an association that now encompasses over 60 communities across Central and South Eastern Europe, Philia works to better trade, diplomacy and relations among its members and the wider region. Facing a particularly daunting task of overcoming mutual hatred and distrust that were prevalent in the results of many public opinion polls after the war, the founders of the Association relied on their prewar contacts to begin to lay the ground for reconciliation and the first few signals of a possible normalization of cross-border relations. Established on the basis of human rights and good governance, Philia has focused on supporting democracy and peace-building at local levels. Its most important requisite for any city’s membership has been the endorsement of the Agreement on Interethnic Tolerance, a document designed to foster and protect European standards of fundamental freedoms and national minority rights, as well as compulsory partnership with a local nongovernmental organization. This bottom-up initiative, driven by its founding members from its general secretariat in Novi Sad, works to reestablish cross-border communication and cooperation through municipal triangles of cooperation. Upholding the principles of free will, autonomy, openness, transparency, respect and consensus, Philia, for instance, does not shy away from promoting the potentially controversial use of minority languages in private and public life, while reaching out to a broad spectrum of interest groups, whether businesses, schools, chambers of commerce, universities or local elected and public officials. Organized around a number of initiatives and public campaigns for civic engagement, Philia members are pragmatic and do not insist that every member take part in every initiative, realizing that these steps are gradual and need time to mature. Through an array of seminars, training courses, capacity development, city diplomacy, research, small grants, campaigns, and alliances with other like-minded pro-European civic organizations, Philia has significantly contributed to interregional dialogue.

ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ ТЕОРИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА И СОВРЕМЕННОЙ МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

Author(s): Goguadze Marat Grigorievich,Shmatko Aleksey Dmitrievich / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes the key theories and models of economic growth, namely: neoclassical and Keynesian directions. The authors conclude that a solid theoretical foundation for the theory of economic growth was laid in the 1930-1950s, when the world economy faced many challenges, while it is important to note that the modern economy is developing rapidly, forcing us to reconsider existing paradigms. For example, the modern economic system has brought in the latest theories of endogenous growth, including the study of the role of increasing returns, research and development, human capital, and technology diffusion.

SMART GUIDE - THE INTERNET OF CULTURAL THINGS

Author(s): Andrey Petrov,Alexander Petrov,Vanya Ivanova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper presents different approaches of preserving valuable historical data using modern technologies. The IoT paradigm can easily be applied to the field of cultural and historical heritage. Static cultural places can greatly benefit popularity from intelligent objects, sensors, applications and services. Software architecture of an innovative tourist guide is presented.

Predgovor

Author(s): Tomislav Vidošević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Julije Benešić (1883–1957) was a Croatian writer, essayist, translator and, in the interwar period, a cultural activist and emissary of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Poland, where he, among other activities, he taught the first Croatian language course at the University of Warsaw. To this day he remains the most prolific translator of Polish literature into Croatian. The papers comprising this volume are based on presentations given at a conference commemorating Benešić, but are not mere reminiscences. They put the life and work of Benešić, as well as his entire generation, in the perspective of the cultural exchange taking place in Central Europe since the times of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The aim of the articles presented in the monograph is to analyse the changes in cultural and social practices that occurred in the area after 1918. No culture exists in a vacuum, and in the case of the polycentric states of interwar Central Europe the question about directions of cultural transfers seems crucial.

Kazalo imena

Author(s): Patrycjusz Pająk,Maciej Falski / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Julije Benešić (1883–1957) was a Croatian writer, essayist, translator and, in the interwar period, a cultural activist and emissary of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Poland, where he, among other activities, he taught the first Croatian language course at the University of Warsaw. To this day he remains the most prolific translator of Polish literature into Croatian. The papers comprising this volume are based on presentations given at a conference commemorating Benešić, but are not mere reminiscences. They put the life and work of Benešić, as well as his entire generation, in the perspective of the cultural exchange taking place in Central Europe since the times of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The aim of the articles presented in the monograph is to analyse the changes in cultural and social practices that occurred in the area after 1918. No culture exists in a vacuum, and in the case of the polycentric states of interwar Central Europe the question about directions of cultural transfers seems crucial.