Zbornik o Pavlu Anđeliću

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

U organizaciji Franjevačke teologije u Sarajevu održan je 14. i 15. listopada 2005. godine Međunarodni znanstveni skup posvećen uglednom arheologu i povjesničaru dr. Pavlu Anđeliću (1920-1985). Gotovo cijeli svoj radni vijek Anđelić je posvetio istraživanju bosanskoga srednjovjekovlja. Prvotno je studirao pravo, a po završetku studija radio kao kotarski sudac u zavičajnom Konjicu. Već za vrijeme sudačke službe počeo se zanimati za povijesno-kulturno nasljeđe. Po prelasku u Sarajevo (1956), ubrzo je, kao uposlenik Zemaljskoga muzeja, upisao studij povijesti i sasvim se okrenuo proučavanju prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Bavio se pitanjima arheologije od prethistorije do srednjega vijeka. U svojim se istraživanjima s posebnim interesom okrenuo srednjovjekovnim gradovima bosanskih vladara, te pitanjima arheološko-historijske topografije, sfragistike, heraldike, epigrafike i diplomatike. Sam je vodio iskopavanja na više arheoloških lokaliteta: grad Bobovac, vladarski dvori u Kraljevoj Sutjesci, crkva Sv. Marije u Jajcu, grad Blagaj kod Mostara, krunidbena i grobna crkva u Milima (Arnautovićima) kod Visokog. Zapaženi doprinosi rasvjetljavanju povijesti bosanskoga srednjovjekovlja, akribija u znanstvenom radu, utemeljenost i visoka pouzdanost rezultata istraživačkoga rada Pavla Anđelića, razlozi su koji su nas potaknuli da znanstvenim skupom obilježimo dvije njegove obljetnice: osamdeset pet godina od rođenja i dvadeset godina od smrti. Pritom smo se vodili i činjenicom da je on, kao franjevački đak, osam godina pohađao Franjevačku klasičnu gimnaziju u Visokom gdje je stekao klasičnu izobrazbu. Skup je inicirao Dubravko Lovrenović s ciljem da se njime oda ne samo počast uglednom znanstveniku, nego također svrati i pozornost na njegove znanstvene doprinose na polju arheologije i historiografije Bosne i Hercegovine. U Zborniku je sabrano i objavljeno ukupno devetnaest referata. Jedan dio njih bavi se Anđelićevim doprinosima na polju arheoloških istraživanja, a drugi dio zahvaća tematiku koja prostorno i vremenski ulazi u okvir njegova istraživačkoga područja.

20 godina od razbijanja SFRJ

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Serbian

Jedan vrhovni sud za BiH?

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian

Pitanje iz naslova bi se u svakoj evropskoj državi shvatilo kao lakrdijaška pravna dosjetka. U Bosni ono ne stvara reflekse osmijeha; pitanje je ozbiljno i prate ga dramatična upozorenja. Tema je unekoliko izlizana političkim parolama i medijskim eskponiranjem političkih pozicija. No, stručni krugovi (sudije, tužioci, advokati i državni službenici) i akademska zajednica (saradnici univerzitetskih insitucija i naučno-istraživačkih instituta) imaju jasno artikulirine stavove o ovom pitanju. Oni nisu apodiktičke prirode, nego počivaju na analizi pravnog ustrojstva BiH i iznalaze argumente u uporednom pravu, jursidikciji Ustavnog suda BiH i u pozitivnom ustavnom pravu.

"Нико не сме да вас бије" Слободан Милошевић у Косову Пољу 24-25. април 1987. Историја и мит

Author(s): Kosta Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian

“WE HAVE MET THE ENEMY AND HE IS US” - AN ANALYSIS OF NATO STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS: THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE FORCE (ISAF) IN AFGHANISTAN, 2003-2014.

