![[Recenzja]: Artur Hamryszczak, Konfraternie i organizacje religijne w sanktuarium Męki Pańskiej i Matki Bożej w Kalwarii Pacławskiej, Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2019, ss. 141, ISBN 978-83-8061-781-0](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2020_59090.PNG)
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In the dynamic and natural evolution of any science there is a sacred segment, impossible to replace or avoid, whether it is a bachelor’s degreethesis, a doctoral thesis, a monograph or a treatise. It is about that primordial chapter, whichopens the way for discussion, bases and arguesthe research paths to follow, which specialistsrefer to as the History of Research. In this case,we turn our attention to a small segment of thehistory of Romanian archaeology, specifically oneof the great accomplishments of the archaeologyscience of year 2020: the marking of the 150thanniversary of the establishment of the first archaeological and museum society in Austrian Bucovina – Serether Museumverein / Society of theSiret Museum, founded in 1870 by Captain Josefvon Gutter of Siret; on this occasion we try to update, synthesize and order all available information relating to both the company and its founder.
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The establishment of scientific education at the University of Coimbra was one of the most important accomplishments of the Reform of the University in 1772. One of the best examples is the creation of the Faculty Mathematics and of the Astronomical Observatory (OAUC). The foundation of the OAUC – thefirst Portuguese university–based astronomical observatory, although with attributes typical of a national observatory – was fundamental in the institutionalization of astronomical science in Portugal. José Monteiro da Rocha (1734–1819) was the central personality beyond the conception, planning and construction of OAUC, as well as in its instrument’s provision. He was also behind the applied mathematical and astronomical methods that allowed the OAUC to establish and publish its most important and significant scientific production: the Astronomical Ephemeris (1803). In this paper, we will review Monteiro da Rocha’s contributions for the foundation of the OAUC and its scientific astronomical activity.
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ЯВОРОВ КАТО КОЛЕКТИВНА МЕТАФОРА
This article, which may conventionally be classified under the genre philosophy of history, develops two metaphors of high symbolic value. The first is the year 1914, as the start of World War I, the third and last in a se-ries of wars at the start of the 20th century in which Bulgaria was involved. It led teleologically to the year 1919 (Neuilly) which marked the symbolic – therefore absolute – end of the Bulgarian National Revival. The second metaphor is the figure of Yavorov in its his mytho-biographical projection – the poet’s suicide in October 1914 can be seen as a collective metaphor, as a metaphor of a collective ontological loss; but also as an attainment of a qualitatively new state; as the loss of the Revival’s monolithic national aspect and the acquiring of the tragic experience of Modernity and its social fragmentariness.
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In this introductory article to the special issue, we join debates on the nature of the current Hungarian regime from a perspective that understands local processes in terms of their integration into the development of global capitalism. We see the present Hungarian regime as a local, temporary hegemony that developed in the context of the long downturn of the postwar global economic cycle, and particularly in the phase of the crisis that followed 2008. This local hegemony is characterized by a temporary, but successful compromise between the requirements of external integration and the capitalization of a new local oligarchy. As the conditions of internal and external accumulation in the context of the crisis can only be secured through increasing pressure on labour and the conditions of its reproduction, this regime is also characterized by the tools it employs to create and control the social conditions necessary for its functioning. The article discusses the structures of internal end external accumulation that provide the political economic base of the regime together with the social changes and tensions they produce. We identify four aspects of the regime’s policies which serve to create the conditions of accumulation and control the tensions arousing from the accumulation process: (1) measures that maintain macrostability (the stability of external integration); (2) measures that serve to capitalize the national oligarchy, (3) measures to strengthen and integrate the middle class into the regime’s structures; and (4) measures to control dominated classes. In terms of the main contradictions or tensions produced by the regime’s functioning we stress its dependence on external growth, and a growing crisis of social reproduction.
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According to the Romanian and universal historiography, the document of 22 June 1941 marked the beginning of the first Romanian-Russian war. The present article aims to emphasize such a conclusion, reviewing all the aggressive, hegemonic or annexational actions of Tsarist Russia and mostly of Soviet Russian (the Soviet Union, as of December 1922) directed against the Romanian historical territories and the Romanian national state. In the light of those mentioned, Romania’s joining the war effort of Germany against the USSR, in June 1941, appears not as a historical accident, but as the outcome of prolonged states of suspicions and latent conflict.
