![[Recenzja]: Artur Hamryszczak, Konfraternie i organizacje religijne w sanktuarium Męki Pańskiej i Matki Bożej w Kalwarii Pacławskiej, Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2019, ss. 141, ISBN 978-83-8061-781-0](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2020_59090.PNG)
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According to the Romanian and universal historiography, the document of 22 June 1941 marked the beginning of the first Romanian-Russian war. The present article aims to emphasize such a conclusion, reviewing all the aggressive, hegemonic or annexational actions of Tsarist Russia and mostly of Soviet Russian (the Soviet Union, as of December 1922) directed against the Romanian historical territories and the Romanian national state. In the light of those mentioned, Romania’s joining the war effort of Germany against the USSR, in June 1941, appears not as a historical accident, but as the outcome of prolonged states of suspicions and latent conflict.
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Under the communist regime, the name of the act of August 23, 1944 underwent various transformations in official propaganda, but it was, however, permanently promoted as a great communist achievement. During the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the act of August 23, 1944 underwent new metamorphoses and interpretations, in accordance with the new political orientations: the strengthening of the „independent line” of the party (started towards the end of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's leadership) continued as a form of protection of the interests of the PCR leadership in the face of Soviet interference. One of the magazines published during the Ceaușescu period, which had a special role in spreading the national-communist vision, was „Magazin istoric”. Moreover, approaching the act of August 23, 1944 in the pages of the „Magazin istoric” became, starting with the years 1970 - 1971, a way of manifesting the cult of personality of the communist leader. In fact, the act of August 23, 1944 was one of the favorite topics in the pages of the „Magazin istoric”, which has an existence that exceeds five decades.
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Review: 300. obljetnica slavne obrane Sinja 1715. godine (1715. – 2015.). Zbornik radova s Međunarodnoga znanstvenog skupa održanog u Zagrebu 12. svibnja i Sinju od 14. do 17. svibnja 2015. godine, priredili Josip Dukić i Josip Grbavac, Sinj: Franjevački samostan Gospe Sinjske; Viteško alkarsko društvo Sinj; Grad Sinj i gradovi i općine Cetinske krajine, 2018, 771 stranica. Review by Dragana Balić.
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54. International Musicological Colloquium Brno: Urban music culture in Central Europe ca. 1450–1670, Brno (Czech Republic), November 4 – 6, 2019
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Demonstratat shqiptare të vitit 1968 në Maqedoni janë pjesë e rezistencës gjithkombëtare në ish-Jugosllavi. Këto janë zhvilluar si rrjedhojë e një politike antishqiptare, pas Luftës së Dytë Botërore. Në këtë punim shkencor do të përpiqem që ngjarjet e vitit 1968 (me theks të veçantë ngjarjet e Tetovës) ti trajtoj në dy rrafshe:-në rrafshin e marrëdhënieve të brendshme jugosllave dhe-në rrafshin e marrëdhënieve ndërkombëtare.Në rrafshin e politikës së brendshme, Jugosllavia Socialiste në periudhën e Luftës së Ftohtë, vitet gjashtëdhjeta, përpiqet të luajë rolin e “promotorit” në Lëvizjen e të Painkuadruarve. Një politikë e këtillë ishte në funksion të kamuflimit të problemeve të brendshme në marrëdhëniet e brishta ndëretnike. Shqiptarët ndodheshin në pozitë diskriminimi nga përfundimi i Luftës së Dytë Botërore. Në vitin 1966, në Plenumin e Brioneve, koha kur nga skena politike shkarkohet njëri nga politikanët më të mëdhenj antishqiptar, Aleksandër Rankoviçi, hapet rruga e shpërthimit të revoltës së shqiptarëve kundër shtypjes sistematike. Në rrafshin e marrëdhënieve ndërkombëtare, viti 1968 është viti i krizave të shumta, ndër të cilat vend të veçantë zënë lëvizjet studentore në vende të ndryshme të Evropës, me prirje të majta politike, në manifestimet e të cilave dominonte kundërshtimi i luftës së Vietnamit. Ngjarjet në Çekosllovaki ishin një kapitull i veçantë në zhvillimet ndërkombëtare, sikurse dhe intervenimi ushtarak sovjetik. Ngjarjet në fjalë e shpalosën doktrinën sovjetike të intervenimit, një proces që sapo kishte filluar, pra fillimi i fundit të sistemit komunist.
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Presenting the facts concerning those military force units which played the key role in events that took place in territories where reprisals against Serb civilians were committed during the fall of 1941, provides the clearer insight into structure of the battalions that participated in them. Data refer to 717th Infantry Division, battalions I-III/749. and I-III/797, i.e. their troops which participated in battles fought during September, October and November of the same year. Human losses as well as the basic positions and movements of German battalions in those months, war period especially difficult for the population of the wider Central and Western Serbia – Krupanj, Loznica, Draginac, Sabac, Kraljevo, Kragujevac and nearby villages where massive war crimes were committed by different profiles and purposes military units, are to be shown here. Brutality is reinforced by General Franz Beme's directives with the 100:1 quota implemented, unlike General Maximilian Reichsfriaier von Weiss' command of April 1941, which was operationally impracticable in terms of arresting hostages before the incident. These battalions' fallen soldiers are used for carrying out retaliation according to set quotas. This work is one part of the sequel in investigating details about perpetrators of the crime - German battalions participating battles around Kragujevac and Kraljevo and other territories and areas where they were stationed or moved to, during the fall of 1941.