Author(s): Brett Boudreau / Language(s): English

The 2003-2014 UN-mandated, NATO-led ISAF mission, which featured ground combat for the first time in the Alliance’s history, took a tremendous human and financial toll. By ISAF mission end, well over 1 million NATO troops and civilians had served in theatre along with hundreds of thousands of contractors. Reliable studies conservatively estimate the financial cost to be at least $1 trillion US dollars. Almost 3,500 troops under NATO command from 29 nations paid the ultimate price, and tens of thousands more suffered serious injury. Afghanistan has been a security-related point of discussion and a major part of Western military efforts for almost a fifth of NATO’s existence. By virtually any metric it is the longest, most complex, expensive, challenging and fractious operation in NATO’s history. As a result of the massive NATO and international effort – by any socioeconomic or human development index measure – Afghanistan in 2015 is a considerably better place as a result. That is hardly to say outcomes were optimal, or that NATO helped Afghan government forces decisively defeat the insurgency: they were not, and they did not. A commonly held view is that NATO also ‘lost’ the Afghanistan strategic communication campaign. This report is an effort to deduce what is NATO and ISAF’s score on that point, and if it did not ‘win’ outright then how did Strategic Communications (StratCom) perform? Within the political-military leadership and even within the communications community there are factions of passionate supporters for StratCom and just as many opponents. All seem to agree conceptually of the need for better coordination as long as they are the ‘coordinators’ and not the ‘coordinated’. Throughout ISAF’s duration these factions were often at odds and even as they clashed, the operating and information environment transformed. This should have led to a wholesale re-evaluation of optimal structure, process and capabilities: it did not. Still, as to be expected from the accumulated experience of continuous operations over 11-plus years of the NATO-led ISAF mission, some new capabilities were added that improved how NATO communicated with national domestic audiences including the Media Operations Centre and NATO TV. But the nub of the issues and the old debates – influence versus inform, the public affairs reporting relationship to the commander, measuring effect, how to better synchronise effort – are the same discussions as 5, 10 and even 15 years ago. The current impetus for reform has little to do with lessons learned during ISAF. It does however, have much to do with the Russia/Ukraine crisis. Given the contemporary security environment, the extent to which unsatisfactory campaign outcomes should be attributed to the communication effort is not an inconsequential subject. Today’s information environment bears little resemblance to what it was at the start of the ISAF mission in 2001, in large measure a result of widespread access to reliable Internet, the ubiquity of smart phones, and the global scope and penetration of social media. In the past decade we have transitioned from grasping the implications of the ‘strategic corporal’ to dealing with the operational consequences of the ‘strategic tweet’. Adversaries also became very capable at using new communication tools to their advantage. While it may be unlikely that the Alliance will fight another mission quite like ISAF, many observations can be drawn from ISAF about whether NATO communication-related policy, doctrine, structures and capabilities are fit for purpose in future campaigns. This report offers 12 recommendations where effort and resources might be applied to achieve more favourable outcomes. A North Atlantic Council-approved policy in August 2009 defines NATO StratCom as “the coordinated and appropriate use of NATO communications activities and capabilities ... in support of Alliance policies, operations and activities, and in order to advance NATO’s aims.” Still, the actions and practice during ISAF demonstrate that NATO aspires to achieve more for its strategic communications investment, and that it is increasingly about understanding the desired effect or behavioural change required to shape what to do, say, show and signal to inform, persuade or influence audiences in support of specific objectives. NATO HQs had two strategic communications campaigns to fight during the ISAF operation, the first being for the support of domestic audiences of the 51 troop contributing nations and international audiences. Given the policy hand it was dealt, the manner in which the operation was executed for the better part of a decade, the high operational tempo at NATO and zero nominal growth (thus, downsizing) forced on it by nations, the Alliance communication effort did considerably better than it is given credit for, in particular at NATO HQ in Brussels and Allied Command Operations, and for stretches of time at ISAF. This is a finding that may strike many as counter-intuitive. The second campaign was the operational battle for the contested population and against malign actors including the Taliban. If success is measured against information policy aims: “...create desired effects on the will, understanding and capability of adversaries and potential adversaries” (Information Operations); “to influence perceptions, attitudes and behaviour, affecting the achievement of political and military objectives” (Psychological Operations); and “to inform, persuade, or influence audiences in support of NATO aims and objectives” (StratCom), then the outcomes are decidedly more mixed, if not a failure. A detailed assessment of capability and performance in this report supports the argument that ISAF was a case of a fundamentally flawed political/ command structure that was by its structural nature incapable of devising and directing a unified political-military campaign. The international community brought a sense of hubris to that shattered country which had virtually no licit economy or capacity for effective governance. It set unreasonable objectives, looked for short-term metrics of success, and wholly underresourced the mission for almost 10 years. The strategy often changed, or was confused, or was conflicted. It took few Afghan views into account. No answer could be found to effectively deal with the vexing question of Pakistan where insurgent forces found sanctuary. NATO then proceeded to break or subsume most of the principles of war, foremost being ‘selection and maintenance of the aim’, ‘unity of effort’ and ‘unity of command’. But how fair is that considering Afghanistan was a major international endeavour, that the NATO mission has lasted this long and will continue for the foreseeable future albeit in different form, that support in the country for international forces remains high, and that troop contributing nations have not endured major political recriminations from their populations? Taking a long view, the ISAF communications effort cannot have been a failure. The magnitude of collective effort by NATO nations over that period of time is a considerable expression of Alliance will and stamina. From the political-military centre of gravity perspective of “maintaining the solidarity, cohesion and credibility of the Alliance”, this alone points to a strategic success broadly speaking. This report finds that improved StratCom did not, and does not, temper the effects of bad policy and poor operational execution. In the end, strategic communications outcomes weren’t nearly what they could have been but were considerably better than critics suggest. Where policy and operations were well connected and showed results, StratCom amplified that effect. Where policy and operations were weak, negative outcomes could be mitigated but not overcome. Improving strategic communication effects needs to start with better policy, greater understanding of audiences including motivations, conducting operations following established and successful military principles, and skilled practitioners. In that respect, the weakest link in the Alliance communication effort at strategic, operational and tactical levels was the profound lack of trained, expeditionary communication- and information-related military capability in almost all NATO member nations (excepting the U.S., and perhaps Germany). For NATO to be more effective, nations need to professionalise their approach to communications by abandoning the model of employing ‘willing general service officers eager to learn on the job’ to one that is firmly based on ‘qualified, trained and experienced practitioners in all disciplines at each rank level’. ISAF served as a forcing function for incremental albeit important improvements to NATO communication-related policy, capability and capacity aggregated over more than a decade of continuous operations. However, the transformation of the information environment happened much faster than NATO HQs and member nations were able to evolve their communications-related mindset, structures, capabilities and outputs. The real catalyst for the current effort to make substantive reforms has been Russia’s attack on Ukraine. In this regard the Wales Summit Hybrid Warfare initiatives identified a series of actions that if implemented would be a major upgrade to the Alliance’s ability to compete in the new information environment.