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According to the Romanian and universal historiography, the document of 22 June 1941 marked the beginning of the first Romanian-Russian war. The present article aims to emphasize such a conclusion, reviewing all the aggressive, hegemonic or annexational actions of Tsarist Russia and mostly of Soviet Russian (the Soviet Union, as of December 1922) directed against the Romanian historical territories and the Romanian national state. In the light of those mentioned, Romania’s joining the war effort of Germany against the USSR, in June 1941, appears not as a historical accident, but as the outcome of prolonged states of suspicions and latent conflict.
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Under the communist regime, the name of the act of August 23, 1944 underwent various transformations in official propaganda, but it was, however, permanently promoted as a great communist achievement. During the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the act of August 23, 1944 underwent new metamorphoses and interpretations, in accordance with the new political orientations: the strengthening of the „independent line” of the party (started towards the end of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's leadership) continued as a form of protection of the interests of the PCR leadership in the face of Soviet interference. One of the magazines published during the Ceaușescu period, which had a special role in spreading the national-communist vision, was „Magazin istoric”. Moreover, approaching the act of August 23, 1944 in the pages of the „Magazin istoric” became, starting with the years 1970 - 1971, a way of manifesting the cult of personality of the communist leader. In fact, the act of August 23, 1944 was one of the favorite topics in the pages of the „Magazin istoric”, which has an existence that exceeds five decades.
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The paper explores, from a constitutional angle, the political transformations taking place in Romania between August 23,1944 and the forced abdication of King Michael. By resorting to the reinterpretation of a number of legal documents and political writings, the paper argues to what extent the apparent return to the 1923 Romanian constitution was essentially a deceptive one, since it is in this period that the foundations of a new totalitarian order were laid. A particular attention is paid to the role played by Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, acting as Minister of Justice in the governments preparing the transition towards the imposition of the Soviet-style popular republic.
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Review: 300. obljetnica slavne obrane Sinja 1715. godine (1715. – 2015.). Zbornik radova s Međunarodnoga znanstvenog skupa održanog u Zagrebu 12. svibnja i Sinju od 14. do 17. svibnja 2015. godine, priredili Josip Dukić i Josip Grbavac, Sinj: Franjevački samostan Gospe Sinjske; Viteško alkarsko društvo Sinj; Grad Sinj i gradovi i općine Cetinske krajine, 2018, 771 stranica. Review by Dragana Balić.
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The cult of Our Lady in the Czerwińsk church of the Canons Regular dates back to the church’s beginnings. It was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, which is confirmed in the bull of Pope Hadrian IV from 1155. The patroness of the church and the abbey has always been especially venerated there, as witnessed in the monastery’s liturgy and customs. In 1612, Łukasz of Łowicz was commissioned by the Czerwińsk Canons Regular to do a painting of Our Lady (figs.1, 2) modelled on Our Lady of the Snows (S. Maria Maior, Salus Populi Romani, fig. 1) from the Roman Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Around 1630, the painting was placed on the new high altar. Venerated by the faithful, it came to be known as miraculous. Miracles had been testified to since 1647, and were officially recognized in 1648. The cult of the painting of Our Lady of Czerwińsk in Her sanctuary, called the Jasna Góra of Czerwińsk has continued uninterrupted to this day. On September 6, 1970, the painting was crowned with papal crowns by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, Primate of Poland. In the Czerwińsk sanctuary over 100 silver votive plates offered by pilgrims have been preserved (figs. 3 -10), the oldest of them dating from the 1640s
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54. International Musicological Colloquium Brno: Urban music culture in Central Europe ca. 1450–1670, Brno (Czech Republic), November 4 – 6, 2019
