"Dark Age" et les Principaux Facteurs de la Formation des Anciens Albanais

Author(s): Neritan Ceka / Language(s): French / Issue: 01/2001

In this Research I will try to give a picture of the genesis of the Albanians in a way a little different from the traditional one, which framed this process in the dark centuries of the Middle Ages (Vth-Xth) by making it easier to explain the linear Continuity of Illyro-Albania, but at the same time lending to the most fanciful theories about the origin of the Albanians.

"Demokratizačná akcia"

Študentské čistky na slovenských vysokých školách na prelome rokov 1948 a 1949

Author(s): Marta Glossová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2-3/2019

In her study, the authoress examines one of the ways the newly established Communist regime in Czechoslovakia was using since February 1948 in an attempt to build new loyal elites and to prevent the formation of non-conformist ones. The topic is the screening of study results and political reliability of Slovak university students, which took place at the turn of 1948 and 1949 under the euphemistic name “democratization campaign” or simply “democratization”. The authoress sets the campaign into a broader political framework and into the context of the ideological discourse of those days. In doing so, she compares it to a parallel, so-called “study screening” in the Czech Lands, and also sets it in the context of multiple waves of the “purging” of Slovak universities between 1948 and 1960, showing its connection with a subsequent purge launched in 1950 as part of a campaign against the so-called Slovak bourgeois nationalism. Using results of her research in Slovak archives, she describes and summarizes the organization, course, and outcome of the “democratization campaign”. The screening used both criteria related to study results (employed primarily to justify the screening) and political criteria (reflecting the true objective of the screening process); a combination of these two groups of criteria ultimately produced several categories of students. Every student was either cleared and allowed to study on, or expelled – either temporarily, for two to three semesters during which he or she was expected to work in production, or permanently. It should be noted that there existed substantial differences in numbers of expelled students among various universities and faculties, and the authoress is trying to find an explanation. Compared to the outcome of the “study screening” in the Czech Lands, that of the “democratization campaign” in Slovakia was generally more lenient, often falling short of radical expectations of its organizers. The authoress claims that Slovakia’s outcome reflects three factors: lack of and need for skilled experts in various fields compared to the Czech Lands, the weak position of the Communist Party among students and teachers at some Slovak universities, and the existence of an Appeal Commission at the Slovak Ministry of Education, Sciences and Arts which reversed or changed many expulsion rulings. The Appeal Commission’s chairman Ernest Otto and the Commissioner of Education, Communist writer Ladislav Novomeský (1904–1976), thus found themselves in a conflict with leaders of the University Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia, their more liberal approach to the “democratization campaign” contributing to their political and criminal persecution in the 1950s.

"Die Mazedonische Frage" und die deutschen Historiker

Author(s): Elena Boyadjieva / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/1994

"Dienst an Polen"?

Author(s): S. Minorski / Language(s): German / Issue: 37/1952

Originally published in: "Die Länder der Volksdemokratie", Ostberlin, 15. August 1952 (Original title: "Dienst an Polen" hilft den Aufbau des Sozialismus beschleunigen) "Trybuna Ludu", Warschau, 24. Juli 1952 (Original title: Sotnicza szkola mlodych Iotnik6w-patriot6w Polski Ludowej (Original title: Liga Sotnicza szkola mlodych lotników-patriotów Polski Ludowej)

"Dienst für Deutschland?"

Author(s): Gerhard Balzer / Language(s): German / Issue: 37/1952

Originally published in: "Neues Deutschland", Ostberlin, 14. August 1952 (Original title: Was stellt die Organisation "Dienst für Deutschland" dar?)

"En la forêt de Longue Attente"… ou six promenades dans les bois des Nabis et d’ailleurs

Author(s): Andreea Apostu / Language(s): French / Issue: 1/2012

This paper aims to retrace the manifold, often contradictory meanings underlying the works of the Nabis – an almost esoteric group of French artists which emerged near the end of the 19th century. Their primary sources of inspiration were, following in Baudelaire’s footsteps, remote in both space (Japanese art) and time (Medieval art). I shall attempt to analyse the manner in which several artists of this group use the medieval ambivalence of the forest in their paintings, as well as try to determine whether any major semantic shifts ensue in their treatment of this widespread imaginary topos. The paper’s main thesis is that this ambivalence is adapted to the intrinsic modernist tension between a feeling of despair, coupled with the anxiety of being faced with the positivist, essentially rationalistic explanation of existence, and an enormous desire to transform the world, so that it no longer opposes the Self.

"Erhebt das Banner des Nationalismus!"