СРБИ У КАЛИФОРНИЈИ - Обредно-религијска пракса и етницитет верника српских православних парохија у Калифорнији

Author(s): Gordana Blagojević / Language(s): Serbian

Ова књига представља прилагођен и делимично измењен текст магистарског рада Обредно-релишјска пракса и етницитет верника српских православних парохија у Калифорнији, одбрањеног у децембру 2002. године на Одељењу за етнологију и антропологију Филозофског факултета Универзитета у Београду. Рад је настао као део пројекта Етнографског института САНУ број 2157: Традиционална култура Срба — системи представа, обреда и социјалних институција, који финансира Министарство за науку и технологију Републике Србије. Желела бих да се захвалим овом министарству чији сам стипендиста била током постдипломских студија, као и Министарству културе које је финансирало моје путне тропжове до Лос Анђелеса. Захваљујем се свим колегама у Етнографском институту САНУ чијим сам се искуством користила приликом израде рада. Најсрдачније се захваљујем мојим рецензентима академику Димитрију Стефановићу, др Душану Дрљачи, др Младени Прелић на корисним саветима и сугестијама, као и ментору проф. др Бранку Ћупурдији. Посебну благодарност дугујем епископу шумадијском господину Јовану, који је током мог боравка у Калифорнији у јесен 2000. године био владика западноамерички и који ми је дао дозволу за истраживање у његовој епархији. Желим да се захвалим и свештенству западноамеричке епархије које ми је помогло да прикупим материјал за израду овог рада, посебно јерејима Блашку Параклису из Оринџ Каун-тија, Петру Јовановићу из Сан Габријела, Марку Матићу из Сан Франциска и његовој супрузи Весни, као и свим испитаницима - људима добре воље који су учествовали у истраживању и допринели стварању ове књиге. Дугујем посебну захвалност др Андреју Симићу, професору антропологије на Универзитету Јужне Калифорније у Лос Анђелесу и проф. др Димитрију Ђорђевићу, са Универзитета у Санта Барбари (Калифорнија), члану САНУ. Највећу захвалност дугујем мојој сестри Татјани и њеном супругу Зорану Миловановић, који су сносили све трошкове мог боравка и истраживања у Америци - без њихове љубави и разумевања реализација овог подухвата била би немогућа. Истинску и усрдну подршку и у овом послу пружили су ми моји родитељи, којима неизмерно благодарим на помоћи и стрпљењу.

Срби у Чикагу - Проблем етничког идентитета

Author(s): Mirjana Pavlović / Language(s): Serbian

Since in our opinion ethnic identity is an important problem in the study of the complex issues of assimilation and ethnicity, we have tried to determine to what extent and why the Serbian emigrants in Chicago have preserved their ethnic identity and what have been the forms and factors of its manifestation in the multinational environment of Chicago. As little attention has been paid to this problem so far, we collected the most important data during the field research by combining participatory observation, interviewing and casual conversation, although we also used all the available literature, statistical sources (census, etc.) and the emigrants’ publications (newspapers, commemorative volumes, calendars, bulletins, etc.). The Serbian emigrations to Chicago have had all the characteristics of the emigrations of other Yugoslav nations to America. They began at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and they have been taking place with changing intensity ever since. Therefore this paper covers three generations of Serbian emigrants. There have been three waves of emigration, differing in the region, time and cause of emigration and the socioeconomic characteristics of the emigrants. The first-wave emigrants had come to Chicago until World War Two for economic reasons, and they were mostly from Lika, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro; only at the end of this and in the subsequent waves was there a large number of emigrants from Serbia. Most of them under-educated or even illiterate and without knowledge of the English language, they usually found employment as factory workers or poorly paid laborers. The second wave consisted of emigrants who came after World War Two, mostly until 1960, as political emigres or displaced persons. The third wave, consisting of economic emigrants, began in 1960 and is not yet over. The socioeconomic status of the emigrants of the last two waves has been much more favorable because of a greater share of skilled workers. (The third wave has also been characterized by a much higher proportion of highly Skilled workers.) Since now they are coming to Chicago with professional experience, as soon as they learn the language, they begin to advance. On coming to Chicago, the first emigrants were faced with a new environment whose language, customs and habits were something altogether new to them. Besides, their adaptation to the new conditions of life was often accompanied by