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Demonstratat shqiptare të vitit 1968 në Maqedoni janë pjesë e rezistencës gjithkombëtare në ish-Jugosllavi. Këto janë zhvilluar si rrjedhojë e një politike antishqiptare, pas Luftës së Dytë Botërore. Në këtë punim shkencor do të përpiqem që ngjarjet e vitit 1968 (me theks të veçantë ngjarjet e Tetovës) ti trajtoj në dy rrafshe:-në rrafshin e marrëdhënieve të brendshme jugosllave dhe-në rrafshin e marrëdhënieve ndërkombëtare.Në rrafshin e politikës së brendshme, Jugosllavia Socialiste në periudhën e Luftës së Ftohtë, vitet gjashtëdhjeta, përpiqet të luajë rolin e “promotorit” në Lëvizjen e të Painkuadruarve. Një politikë e këtillë ishte në funksion të kamuflimit të problemeve të brendshme në marrëdhëniet e brishta ndëretnike. Shqiptarët ndodheshin në pozitë diskriminimi nga përfundimi i Luftës së Dytë Botërore. Në vitin 1966, në Plenumin e Brioneve, koha kur nga skena politike shkarkohet njëri nga politikanët më të mëdhenj antishqiptar, Aleksandër Rankoviçi, hapet rruga e shpërthimit të revoltës së shqiptarëve kundër shtypjes sistematike. Në rrafshin e marrëdhënieve ndërkombëtare, viti 1968 është viti i krizave të shumta, ndër të cilat vend të veçantë zënë lëvizjet studentore në vende të ndryshme të Evropës, me prirje të majta politike, në manifestimet e të cilave dominonte kundërshtimi i luftës së Vietnamit. Ngjarjet në Çekosllovaki ishin një kapitull i veçantë në zhvillimet ndërkombëtare, sikurse dhe intervenimi ushtarak sovjetik. Ngjarjet në fjalë e shpalosën doktrinën sovjetike të intervenimit, një proces që sapo kishte filluar, pra fillimi i fundit të sistemit komunist.
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Presenting the facts concerning those military force units which played the key role in events that took place in territories where reprisals against Serb civilians were committed during the fall of 1941, provides the clearer insight into structure of the battalions that participated in them. Data refer to 717th Infantry Division, battalions I-III/749. and I-III/797, i.e. their troops which participated in battles fought during September, October and November of the same year. Human losses as well as the basic positions and movements of German battalions in those months, war period especially difficult for the population of the wider Central and Western Serbia – Krupanj, Loznica, Draginac, Sabac, Kraljevo, Kragujevac and nearby villages where massive war crimes were committed by different profiles and purposes military units, are to be shown here. Brutality is reinforced by General Franz Beme's directives with the 100:1 quota implemented, unlike General Maximilian Reichsfriaier von Weiss' command of April 1941, which was operationally impracticable in terms of arresting hostages before the incident. These battalions' fallen soldiers are used for carrying out retaliation according to set quotas. This work is one part of the sequel in investigating details about perpetrators of the crime - German battalions participating battles around Kragujevac and Kraljevo and other territories and areas where they were stationed or moved to, during the fall of 1941.
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Beyond knowing the turbulent times, marked by calamities, droughts, poor harvests, epidemics or even large-scale armed confrontations, the world of the Romanian village of the 20th century experienced tragic moments with unprecedented implications on rural society, represented by the darkness of communism, more precisely by the process of collectivization of agriculture. The shadows of the past urge us to undertake retrospective examinations, not only to know history and give life to the expression „historia magistra vitae est”, but especially to understand and explain the state of things in the present. The present study addresses a unique and original subject, aiming, above all, to reconstruct on the basis of archival documents and oral history, the historical moment of February 8, 1962, which in the Transylvanian locality Romos, marked the end of the process of collectivization of agriculture and the establishment of the G.A.C. „Drumul Belșugului”.Initiated by the C.C. Plenary of the P.M.R. on 3-5 March 1949, the socialist transformation of agriculture has known, in Romos, several preliminary steps, which inevitably led to peasant resistance and communist repression. Only 10 years after the beginning of the process of collectivization of agriculture, the communist authorities manage to obtain from a part of the peasantry the first signed applications for registration in the G.A.C.According to oral history, in early 1962, the communist authorities put huge pressure on the villagers to enter the GAC. This fact is proved by the archival documents attesting for the period 5-8 February 1962 the signing of 259 applications (Fig 1-4). The victory of communism in front of the peasantry was not only celebrated by the representatives of the regime with great pomp (Fig. 5), but also brought major changes in the life of the village of Romos, during 1962-1991.
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