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 40/1954

text 1: "Für dauerhaften Frieden, für Volksdemokratie!", Bucarest, 1954-16-25 ("Nein, die Eposche souveränder Staaten ist nicht vorbei") by Georges Cogniot, member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of France text 2: "Leipziger Volkszeitung", 1954-08-22, ("Für eine humanistische Kultur) text 3: "Corriere della Sera", Milano, 1954-07-09 ("Nel consiglio della Valle d'Aosta") by Egisto Corradi text 4: "The Manchester Guardian", 1954-08-13, ("Cyprus under Britain - Origins of Enosis' Campaign" Dossier of texts concerning the question whether or not national sovereignty remains a feasible model for statehood and politics in modern times

"Flexibe Response" oder Kernwaffeneinsatz?

Author(s): Charles Ailleret / Language(s): German / Issue: 09+10/1965

originally published in: ZESZYTY TEORETYCZNO-POLITYCZNE, Warsaw, Nr. 3, 1965 ("Zwei Stellungnahmen zur Strategie: 1. Die Nukleare Strategie Frankreichs")

"Gaza Strip" - a Unique political area

Author(s): Gideon Biger / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

Gaza Strip, a small area located in the South East shore of the Mediterranean sea in a unique political territorial entity which fro time to time catch the headline as rockets are sent from it to Israel and Israel retaliating by army force. It is part of the non - independence Palestinian Authority, not recognized as a separated area by no-one, behave independently toward the world. It was created by a series of political agreements, military activities, citizen wars, United Nation resolutions and agreements, more the 10 times during the last 100 years, and its future is still to be seen.

"Hammer Tarihi"nin Türkçeye Çeviri Teşebbüsleri ve Çevirisi Üzerine

Author(s): Tuğba İsmailoğlu Kacır / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2016

This article reviews the writing and translating processes of famous book "History of the Ottoman Empire" of Austrian Baron Joseph Hammer-Purgstall, who is one of the most important orientalists in the German speaking area. Although this work had been translated immediately after the publication into several European languages, since the 1830s, could only be translated into Turkish just in part in the early 20th century. Even though the process of the translation of "Hammer History" into Turkish language targeted at the period of Sultan Mahmud II., the first serious translation was published between the years of 1911-18 by Mehmed Ata. Ata’s translation serve as a basis for all following translations. However, while Ata had translated the book instead of German language, through its French translation and all subsequent translations followed the same path, the turkish "Hammer History" has significant differences according to the original work. Whereas through translation to translate is already problematic, huge destructions and falsifications due to French translator Hellert’s disloyalty to Hammer’s book has been transferred to Turkish. In Turkey this unfortunate misguidance is caused to misidentification of "Hammer History" and attribution of Hellert’s personal additions and interventions to Hammer. In this article has been stated the writing and translating processes of Hammer-Purgstall’s "History of the Ottoman Empire" and the problems of translations with the help of Hammers personal memory, which is in the Archive of Austrian Academy of Sciences, the documents of Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, Hammer’s works and different translations of "History of the Ottoman Empire" and also secondary literature.

"Ich weiß, daß ich Bulgarien liebe" - ein Interview mit Dr. Istvan Lenard Madjar (Ungarn)

Author(s): Antoaneta Zapryanova / Language(s): German / Issue: 4/1995

"Irrwege in unserer Geschichte?". Zwei ausländische Historiker kommentieren Friedrich Meineckes Aufsatz

Author(s): G. Barraclough,Hajo Holborn / Language(s): German / Issue: 017/1950

"Itt van a` legvégső óltára Pallásnak"

Az Erdélyi Kéziratkiadó Társaság és az Erdélyi Magyar Nyelvmívelő Társaság története

Author(s): Péter Dávid / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2013

