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The discussion on the concept of the sea as an open space (mare liberum) or closed space (mare clausum) within the context of the principles of modern international law formulated in the seventeenth century, constituted a continuation of the disputes lasting since ancient times. Grotius’ thought, ground-breaking in many ways, drew upon the accomplishment of the Spanish law school of the sixteenth-century. During the period when Spain was taking control over the Atlantic routes, the representatives of the school that followed the scholastic tradition attempted to establish the validity of the principle of the freedom of the seas. The argumentation of F. de Vitoria’s disciples was devoid of theological polemics and political motivation. F. Vázquez de Menchaca presented his view on the issue of the status of the seas, the navigation right, and also indirectly trade, in a treaty called Controversiarum illustrium aliarumque usu frequentium libri tres, first published in 1564. His conception, being the result of his extraordinary erudition and intellectual independence, is characterised by unique originality and rationalism. Referring to the concept of natural law and its inviolability, mainly the principle of the common good and the idea of the international community, the author laid the foundations for the utilitarian doctrine, later systematized by the Dutch philosopher.
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Having reached it’s strategic objectives (membership in EU and NATO), Lithuania encountered with the problem of trawl for a new societal development visions. That is why Lithuanian mentality, facing with such strong challenges, as EU-integration and globalization, is being in quest of national identity components “inventory” and reevaluation in the context of a new circumstances. In this regard sport, universally accepted as substantial component of national identity, becomes actual for knowledge. Unfortunately, in Lithuania by now academic writing on this subject astonish at its fragmentary nature and confine it mainly to the factography, while sport-minded individuals are professionally over engaged. Therefore preliminary research has shown, that sport, as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the field of interdisciplinary studies is non-existent in Lithuania. Considering what have been said, we may state decisively, that present article will be one of the first attempt to define and evaluate the role of sport in society and the sphere of politics in a more broadly way. It also will be the first attempt to search for roots of broadly entrenched stereotypes and assessments about involved subject.
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The study of small-town houses is not a very common topic among researchers. The analysis of the development of the historical house "Panský dom" (literally house of nobility) in the town of Týnec nad Labem has been highly informative. The aim of the article is to show the individual development phases of house construction according to research into material and written sources. Reconstructions, the building use, as well as individual structural changes can be analysed from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century.On the basis of the research performed, it can be stated that the use and purpose of the building changed with each new owner, related to his social status (suzerain house; inn; house of reeve and aristocratic officers; uninhabited; house of a noble with a regular income that led to the construction of a dance hall; semi-agrarian farmers; the transformation to an apartment building and hotel; bakery; etc.). The function of the courtyard also adapted to the desires of the new owner and the quality of life the residents changed accordingly. The quality of life of its residents illustrates the ability to exploit the potential for the house (including loft, farm buildings in the courtyard, etc.), to express the fashion and trends of the particular period. The vision of the owner, the structural possibilities and especially the methods of modification that embody the fashion of the particular period can be appropriately illustrated. Individual structural modifications describe the ambitions and situation of the owners.In this case, it is not a "great" history, but it is a study of the traces of life left in the house that surrounded its owners. At certain points, general history overlaps with the micro-history of "Panský dom" and together they influenced the form of house construction. The research identified several building phases and reconstructions when the modus operandi accurately corresponded with the social status of the owners. The informative value grows from the early periods to the later periods, in proportion with the number of written sources, as well as the material source – the house itself.
