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Hajnáczky Tamás (szerk.): Magyar Cigányzenészek Országos Egyesülete. Cigányzenészek harca a két világháború közötti Magyarországon. Gondolat Kiadó: Budapest, 2019. 354 oldal
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Рисунката на един кораб като инструмент за датиране на стария погребален параклис на манастира Пантократор, Света гора
Raised on an older building, the mid-14th century Pantokrator monastery, founded by two brothers Byzantine aristocrats, was extended in 15th – 16th century in expenses of Romanian donors. Dedicated to St Athanasius the Athonite, the old cemetery chapel is a modestly sized two-room building located out of the monastery. Several 11th – 12th century marble constructive and decorative members are embedded in the masonry, while on the interior wall, over the entrance, a 16th century sailboat pencil sketch is dating in the same period the last important constructive phase of the narthex’ pavement.
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Hermann Gusztáv Mihály: O scurtã istorie a secuilor. Curtea Veche, Buc., 2020.
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Horses and Native Peoples in the Backlands of Colonial Brazil
This article brings together and analyzes several historical sources to argue that an equestrian culture or horse nation emerged (albeit briefly) among certain indigenous groups known as Tapuya in the sertão badlands of northeastern Brazil. Based on Portuguese and Dutch accounts from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, I suggest that while the expansion of cattle ranching in this region was certainly marked by violence and brutality, this movement also permitted Amerindian peoples to make various connections and carry out a number of new activities including incorporating the horse and technologies associated with raising and riding horses, and to use these resources in pursuing indigenous social, economic and political goals.
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Our perception of the past is concurrent with humanity because who we are and where we come from has always been a topic of interest for all people throughout history, thus we can not create a “one sentence” definition to the subject. What does the historian do? What is his/her mission? What is the object of her profession? How can he improve himself at his job? It is much easier to practice it than to define it. Of course, in my introductory chapter, I tried to summarize the most important general definitions of the work of a historian. In the next chapter, I focus on the circumstances of the development of historiography, e.g. first quasi historical writing, the Homeric epics. Then I concentrate on the works of Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon. This gives us an insight into the evolution of antique historical thinking. In the last part of my work I am discussing Roman historiography.
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A Tüköry-kastél y Diósszentpálon. Tervezték, Különlenyomat a „Magyar Mérnök – és Építész Egylet Közlönyé“-ből, XXXIX, Bpest, 1905., 501.-505.
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Ancient mega constructions are always a bright,unusual and somehow even mysterious phenomenon that stands aside from other ordinary manifestations. In Eastern Europe, on the territory ofthe Ukrainian forest-steppe region, this phenomenon included giant hillforts of the Scythian period with the internal area from 70 to more than5000 hectares. Undoubtedly, the genesis of thehuge constructions was caused by certain historical collisions; however, their clues involve currently much guesswork. But a scholar might offerhis own explanatory models with reference to thisphenomenon. And this is the essence of archaeological science. It should be noted that the concept“mega” is essentially an abstract term. One shouldraise a question: “mega” compared to what?“Mega” with regards to the fortifications of thepreceding periods erected on this particular territory before the emergence of the phenomenon instudy? This same approach should be applied atthe comparison to the fortified settlements datedto later periods.
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The scientific development in the USSR has come a long way. Despite all the obstacles posed during its formation and development, it has reached a reasonably high level by the mid-1980s. This achievement was mainly in the natural and technical sciences. The progress was determined by the USSR’s desire to keep the palm in space exploration, nuclear physics, petrochemistry, and other sciences of strategic importance for the country’s development. In these areas, contacts were established with world scientific centers and exchange of scientific achievements took place. As a result, Soviet scientists became winners of prestigious international awards, including the Nobel Prizes. As for the humanities and especially the social sciences, the dominance of Marxist-Leninist ideology and the corresponding interpretation of historical events significantly affected the development of Soviet sciences and reaching the world level quality. Until the mid-1990s, political history as an area of science of history, practically, did not exist. The “History of the CPSU” and the “History of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan” virtually monopolized the multifaceted nature of political themes, reducing it to the apologetics of the party history. Everything changed with the beginning of ‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’ (the officially announced publicity policy). As a result, the previously unknown pages of the past of the country and national republics became public. Almost every day, there were sensational publications of various authors published by popular magazines and newspapers, which also printed previously classified documents from historical archives. Traditional historical researchers and academicians were in shock. It was not easy for historians to abandon the 70-year-old account of history tied to ideological dogmas; the crisis associated with the loss of orientation was overcome with great difficulty and mainly by young historians. In the late 1980s, foreign historians, who studied the history of Azerbaijan, began visiting the country. Until that time, their existence was known only to a narrow circle of historians, who worked with foreign literature in specialized repositories of local and central libraries. For the first time, Azerbaijani historians left the USSR in 1990, when a conference was held at the University of London on the history of the South Caucasus. The event was attended by historians from Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia, as well as the so-called Sovietologists - scientists from Great Britain, the USA, and France. It is symbolic that in the same year in Moscow the last all-Union conference on political history was held. The event was attended by scientists from the Soviet republics, which declared independence the following year.