This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets.At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. This work shows how the 18th century scientific societies were established in Transylvania. Furthermore, it deals with the aims, the works, the ideology and the texts written by these societies. My thesis introduces how it was possible in Transylvania to find this type of societies with the support of the then-governor of Transylvania, György Bánffy. These institutions had the chance to be self-led, which was very strange at that time, given that there weren’t any similar institutions in Hungary.The first chapter of my thesis deals with the political situation of Transylvania in the 1790s and also with the diets that gathered at that time. The reason for this is that these diets bring forward the main issues of the whole Transylvanian society providing the context for the scientific societies’ purpose. This part of the dissertation highlights some political questions which were negotiated in the diet. Later these issues gave topics to the Manuscript Publishing Society and the Language Protective Society as well. One of the crucial questions is the relations of Transylvania with Hungary and Austria. There were some opinions at the diet of 1790–91 – using the chaotic situation after the death of Joseph II – which reinterpreted the relations between Vienna and Buda, Vienna and Cluj and also Buda and Cluj. A part of the thesis aims at analysing the relationship between the three countries based on some Transylvanian leaflets. At the 1790s diets there were both innovative and conservative ideas. The conservative ideas came from the Szeklers and the Saxons who were against paying taxes and joining the military. They also wanted to have their old privileges restored.This was the period when the Romanians first appeared on the Transylvanian political stage. They handed in the Supplex Libellus Valachorum which required privileges for the Romanian nation also referring to their ancient rights. The Supplex Libellus Valachorum would have given wider political rights and religious freedom to the Romanians if it had been accepted. Unlike the Romanians, the Armenians were successful. The cities of Szamosújvár and Ebesfalva handed in a petition to the diet to give them the right of becoming free royal cities. The question of nationalities inside Transylvania was a crucial problem outside the diets as well. Famous Transylvanian historians and the members of the Language Protective Society will work on this topic.From the reports of the diets, leaflets, petitions and private letters emerges a very colourful Transylvania, with several religious cults, nationalities and political ideologies. Among these, Governor György Bánffy, tried to create a “unified Transylvania”. Bánffy’s idea is based on the Transylvanian traditions and laws. That is why Bánffy’s programme became Transylvania’s official ideology. The main argument for his theory is that it may have succeded in controlling the contrasts between the multiple nationalities and religions. Bánffy’s aim is to reach peace among the nationalities by trying to reach a network of compromises. The scientific institutions, which are supported by Bánffy, will use the same ideology in their texts. The second chapter of my dissertation deals with the Manuscript PublishingSociety. It follows the tradition of those treatises which have been written about this topic earlier. It centers on the description of the structure and the aims of the institution. This chapter has two significant results. On one hand, it interprets manuscripts which have never been analysed before. On the other hand, it deals with the paratexts of Schesaeus-epic, published by the society. From these texts we can extract elements of the “unified Transylvania” ideology.The third chapter is about the Transylvanian Language Protective Society. I start the description with the analysis of György Aranka’s leaflets and the problem of the Hungarian official language. Based on these leaflets we can discover the main aim of the society: to develop the Hungarian language and to make its use possible in both political and legal communication. Moreover, its objective was to spread it among the different nationalities that live in the country. The chapter also figures out why the researchers and politicians considered this theory possible. This chapter describes the structure of the society, the changes it went through and its most important members. It differentiates the institutions, firstly from a circle of friends who gathered in 1803, secondly, from a scientific society which was founded and supported by Farkas Cserey in 1806. And thirdly, it intends to separate the Language Protective Society from the group which gathered in 1818, leaded by Gábor Döbrentei. This segment studies the Aranka-correspondence as the primary source for revealing the relationship among the members of the society.In addition, it analyses the reports of the societies in order to discover the facts that caused some changes in the structure of the institution, dividing its work into six periods. This chapter also analyses the “colourful” publication of the institution called The First Work of the Hungarian Language Protective Society. The aim of this book was to show that Hungarian language is appropriate for assembling several types of writing (e.g.: review, comical poems or odes).With the help of new sources, my paper tries to explain the reasons which led to the end of the Language Protective Society’s work in 1801. The last chapter of the thesis is about two texts in which the members of the Language Protective Society were extremely interested. These texts are the following: the Szekler Chronicle of Csík and a description of Transylvania which used the Szekler Chronicle of Csík. This description was compiled as a response against August Ludwig Schlözer’s Kritische Sammlungen. From the analysis of these works it turns out that the Language Protective Society also followed the theory of the “unified Transylvania” and tried to create representative documents that show the Hungarian as an appropriate language for legal, political or scientific communication. The description of Transylvania, which was written for thise purpose, defines the situation of the Hungarian, Szeklers and Saxon nationalities on the basis of traditional historical view. Using the Szekler Chronicle of Csík it considers the Szeklers to be the aboriginals of Transylvania who even helped the Hungarians to find their new homeland in the 890s. Another innovation of this description is that it also regards the Romanian nationality as residents of Transylvania.In the last part of the third chapter readers can get acquainted with the societies which were formed later and which tried to pose as successors of the Language Protective Society. Although these societies and their texts were created on the basis of other political ideologies, they aimed to inherit the support and the collection of their predecessor. They wanted to define themselves as the pursuers of the work of the late 18th century society. However, they wanted to hide the idea of the “unified Transylvania” which was very significant in the life of the Language Protective Society.

"Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ između mita i zaborava", Chiara Bonfiglioli... [et al.]

Prikaz

Author(s): Amela Hadžajlić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2018

Review of: "Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ između mita i zaborava", Chiara Bonfiglioli... [et al.], Sarajevo: Udruženje za kulturu i umjetnost: CRVENA, 2016, 199 str.