intolerance on the part of the members of groups which had emigrated earlier and by the unhospitability of American society. Therefore the old emigrants founded their colonies and institutions (parishes, relief societies, Serbian schools, choirs, e ts ...) in poor districts of the city. The emigrants of the subsequent waves, especially the third, usually settled in colonies whose breakup began at the time of their coming to Chicago, but they remained active in the old emigrant organizations or founded new ones, more suited to their needs. The emigrants’ families and organizations have formed an emigrant community, to an extent isolated from the rest of American society, in which our emigrants are still largely leading their private and public lives. Different times of emigration and differences in the socioeconomic status of the emigrants and generations have reflected on the status of their descendants in American society, and still more on the preservation of their ethnic identity, so that the members of the second generation can be divided into two types: the first type includes the descendants of the first-wave emigrants; and the second type, the post-World War Two emigrants. As a satisfactory definition of ethnic identity must include both its subjective and objective aspects and also have a symbolic character, in this paper we shall take ethnic identity to denote group identity which the members of a group form on the basis of a series of symbolic notions about their common characteristics, and/or which is formed by others who identify them as members of a group on the basis of these notions. Ethnic identity is formed and manifested through a series of ethnic symbols. Their basic function is to express the Serbian communal spirit. In addition to this marking role, they also have a differentiating role.. They separate our emigrants from the majority of the American population, which includes not only the white Anglo-Saxon Protestants but also all other ethnic groups in the city. We have grouped the ethnic symbols into two large symbolic systems: the verbal (language and personal and family names) and the nonverbal (religion, music, food and decorative objects). We have analyzed each of these symbols separately, with an intention of showing how it is used and how it changes and functions in the lives of the emigrants of different generations, waves and types. The first generation has, as expected, preserved its ethnic characteristics and is manifesting them more or less visibly both in the emigrant community and in American society at large. The second generation has lost some of the ethnic symbols, such as language, which has led some researchers to conclude that the second and, especially, the third generations have been largely assimilated. Ethnic identity, however, is based on a number of ethnic symbols, and loss of one of them does not entail loss of ethnic identify because its function can be taken over by other symbols. The later generations of Serbs in Chicago are cherishing symbols of their ethnic identity best suited to their needs and the conditions of their life (mostly nonverbal symbols). Apart from generational affiliation, the preservation of ethnic identity is affected by a series of other factors. On the one hand, there are emigrant-community factors (type of migration, type of colony, participation in ethnic organizations), which along with the contact with the homeland are contributing to the preservation of ethnic identity. On the other hand, American-society factors (naturalization, immigration policy, school system, social mobility) are contributing to the disappearance of ethnic identity. The opposite effects of the emigrant community and American society are giving rise, especially among the members of the second generation, to dual identity, which is symbolically manifested in the cherishing of both Serbian and American symbols, even simultaneously. The third generation, however, is characterized by an increased interest in the elements of the traditional culture of their ancestors. This is a generation most affected by the cultural pluralism and ethnic revival movement of the 1970s. Today the activities of various ethnic organizations in Chicago already cover the fourth and fifth generations of our emigrants, so that it is very likely that, although now being school-age children, they will preserve other ethnic characteristics besides the awareness of their ethnic origin. The emigration of Serbs to Chicago still continues, contributing to the constant revival of Serbian ethnic elements. Therefore we can assume that the Serbian ethnic group in Chicago will not completely disappear in the foreseeable future and that lit will preserve ethnic characteristics best suited to the needs of the emigrants and the conditions of the life in the multi-ethnic environment of Chicago.