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ACHAEMENIDO-THRACICA: ATTEMPTS AT POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL (ca. 515-466 BC)
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The acclamations were an important and defining part of the Byzantine court ceremony. A poetic-musical species, they were permanently present around the emperor, highlighting his authority and superiority over others, but also the divine source of his power, as he was considered to be the messenger and later the anointed of God. In both his political and spiritual capacity as leader, the basileus was congratulated during each public appearance by chanting these acclamations, with a rich theological meaning, not only by the members of political factions – the most important being the “Greens” and the “Blues”– but also by the people, the one who represents the collective character in the context of these manifestations. The acclamations were also a way of communicating and expressing support or even disapproval of the masses towards the policy pursued by the sovereign or towards any other aspect of public interest. Regarding the Romanian Principalities, although much diminished in importance and symbolism compared to the Byzantine ones, the acclamations had rather a key role during the ceremony at the princely court. On the Romanian territory, they can be found most frequently in the context of the ceremonial enthronement of one of the two countries, as this was the most representative moment in the life of a ruler, as well as the most important opportunity to manifest and highlight his power.
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The XIX-XX centuries Georgia remembers many rich and influential merchants.They were not only good businessmen but also philanthropists and patrons. The name of Akaki Khoshtaria is associated with the production and transportation of petroleum products in the South Caucasus, the production of mechanical and agricultural machinery, the production of soap and oil. Akaki Khoshtaria's main industrial-commercial arena was Persia. The Persian government authorized A. Khoshtaria to drill oilfields by bore-holes in five northern provinces of Iran, West and East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Khorasan on the basis of a concession. Here Akaki Khoshtaria built an electron-operated factory, had many workshops, owned a monopoly on soap production, fish farms, traded by wool, here he built a special railway (the first railway in Iran), founded a transport company and was the first to import automobiles to Iran. The name of Akaki Khoshtaria is less known to the modern society. The twentieth century erased everything about him, only information, told by other people are remained, which determined the purpose of our research. The theoretical and practical significance of the article is determined by the relevance of the issues under study, it is the theoretical significance that determined the main direction of the study -the identification of Akaki Khoshtaria as separate aspects of entrepreneurial activity. As for practical significance, it is obvious that the life and work of this entrepreneur is valuable even at the present stage.
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For the Roman author Claudius Aelianus (Aelian, ca. 175–235 CE), intercourse is not a simple issue for animals. In his book On Animals, Aelian introduces the tortoise as follows: “Tortoises are the most lustful land animals but the males only, the females do not willingly mate.” Luckily, nature offers a solution to this dilemma. Male tortoises, Aelian states, use a plant to stimulate an appetite for sex in reluctant female tortoises. Christopher Faraone, in a sophisticated analysis of the anecdote, considers it evidence of “love magic.” He connects the anecdote with much earlier Greek rites via their standard classification in this category. Ancient Greek love magic includes agape-inducing formulas/rites used by men to turn women into passionate lovers and philia-inducing formulas/rites used by women to attract men. The category “love magic” is widely used to evaluate and classify rites, adopted recently by Radcliffe Edmonds. Evidence includes the use of lead tablets with cursing formula (fourth century B.C.E.), rites related to intercourse or sexuality found in the Greek papyri (first-fourth centuries C.E.), and numerous Greek and Roman literary anecdotes about goddesses or women who poison or attempt to poison men for marital or love interests.
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Review of: Aelita Ambrulevičiūtė, Tatjana Voronič, Darius Žiemelis. Modernėjantys Vilnius, Kaunas, Gardinas: miestų plėtra ir sanitarinės infrastruktūros pokyčiai 1870–1914 metais. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2019
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The social poster of the Soviet period was one of the main tools for influencing public opinion, an effective means of communication, reflecting significant problems of society. The process of creating posters was very complicated, requiring the work of a large number of specialists: artists, writers, poets, journalists. There was a special commission to control the process of creating social posters. The post-war social poster is characterized by great expressiveness, colorfulness, poignancy, sometimes even aggressiveness, laconic text and a thought-provoking image that is quickly perceived and clearly conveys the meaning of the message. The highest quality paper was used to print these posters, so they could last a long time even in outdoor conditions. Paints for images and text were also selected very carefully. In general, the mission of the posters was to inform the population about the initiatives of the Soviet state, to form citizens’ attitudes to various problems, to create new social values. In this regard, the posters were diverse in theme and message, as well as format and design. However, most often they called for the development of agriculture, the fight against alcoholism and drug addiction, a healthy lifestyle, etc.
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The first part of this study briefly presents the campaign led by General Bonaparte in Italy between 1796–1797. The second part is dedicated to the campaign carried out by the same general in Egypt and Syria between 1798–1799. The events are exposed, in particular, from the perspective of the participation, in the two mentioned campaigns, of the writer Ioan Budai-Deleanu: besieged at Mantua and waiting for the help of the border guards of Năsăud in the first one and then a captain in the French army in the second one.
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