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text 1 from "LE MONDE", Paris, June 9, 1954 (original title: "Le parti communiste rajeunit ses cadres dirigeants") by Jacques Pauvet text 2 from "L'HUMANITÉ",Paris, June 5, 1954 ("Les travaux di 13e Congrès du Parti Communiste Français") text 3 from "L'HUMANITÉ",Paris, June 7, 1954 ("Le rapport sur les questions de la jeunesse presenté par François Billoux") text 4 from: "L'HUMANITÉ", Paris, June 8, 1954 ("Le Comité Central elu par le XIIIe Congrès")
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text 1 from MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, April 17, 1954 ("Mr.Pollitt's Comradely Hint to Mr. Bevan") text 2 from MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, June 1 and 3, 1954 ("Communists in the Colonies") text 3 from DAILY WORKER, London, April 20, 1954 ("Newly Elected")
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text 1 from: NEUE ZÜRCHER ZEITUNG, May 18 and 20, 1954 ("Richtungswechsel der österreichischen Kommunisten") text 2 from "ÖSTERREICHISCHE ZEITUNG", Vienna, May 14, 1954 ("Der Weg zur Erringung und Sicherung der Unabhängigkeit Österreichs")
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This article examines the role of the historical arratives and of the "politics of history" in the domestic politics of Ukraine. It compares the role of emotions within nationalistic and socialist ideological discourses about history. It gives an overview on different elements of national and regional identity in the country. It enquires mainly differences in self- identification, practical language use, pluralistic religious orientations, and media use. Some of the heterogeneities emerged in the past during industrialization of Soviet Ukraine. It suggests that differentiation is not objectively given but produced and exploited by political contestation for power. A main field of political polarization consists in the politics of history. It debates the outcomes of the laws on decommunization and the responsibility both of intellectuals and politicians for the nationalization politics. At the end the article stresses the possible alternative outcomes of history politics on the stability of the Ukraine as a nation state.
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The idea of founding a national history museum was often circulated in the period after 1948. There were even issued a series of laws, seeking to implement this idea. One of the problems that have prevented the establishment of the museum was the lack of adequate space. In this article we will sec how the authorities tried to solve the problem, the proposals they made and the solution finally reached.
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text 1: "Prawda", Moscow, 1956-05-07 ("Radio na službe sovetskogo naroda") text 2: „Sarja wostoka“, Tiflis, 1956-04-29 ("Ja kupil televizor") text 3: „Otetschestwen front“, Sofia, 1956-03-24 ("Iz Sŭvetskija Sŭjuz")
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The collection of Pius Hancke’s works includes numerous pieces written for the harp. Its outstanding repertoire and provenance distinguishes it from other monastic collections. The collection belonged to the monk who developed it during his whole life and carried it with him when changing places he lived in. Last 30 years of his life Pius Hancke spent in Dominican monastery in Nysa. Notes used during the liturgy (masses, litanies) certainly were used there and currently are the only testimony of the music culture of this monastery. Next to liturgical pieces Hancke’s collection includes a number of instrumental pieces for the harp with the accompaniment of other instruments and contrafacta of opera arias. The latter often include arrangements of harp parts, most probably made by Hancke himself. Scriptors’ names relate this collection to the unique manuscript containing Antonio Vivaldi’s Credo.
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The paper presents a case study of visits to World War I battlefield sites (monuments, sacred zones, cemeteries) on the Soča/Isonzo front. The focus is on acknowledging the motivations related to the construction of monuments and the role and interest of the Italian authorities when influencing and encouraging these visits. The paper will also attempt to determine the importance of this practice in the case of memorial sites at the Soča/Isonzo front. Additional issues addressed in the paper include how common visits to these sites were in the interwar period, who the primary visitors were and if and how this activity resonated in the tourism sector, and how tourism reflected the Italian national narrative in the contested border region.
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Originally published in: "Il Tempo", Rom, 3. April 1953 (Original title: Ed ora ripariamo l'aula del Senato (Der Sitzungssaal des Senats wird wieder instandgesetzt))
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Originally published in: "Prawda", Moskau, 7. Juli 1957 (Original title: Rec' tovarisca N. S. Chrusceva na mitinge kollektiva zavoda "Elektrosila") "Prawda", Moskau, 16. Juli 1957 (Original title: Miting na leningradskom zavode "Bol'sevik". Rec' Marsala Sovetskogo Sojuza G. K. Žukova)
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Originally published in: "Bulletin of the International Commission of Jurists", Den Haag, Dezember 1956 (Original title:The "Rule of Law" and "Socialist Legality" in the USSR)
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