Становништво Прокупља

Author(s): Vujadin Rudić / Language(s): Serbian

Geographical position of Prokuplje varied, depending on the importance of the region in a particular historic period. At the time of the Roman Empire Prokuplje was situated on the road connecting Lješ and Niš. A fortress (castellum) manned with soldiers securing peace and order, and protecting transportation of commodities and armies in the area was arected on the nearby hill Hisar. During the Turkish reign Prokuplje was again located on the important communication way between Dubrovnik and Istanbul, and this is the reason why between Dubrovnik and Istanbul, and this is the reason why some of the most significant Dubrovnik colonies were concentrated in Prokuplje and in Novi Pazar. Once the railways Doljevac-Prokuplje in 1925 and Prokuplje-Kuršumlija-Priština in 1948 were constructed its position continued to gain in importance. It should be added that a motor road connecting Niš and Pristina passes through Prokuplje and that Prokuplje and the adjacent towns are all connected ba a network of modem roads. Its favorable geographical position has had a definite impact on its demographic development. Archeological investigations in the region confirm that it was populated already in the prehistoric times. Its first inhabitants were members of the Illyrian tribe Dardanians followed by the Celtic tribe Scordisci. At the time of the Roman conquest severe battles were fought with the Celtic inhabitants and those who remained were resettled in Pannonia. Slavic settling in the area was completed by the seventh century. Serbs remained to live there in peace and in war with Byzantium all the way up to the Ottoman conquest in 1454. The region played an active and important part at the time of Stefan Nemanja as well, which may be deduced from the fact that his palace was located in Kuršumlija. The oppressed Serbian population, taking advantage of each and every opportunity, frequently rose up against Turkish slavery. Massive Serbian uprisings against the Turkish rulers took place at the time of Austrian-Turkish wars in 1690 and 1737. After these wars, fearing Turkish revenge, the Serbs, emigrated to the lands north of the Sava and the Danube, leaving behind their centuries-lond homeland. A powerful and successful uprising took place in 1876-1878 when the Toplica region was finally liberated and joined to the state of Serbia. After the liberation from the Turkish reign Prokuplje, finally free, became a strong immigrant point of attraction once again. Prokuplje and its environs were this time populated by immigrants from Montenegro, Herzegovina, Kossovo, Metohia, Kopaonik, environs of Užice, the Vojvodina, Crna Trava and other regions. The result of these migrations was the extremely heterogeneous population structure of Prokuplje, namely its members originated from many different regions. Demographic and socioeconomic development of Prokuplje was disrupted by the 1912-1918, and 1941-1945 wars. These wars had extremely negative effects on population and household growths in Prokuplje. After the Second World War an accelerated development of urban settlements continued in general and this was also true for Prokuplje. These processes invoked the rural-urban migrations because peasants could rather easily find employment in towns. This process was so pronounced in Prokuplje that 60% of its population are the rural immigrants. Prokuplje became the center of daily commuters: workers and pupils. The existence of so many commuters is conditioned by various factors: traffic development in Toplica, underdeveloped economy so that workers have to engage themselves in agricultural production as well, housing shortages in the town and so on. After the Second World War immigration of Serbian inhabitants from Kossovo and Metohia became more intensive. These migrations were provoked by the actions of Albanian separatists and nationalists, further by the bad policy of the Yugoslav League of Communists leadership, and by the failures of the state agencies and institutions. Population and household increase in Prokuplje after the liberation from the Turkish reign was the result of the influx of Serbian population from various directions, while after 1960 rural-urban migrations were the chief factor in population growth. Population increase due to birth rates is extremely modest, the average rate being 9% for the period of the last ten years. Population structure (gender, age, education, nationality, confession, economy) of Prokuplje is influenced by the complex socioeconomic factors effective in the past. Gender structure was disturbed by the intensive immigration of male migrants up to the Second World War and their emigration later on, by the economic structure of the town, by wars and other factors. Age structure is on the other hand effected by decrease of birth rates which is seen from the following aging index: in 1948 0.19.1953 0.18.1961 0.21. 1971 0.22, and in 1981 0.28. Literacy is on the low level (in 1948 15.22%, 1961 12.48%. 1971 11.07%, and in 1981 7.02%) for an urban settlement with more than 25000 inhabitants. Percentage of inhabitants with collage and university degrees is increasing (1948 1.41%. 1953 2.71%. 1971 4.91% and in 1981 7.35%). This increase is in accord with the economic, cultural, medical-care and communication development of Prokuplje, the center of Toplica. National structure in the periods after the liberation from the Turks was quite homogeneous. From 1948 (89.5%) until 1981 (86.47%) the percentage of Serbs decreased. The second largest group are the Gypsies amounting to 5.34% in 1981. More than 99% of the total population in Prokuplje are of the Serbian Orthodox creed. The economic structure of the population in Prokuplje changed in correlation with the development of economic life in the town and its environs. The general activity rate in the after-war period is quite stable: in 1953 31.1%, 196132.29%, 197134.95%, and in 1981 36.44%. Increase of the general rate of activity is the consequence of the aging of the population, decrease of natality rate and the number of pupils and students as supported persons. The number and percentage of self-supporting people is increasing because of the increasing number of retired persons who return to their home town after retirement. The absolute and relative number of people employed in primary sector is in decrease, while those in the secondary and tertiary ones is in increase. The rate and type of change that has occurred in the population economic structure in Prokuplje may be seen from the following data: the number of employees in economic activities increased in the period 1953-1961 for 84.74%, from 1961 to 1971 for 72%. and from 1971 to 1981 for 30.5%, and in other activities: from 1953 to 1961 for 19.5%, from 1961 to 1971 for 25.95%, and from 1971 to 1981 for 56.08%. In the following period both the population growth and the changes in population structure will be moderate for it is not expected that the town would experience abrupt changes in its development.