"Já jsem nikdy nebyl moc odvážný člověk, ale někdy jsem tu svoji zbabělost překonal"

Bedřich Loewenstein v rozhovoru s Kateřinou Čapkovou

Author(s): Kateřina Čapková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 1-2/2018

The conversation between Bedřich Loewenstein and historian Kateřina Čapková, who prepared it for publication, took place in July 2013 in Berlin. In the interview, Loewenstein is talking about his Czech-German-Jewish family roots, recalls his difficult childhood with his mother in the German-occupied Prague, war time emigration of his father and brothers, or studies at the Faculty of Arts and History of the Charles University and the conflict resulting in his expulsion, his work at the Institute of History of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and his dismissal in the early 1970s, his employment at the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, which he made use of to facilitate transfers of sensitive documents between local dissidents and Czechoslovak exiles. He also touches upon his intellectual inspirations at the time when he was a teenager, or the morally questionable behavior of some of his colleagues among Czech historians.

"Je treba byť sústavný a mať snahu uzatvárať veci, dokončovať ich.“ Rozhovor s archeológom Bořivojom Nechvátalom

Author(s): Michal Holeščák,Jaroslav Nemeš / Language(s): Slovak,Czech / Issue: 1/2018

Bořivoj Nechvátal, PhDr., CSc., Emeritus Scientist, was born 4. January 1935 in Berlin, where his father held a position at an embassy as an employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. When the occupation of the Czech Republic began in 1939, his family moved to Prague. From 1953 till 1958, he studied History and Prehistory at the Charles University. Since completing his studies in 1958 he has worked for the Archaeological Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (now AS CR). He was involved in the research of medieval glass, tiles, castles, early medieval burials and, above all, comprehensive exploration of Vyšehrad castle. From 2001 he has lectured at the West Bohemian University in Pilsen, and he was in charge of the course in medieval archaeology of Prague. In 1992, in cooperation with the Royal Collegiate Chap. of Peter and Paul, he founded proceedings Kráľovský Vyšehrad, which has, since its inception, presented 80 articles and studies concerned with history of Vyšehrad castle. He published 270 articles and studies within the field of his specialization in Slavic and Medieval archaeology (some of them were of monographic character). His works were published, for example, in Austria, France, USA, Germany and Ukraine.

"Junge Garde" kritisch verjüngt

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 13/1952

Originally published in: "Literaturnaja Gaseta" , Moskau, 22. Dezember 1951 (Original title: Molodaja Gwardija (Die junge Garde))

"Klerikalismus" und Religion in Jugoslawien

Author(s): M. S. Handler / Language(s): German / Issue: 09/1952

Originally published in: "The New York Times", New York, 10. Februar 1952 (Original title: Slovenias Church undergoes attack (Vorgehen gegen slowenische Kirche))

"La buona figliuola" Carla Goldoniego a "Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka" Wojciecha Bogusławskiego

Author(s): Edyta Grzywaczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2015

„La buona figliuola” („The Accomplish’d Maid”) is an opera buffa in three acts by Niccolò Piccinni and Carlo Goldoni. The librettist based his text on Samuel Richardson’s novel „Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded”. It was performed for the first time at the Teatro delle Dame, Rome on 6th February 1760 with an all male cast. It was a big success and „La buona figliuola” took Europe by storm. Every European opera house had this opera in its repertoire. The performances were in: Barcelona, Prague, Vien, Dresden, London, Berlin, Mannheim and Paris. This opera was probably performed even in Beijing by Jesuits in 1778. „La buona figliuola” was so popular in Europe that Stanisław August Poniatowski, the King of Poland, wished it for his coronation ceremony. The performance took place at the National Theatre on 7th August 1765, just five years after the world premiere. This opera was also very popular in Warsaw. People loved the story of a simple and good maid Cecchina. Seventeen years later, Wojciech Bogusławski, the director of the National Theater, translated and adapted Goldoni’s opera and named it „Czekina albo cnotliwa panienka” („Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”). He performed it in 1782 with big success. First of all, the article describes the historical context of the creation of libretto – the Carlo Goldoni’s biography. Next, it presents the story of maid Cecchina and the phenomenon of the description of the Polish theories of translation from the 18th century, the Polish version of the opera – „Czekina or a Virtuous Maid”, is presented. Finally, two versions of the libretto – the Goldoni’s and the Bogusławski’s, are compared.

"La revolution nationale" du maréchal Pétain dans les documents diplomatiques bulgares (le 17 juin 1940 - le 11 novembre 1942)

Author(s): Hristo Milkov / Language(s): French / Issue: 4/1995