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”Carol I” National Defence University, an unique institution through its age, structure and organization, has always been a representative factor generating knowledge among the other Romanian military education institutions. This is duet o the amplitude of its activities of information related to national security, as well as to its collaboration with the similar institutions in Europe. The article also presents aspects of Romania’s cultural evolution, unprecedented during the interwar period, in order to place the moment when the Bulletin was issued in the framework of the respective age. A representative periodical of the military academic environment, the Bulletin of the ”War School” (as this was the first name of ”Carol I” National Defence University in 1889, subsequently modified several times) managed to grow in importance and significance permanently providing access to scientific information in the military, diplomatic, historic and socio-humanistic domains. Research is based on the documents studied at the Service of Central National Historic Archives, the Romanian Academy Library, and ”Carol I” National Defence University Library.
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The paper presents how the pluralism of relations in the early Muslim sources concerning the memory the Qādisiyya narrative is problematic for reconstructing the event of the battle by modern scholars. Specific studies of the early Islamic sources concerning the Battle of Al-Qādisiyya lead to the conclusion that it is certainly easier to interpret the functions of particular topoi than to determinate the facts about the Maʿrakat al-Qādisiyya. The main, unsolved questions related to the Qādisiyyah narrative are the uncertainty of the date of the battle, the size of the Muslim and Persian forces that fought in the Maʿrakat al-Qādisiyya as well as some contradictions and different presentations of the battle. Scholars have undertaken many attempts to make the conflicting accounts more coherent but in fact, they only made some speculations or,at the best, case scenario – explanations made on the basis of limited and uncertain evidence. For these reasons, the paper contains the suggestion to avoid an undue emphasis on the importance of the Maʿrakat al-Qādisiyya and to replace this term by the more general expression “the Mesopotamian campaign 634-637.” The critical evaluation of the Muslim sources leads to a more general description of the Battle of Al-Qādisiyya as an element of the campaign (stage 634-637) whose unambiguous evaluation is impossible.
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The article analyses the specific attitudes of the ‘Russian Bear’ metaphor in the German-language Swiss press in the second half of the 19th century: in the all- European context as well as in the context of its role in building the Swiss national identity. The author has proven that there exists a connection between the Swiss image of Russia and the ‘colonial discourse’ (described by Edward Said) in that period. The article indicates the great role of the ‘bear’ metaphor within the key binary oppositions, distinctive for that discourse: West – East, culture – nature, civilization – barbarity, democracy – despotism. It analyses as well the typical Swiss way of perceiving Russia – through the prism of the ethical discourse, which had enabled the 19th century Helvetians to play the role of ‘Europe’s conscience.’ The author indicates that – while using the ‘Russian Bear’ metaphor – the 19th century Swiss press used to categorize Russia as an antithesis of the countries that personified the main attributes of the culture of the West. While making oppositions between the Russianness and the Germanness the Swiss press was building such oppositions as: order – chaos, creation – destruction, reason – irrationality, self-control – irritability. The ‘Russian Bear’ as a partner of the French Marianne used to personify an antithesis of the French refinement. The ‘Russian Bear’ metaphor compared with the symbol of Helvetia used to serve to build oppositions between the liberal, wealthy, democratic Switzerland and Russia, which was perceived as a severe ‘Eastern despothy’. The paper was originally published as Niedźwiedź i zegarmistrz. U źródeł stereotypu „rosyjskiego niedźwiedzia” w Szwajcarii w drugiej połowie XIX w., “Klio” 2012, vol. 20 (1),pp. 171–200, DOI: 10.12775/KLIO.2012.006.
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The aim of our study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the past and present state of the Hungarian churches of Cleveland, with special focus on the city’s first Roman Catholic community, which recently celebrated its 125th anniversary. We analyze the Hungarian religious community of Cleveland and its effect on the Hungarian identity on the basis of literature and fieldwork with interviews and personal interviews. In addition, the study deals in detail with the 125-year-old Saint Elizabeth Church, which was the first Catholic Roman Catholic community of the city and is an integral part of the preservation of Hungarian identity. We conclude that the Hungarian faith communities operating today play an important role in the preservation of the identity of local Hungarians.
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A clown travels through times and identities. A personage is handed over to different creators and audiences. A voice changes its purpose. This article observes the metamorphoses of Pierrot from Commedia dell’arte through the romantic malheureux, the decadent Dandy to the perpetual loser and peace-seeker of the turn of the century, following the works of three authors: Giraud, Hartleben, and Schönberg. When and where is this journey going to end? – We don’t know.
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This essay focuses on the analysis of the “translatability” of the 51st and the 160th poems of The Book of Songs. By a historical survey the author describes the characteristics of philological and cultural approach of classical Chinese texts and points to the main difficulties of their interpretations. These poems had been regarded — by interpretators, mostly synologists — as lyric works, however, because of the cultural and philosophical references, these literary translations generally needed further comments. By analysing the best known translations the author concludes that in understanding and recreating of Chinese poems there has always been a dilemma: saving the unity of the poems and at the same time creating a philologically exact translation or by including necessary comments overstepping the limits of literary translation.
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