Етничка идентификација на послератном подручју: српска заједница југоисточног Косова

Author(s): Sanja Zlatanović / Language(s): Serbian

This study is based on long-term in-depth research in the south-east of Kosovo (part of a broader area known as the Kosovsko Pomoravlje or Morava river basin), in the areas of the Gornja (Upper) and Donja (Lower) Morava (in the town of Gnjilane – the regional centre, and in the surrounding villages of Šilovo, Gornji Livoč, Gornje Kusce, Parteš and Pasjane; in the township of Vitina and the surrounding villages of Vrbovac, Grnčar, Binač, Mogila and Klokot; and also in the villages of Letnica and Draganac because of their religious significance). I also conducted research among displaced people from this region in few towns in Serbia: Smederevo, Vranje and Vranjska Banja. The research was carried out between 2003 and 2006, but I remained in contact with some of the interlocutors and continued to keep track of community dynamics within the region for a number of years subsequently. The fieldwork was conceived as multi-sited (Marcus 1995), because it was about a migratory situation. The terrain was defined as a network of localities (Hannerz 2003a; Hannerz 2003b). The aim of the research was to study the relationship between ethnicity and other forms of identification (religious, regional, local, gender) of the Serbian community of south-east Kosovo in a profoundly changed post-war situation following the establishment of the international administration in Kosovo, in 1999. My intention was to make an empirical and analytical contribution to our understanding of the complexity of social interaction from different perspectives “from below”, in a specific frontier and post-conflict region such as Kosovo. In the last decades of the 20th century, the identities of Kosovo became homogenized and acquired fixed boundaries, ethnic identification becoming more relevant than other forms of belong ing. Ethnic identity, as shown in numerous studies, gains in importance in unclear situations, in periods of change and crisis, when conditions are in place for the experience of threatened boundaries (Eriksen 2002: 68, 99). Kosovo is a prime example of how political and other interest groups construct and mobilise, direct and exploit ethnic identities. Since 1999, Kosovo has been inhabited almost exclusively by Albanians. The Serbs are a minority, ghettoized into small enclaves and rural environments. Many other ethnic, religious and/or linguistic groups have been displaced or assimilated. War provokes great social disruption and change; a constituent element of this is migration. The experience of war and forced migration of one part of the community changes the ways of both self-identification and the identification of the other, thus re-defining intra-ethnic and inter-ethnic relations and boundaries. As much research indicates, armed conflict is preceded by processes of homogenization within communities, the strengthening of boundaries and the assimilation of various types of identification into the ethnic. In a post-war context, with radical changes in the ethnic and social landscape, processes of articulation and re-articulation of identity have opened up in the Serbian community, rendering problematic its differing aspects. This research aims to extend our understanding of such processes. The study is divided into seven chapters. The first two establish the theoretical, methodological and analytical framework of the research. The third chapter, “Kosovo – a frontier region” aims to place the researched community in context. Processes of identification in frontier areas are specific in several respects. The results of many studies show that in the frontier and peripheral areas, group boundaries are less well-defined and more fluid, and identities – not only ethnic, but religious and others – are undetermined, situational, ambivalent and multiple (in contrast to those in central areas) (Duijzings 2000: 13, 24; Wilson, Donnan 1998: 13). In these areas, changing identity and/or recourse to various forms of mimicry may be the only way to survive in certain political and social circumstances. Kosovo is a paradigm of these processes and solutions. This chapter also deals with the history of Kosovo, paying particular attention to the period of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the escalation of the conflict and the introduction of an international administration. Special attention is paid to the connection of the Serbian Orthodox Church with Kosovo. Next, the basic characteristics of the community are outlined: dense social network, the meaning and importance of internal boundaries, linguistic practice, etc. The fourth chapter, “Living in a post-war region” examines everyday life, family and gender relations, identity discourse on traditional female costume and wedding. This chapter deepens the analysis of the connection between ethnic and religious identification of the researched community (hybrid cultural practice, particularly in the sphere of religion, the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the post-conflict period, pronounced traditionalism, etc.). The Serbian Orthodox Church has great influence as the only Serbian institution that remained in Kosovo after the withdrawal of the Yugoslav and Serbian military and police in June 1999. For the Serbian community in Kosovo, the Church has much greater significance than simply as a religious institution; it is seen as the only institution that did not abandon the community in hard times. The members of the Serbian community of south-east Kosovo primarily thematize ethnicity with religious rituals and markings. Religious and ethnic identification become blended in such a way that the religious is in function of the ethnic. Finally, this chapter gives a detailed analysis of the paroxysm in the ethnisization of reality. The next chapter is devoted to intra-ethnic relations and boundaries. Even though “externally” and/or from the “top down”, the Serbian community of Kosovo is defined as homogenous, its members within their own community, identify sub-group distinctions which cause tension. In the post-war context of evident ethnic homogenization, solidification and boundary closure, intra-ethnic categorization and the accompanying tensions it remain current and, in relation between Kosovo Serbs and Serbs from Serbia, gain new dimensions. For this reason, it is necessary to take a flexible approach to ethnicity which neither assumes a priori intra-ethnic homogeneity nor inter-ethnic heterogeneity (Talai 1986: 252, 266). Inter-group perceptions between the old inhabitants and the colonists are also addressed in this chapter as well as their implications. Then the analysis of the external definition – categorization of the so-called ‘Serbian Gypsies’ ensures (the term ‘Serbian Gypsies’ [Srpski Cigani] is used tentatively, since it is an exonym) and the long road this group have traveled from inter-ethnic towards intraethnic other (Zlatanović 2017). In the light of the post-war migrations, attention is paid to discourse and practice in relations between the displaced people of Kosovo and the population in Serbia. The sixth chapter explores inter-ethnic relations and boundaries. First, attention is given to the discursive construction of the Kosovo Croats are defined in discourse, and the over-coming of religious boundaries. Next, the focus is on the most important, most complex and most ambivalent other – the Albanians (analysis of the basic characteristics of the discourse on the Albanians, the problem of naming, overcoming of boundaries – through cooperation, friendship, religion, and insight into the consistency of boundaries – mixed marriages were almost unheard of). The relations between members of the Serbian and Albanian communities are also considered beyond ethnicity, since there are many shared elements of identification that connect them. The final chapter offers some concluding remarks on the relation between ethnicity and other forms of collective identification of researched community.

Seljanka u Srbiji u prvoj polovini 20.veka

Author(s): Momčilo Isić / Language(s): Serbian

Prema popisu stanovništva od 31. decembra 1900. godine, u njoj je od poljoprivrede živelo 2.093.947 stanovnika, ili 83,97% ukupnog stanovniötva. Najviše seljaštva imao je beogradski okrug, čak 91,05%, što je svakako posledica konjukture poljoprivredne proizvodnje usled blizine Beograda, kao velikog i sigurnog tržišta. U niökom okrugu bilo je, međutim, najmanje seljaštva, “samo” 79,08%, jer je Niš, iako najveći grad u Srbiji posle Beograda, brže pretvarao okolno seljaštvo u građane nego što je izrastao u značajno tržište poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Zato što su, nepismene i neprosvećene, mnogo ređe od muškaraca napuštale selo, seljanke su činile 86,01% ženskog stanovništva u Srbiji, pri čemu najviše u beogradskom okrugu, čak 92,25%, a najmanje u vranjskom, tek 82,16%. I pored znatnog stradanja u ratovima muškarci na selu su bili brojniji od žena početkom 20. veka. Oni su činili 50,25%, a žene 49,75% ukupnog seljaštva. Žene su predstavljale tek nešto više od polovine seljaštva u okruzima: kragujevačkom, krajinskom, kruševačkom, smedervskom, rudničkom, timočkom i užičkom.

Organizirana prisilna iseljavanja Srba iz NDH

Author(s): Filip Škiljan / Language(s): Croatian

Imperijalne težnje Trećeg Reicha i Italije bile su pokretač Drugog svjetskog rata, a ideološku orkestraciju činili su rasna teorija, »evolucijski opravdavana« borba za životni prostor i anti-boljševizam. Emocionalni naboj davali su osvetoljubivost i želja za revanšizmom prema pobjednicima iz Prvog svjetskog rata te tradicionalni kršćanski antisemitizam. Europa se politički trebala vrtiti oko osovine Berlin–Rim, a činile bi je još neutralne i profašističke države te satelitske države ograničenog suvereniteta. Pored Židova i Roma, u Europi su rasno inferiornima smatrani i Slaveni općenito, posebno Česi, Poljaci, Rusi i Slovenci jer su ujedno bili i smetnja realizaciji njemačkog Lebensrauma. Rusi i Poljaci su tako, uz Židove, brojčano najveće žrtve nacističke projekcije Trećeg Reicha. Svima njima sudbinu je određivala nacistička genocidna ideologija superiornog arijevstva kao pogonskog goriva njemačkog imperijalističkog plana koji je u njima vidio samo biološki potencijal za ropsku eksploataciju.

Reader in Qualitative Methods in Migration Research

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This edited collection published in Migration Letters were selected to reflect on methodological challenges faced by researchers and students when conducting qualitative studies on migration. Beginning with papers focusing on broader discussions of methodological issues and some options available to researchers, the latter half of the book explores the narrative methodology in depth with references to several cases. The chapters included in this book was originally published in regular issues and two special issues of Migration Letters journal from 2009 onwards. We have regrouped and ordered these studies to enhance the flow and transition in the book. The first six chapters look into more general issues and debates in migration research methodologies, while chapters seven to ten offer cases studies on alternative qualitative methodologies and then the final six chapters focus on narratives and challenges of the narrative methodology applied in migration studies.

Recent Migrations and Refugees in the MENA Region

Author(s): / Language(s): English

While numerous studies have investigated the multifaceted nature of the Syrian refugee crisis across the Middle East, Europe and beyond, further academic studies are necessary to unpack the complex and multilevel narratives of the Syrian refugee crisis, particularly the roles and effects of national and domestic politics, labour market and social integration, and future policy discourses related to the Syrian refugees in the refugee-hosting countries. With this edited book, we seek to fill this particular gap by contributing to the current empirical, theoretical, and policy discourses on migration and refugee studies using evidenced-based political, economic, and social insights that have policy consequences on the Syrian refugee crisis across geographic refugee-hosting communities in the Middle East.  Content INTRODUCTION Rania M. Rafik Khalil and Froilan T. Malit Jr. CHAPTER 1 - The Syrian Youth Refugees’ Social and Economic Engagement in Lebanon Suzanne Menhem CHAPTER 2 - Attitudes of Social Work Students towards Syrian Refugees in Turkey Burcu Özdemir Ocaklı, Ezgi Arslan Özdemir, Münevver Eryalçın, Tuba Yüceer Kardeş, Fulya Akgül Gök, Veli Duyan CHAPTER 3 - Opportunities for Building Teacher Capacity in the MENA Region for Syrian Refugee Education Louisa Visconti and Diane Gal CHAPTER 4 - Mobilities from the Exile: the Sahrawi student migrations Rita Reis CHAPTER 5 - Lebanon’s Political Discourse and the Role of the UNHCR in the “safe and secure return” of Syrian Refugees from Lebanon into the so-called “secure” zones in Syria Laura El Chemali CHAPTER 6 - Politics of Hosting Syrian refugees: Cases from Jordan and Lebanon Nur Köprülü CHAPTER 7 - Conflict Responsive Patterns of Labour Migration from Hatay, Turkey to the MENA Countries Selver Özözen Kahraman, Berrin Gültay, Ibrahim Sirkeci and Vedat Çalışkan.

Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik Kuramları ve Sorunlarına Temel Yaklaşımlar

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

Uluslararası İlişkilerdeki güvenlik kuramları konjonktürel değişimlerle birlikte sürekli gelişmekte ve zenginleşmektedir. Teorik yaklaşımlarla ilgili güncel tartışmalar, disiplinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için önem arz ederken güvenlik yaklaşımlarının ve algılamalarının değişiminin de hesaba katılarak bu yaklaşımların ortaya konulması ve vaka analizleri üzerinden uygulaması önemlidir. Günümüzde “güvenlik” kavramı uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini içerisinde çevre veya toplumsal güvenlik ya da cinsiyet gibi farklı güvenlik boyutları ile analiz edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu kitabın temel hedeflerinden bir tanesi farklı bakış açılarını yansıtan kuramsal çerçevelerle “güvenlik” kavramına bakabilmektir.. İçindekiler Önsöz Giriş – Sibel TURAN ve Nergiz ÖZKURAL KÖROĞLUKURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE: ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLERDE GÜVENLİK – Sibel TURAN, Nergiz ÖZKURAL KÖROĞLU, İlker Aral GÜNGÖR BİRİNCİ KISIM: NEOREALİZM VE GÜVENLİK NEOREALİZM BAĞLAMINDA TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI (1945-1965) – Latif PINARNEOREALİST KURAM ÇERÇEVESİNDE ULUSLARARASI NÜKLEER GÜVENLİK – Hulusi Ekber KAYANEOREALİZM VE İRAN DIŞ POLİTİKASI – Demet ŞENBAŞ İKİNCİ KISIM: LİBERALİZM VE GÜVENLİK 21. YÜZYIL İSRAİL-TÜRKİYE İLİŞKİLERİNİN LİBERAL GÜVENLİK YORUMU – Armağan ÖRKİDOĞAL KAYNAK MİLLİYETÇİLİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA-AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ İLİŞKİLERİNDE BİR DIŞ POLİTİKA ARACI OLARAK ENERJİ – Serdar YILMAZNEOREALİZM VE NEOLİBERALİZM KURAMLARININ GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMLARI VE ARAP DEVRİMLERİNDE SURİYE POLİTİKALARI – İsmail ERMAĞAN ve Aybars KARCI ÜÇÜNCÜ KISIM: OYUN TEORİSİ VE GÜVENLİK OYUN KURAMI ÇERÇEVESİNDE SURİYELİ MÜLTECİ KRİZİ – Emirhan KAYAPASİFİK YÜZYILINA GİRERKEN ABD-ÇİN İLİŞKİLERİ: ÇİN DENİZİ’NİN ISINAN SULARI VE BÖLGEDE GÜVENLİK SORUNU – Tural BAHADIR DÖRDÜNCÜ KISIM: KONSTRÜKTİVİZM VE GÜVENLİK SOSYAL İNŞACILIĞIN TEMEL VARSAYIMLARI İTİBARIYLA GÜVENLİK YAKLAŞIMI VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN BALKANLAR GENİŞLEMESİ – Kader ÖZLEMKONSTRÜKTİVİZM BAĞLAMINDA ABD’NİN KÜBA POLİTİKASI – İlker Aral GÜNGÖRAVRUPA’DA İSLAM’IN GÜVENLİKLEŞTİRİLMESİ – Sinem YÜKSEL ÇENDEK

Języki milczenia. Literatura o traumie i postpamięci Zagłady

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish,German

The book presents various aspects of literary representations of post-Holocaust trauma in texts of Polish and German literature. The phenomena of transgenerational memory transmission or – as Marianne Hirsh puts it – "postmemory" are an important element of the author’s reflections.

Civil Society Impact on the EU Climate Change Policy

Author(s): Selma Şekercioğlu / Language(s): English

“In today’s world climate change has come to a point where national, regional and global actors are forced to re-make or re-design their policies in order to reduce the negative influences of this phenomenon. The European Union (EU) is no exception to these actors that are in need of making new arrangements on climate change. In this book I intended to evaluate the transition in the EU’s energy related climate policies; the changing roles of the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and the European institutions. In fact, lobbying taking place at the CSOs level is and must be directly linked with the role of the EU institutions whilst evaluating the new approaches of the EU on climate change matters. More specifically, Brussels based CSOs are particularly important whilst analysing their access to the decision-making mechanisms of the EU as well as the pressure mechanisms they impose on the EU-level policy changes. Readers will see that there is hard evidence that CSOs has some influence on the EU’s energy related climate change policy decisions. Particularly the interviews conducted in this work places this book apart from the rest of the literature. I hope all readers will find this work on the influence of the EU-wide civil society organizations on climate policies of the Union of their interest and appealing.”

Každodenní život v Československu 1945/48-1989

Author(s): Robert Kvaček,Martin Franc,Jan Rychlík,Petr Bednařík,Zuzana Beňušková,Alžběta Čornejová,Michal Ulvr,Miroslav Vaněk / Language(s): Czech

Z desetidílné kroniky Josefa Holečka Naši mám nejraději hned první svazek Jak u nás žijou a umírají z roku 1898. Je obsažným poetickým obrazem venkovského života v polovině 19. století naplněného ještě i napětím mezi feudálním a selským světem, dramatickými osudy protagonistů. Nic pro historiky, zdá se na první a asi i další pohled, ve skutečnosti jde o pramen mluvný a sdělný, jen ho náležitě číst a vést s ním rozhovor, v němž je dějepisec naslouchajícím a dozvídajícím se. Zdrojů poznání, jak u nás žili a odcházeli – i ti včerejší, a zvláště ti včerejší – je téměř neomezeně, vzhledem k lidské mnohosti i jedinečnosti, jen je umět vřazovat do heuristiky.

Wartości polityczne Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Struktury aksjologiczne i granice cywilizacyjne. Tom III

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The authors present the political values ​​functioning in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - primarily, but not only, in the community of politically active noble citizens. They try to recreate them on the basis of a thorough analysis of various sources - treaties and political journalism, public speeches at the Seym and regional councils, but also unofficial statements, private exchange of views between participants in political life. The subject of the analysis is, inter alia, the ideal of the state as a community of citizens present in the political discourse, as well as the contemporary vision of a man-citizen, a member of the political community, and his obligations towards it. The authors also present and interpret the then understanding of the concepts of homeland or patriotism, and devote a lot of attention to the fundamental values ​​of the political life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, such as law and freedom. They show the analyzed issues not only in a broader European context, but also in different epochs, which allows to follow the evolution in the understanding and evaluation of political concepts and ideals. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ​​”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of Polish culture of the past epochs. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

Złe kobiety czy zła sława? Negatywne wizerunki kobiet na przestrzeni dziejów

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The books presents the results of research on negative images of women in different historical periods. The authors deliberate whether the attitudes associated with “evil” women change throughout history and if the same actions taken by men and women are judged in the same way. The research is based on the variety of sources: from ancient philosophy to contemporary press.

Szukając trzeciego wyjścia

Author(s): Jan Kieniewicz / Language(s): Polish

The book is devoted to modernization of Poland from a historical perspective, with particular emphasis on the post-1989 transformation process. It is an attempt at a theoretical, interdisciplinary approach developed within the author’s own theory of social system (the concept of a meeting). It also contains reflections on the possibility of opening the way to a new identity of the Poles and the search for Poland’s exit from the state known as the periphery of the world.