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Могильник Окошки I в юго-восточном Забайкалье и некоторые аспекты идентичности монголов в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Artur V. Kharinsky,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The funerary ritual of 14 graves from the Okoshki 1 burial mound site in South-Eastern Transbaikalia is analyzed. The data from the Okoshki 1 burial mound and other funerary sites of the Baykal region are used in order to define elements of the Mongols’ funerary ritual in the 13th—14th centuries. Basic elements of the funerary ritual are: a) vertical grave pit; b) stone grave mound; c) a single skeleton in a grave; d) dead body lying on the back (supine skeleton). Additional elements of the funerary ritual include: a) wooden chamber; b) north or north-east orientation of the dead; c) presence of sheep bones in the grave (tibia, scapula, and lumbar vertebrae).

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Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Arman A. Bissembayev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the Golden Horde period, the vast territory of Western Kazakhstan was one of the ulus centers. The dynamics of political processes in the modern history period related to aspects of ethnic formation was directly inherited from the medieval Mongol states period. A considerable variety and variability in funerary sites of the mid-13th to the early 14th centuries is observed, which is a consequence of migration flows and resettlements initiated by the Mongols. By the mid-14th century, Islamization of population had started, which was reflected in the accretion of pagan and Muslim ritual features and a lengthy existence of this type of syncretic ceremony.

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Городища эпохи Золотой Орды на территории Западного Казахстана

Author(s): Arman A. Bissembayev,Gaziz A. Akhatov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors examine sites left by the settled population in Western Kazakhstan. These sites existed for a short-time during the Golden Horde and are connected with the Mongol khans’ administrative policy. A study of excavations conducted here from the second half of the 20th century makes it possible to reveal the principal distribution areas of the sites related to the settled agricultural population in the Middle and Lower Ural River, the basin of the Bolshoi and Malyi Uzen Rivers and the region between the Uil and Khobda Rivers. The remains of mausoleums built from burned bricks of “the Golden Horde size standards” uncovered in the region allow revealing traces of large settlements and hillforts in their vicinity.

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Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ

Author(s): Iskander Lerunovich Izmailov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses the flourishing period of the city of Bolgar after the Mongol conquest, as one of the leading economic and political centers of the Jochi Ulus. Numerous written records by Arabic and European authors and Russian chroniclers allow highlighting the general history of Bolgar in the Golden Horde period. Advantageous geographical position contributed to the rapid restoration of the city and the attainment of its capital status, as well as the further development of handicrafts and trade. Bolgar became one of the first centers of minting Golden Horde coins. According to archaeological data, the features of urban development were recovered. In the 14th century, the Cathedral mosque, administrative buildings, and mausoleums for distinguished persons were built in Bolgar. The decline of Bolgar in the second half of the 14th century was connected with the onset of the general political instability in the Jochi Ulus, the plague and the reduction of trade along the Great Silk road.

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К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья

Author(s): Tatyana B. Nikitina,Elena E. Vorobeva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Materials of burial complexes help distinguishing peculiarities of burial grounds location in specific landscape conditions. Within the cemeteries, groups of burials have been selected, which make it possible to trace the dynamics of necropolis occupancy depending on the chronology or external cultural influences.

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Клад джучидских монет второй четверти XV в. из Алексеевского района Татарстана. К вопросу о монетных дворах Булгарского улуса в XV в.

Author(s): Oleg V. Stepanov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The find of a new 15th-century hoard of coins from Bilyar area is discussed. Analogies to other numismatic complexes of the region are offered. The method of comparison of the finds of coins and their types makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the existence of a mint that had emitted silver coins in the second quarter of the 15th century.

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Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути

Author(s): Zvezdana V. Dode / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The unique feature of the nomadic burial from the Shumaevski II burial ground is the presence of mercury. The paper deals with certain controversial conjectures and proposes counterarguments regarding the employment of mercury in the burial ritual. Special attention is paid to textile remains and their correspondence with the burial inventory and ritual complex.

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Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время

Author(s): Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev,Yuriy A. Zeleneev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article examines settlement of the Mordvinians in the Lower Volga region in the Golden Horde period (second half of the 13th and 14th cc.). Mordvinian settlements and burial grounds are encountered mainly in the forest-steppe zone on the Volga right bank, but sites in the steppe zone and on the Volga left bank are also known. The materials of the burial grounds reveal both Mokshan and Erzyan ethno-cultural characteristic features. At present, there is no reliable data yet on whether it was a forced relocation or independent movement of Mordvinian population.

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Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье

Author(s): Irina V. Matyushko,Lyudmila A. Kraeva,Lidiya V. Kuptsova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to the introduction of a new finding: a silver dirham of the Golden Horde period from the burial near Cheben’ki village, Orenburg Oblast. The coin is dated to 739—740 AH (1338—1340) and is attributed to the reign of Uzbek Khan. The finding is compared to the existing analogies and is considered among other materials prepared for the mapping of dirhams found in burials located in the Cis-Ural steppes. The finds of coins in burials of this region confirm its close contacts with the Lower Volga area and Central Asia in the Golden Horde period.

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Топография и застройка Багаевского селища

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky,Marat Bayazitovich Shigapov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article characterizes topography of the Golden-Horde Bagaevka settlement situated in Saratov region of Saratov oblast. The settlement used to belong to the Golden-Horde Ukek city district and existed in the second half of the 13th — 14th cc. Special attention is paid to trench I, where the works were conducted in 2002—2003, 2007—2012 and 2014—2015. Problems related to the purpose of the discovered constructions, distribution of separate categories of finds in them, including the numismatic materials (dated in general starting the late 13th c. to 1360/1361 A.D.), the imports and artifacts connected with various ethnic groups’ presence on the site are considered.

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Кузькинский мордовский могильник конца XIII—XIV в.: новые материалы о населении Самарского Поволжья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Author(s): Dmitriy A. Stashenkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A previously unknown burial ground of the Middle Ages in the Volga Samara region is studied. The analysis of the grave goods from 16 burials allowed their dating by the late 13th to mid-14th century. The funerary rite and the items from the burials find analogies with the Muransky, Barbashinsky, Usinsky burial ground sites excavated in the region, that are associated mainly with the Mordovian groups. The emergence of large Mordovian burial grounds in the Middle Volga region was conditioned by the economic development policy pursued by the Golden Horde administration in the Volga region. The chronological framework of the sites with the Mordva ethno-cultural component studied in the region encompasses the late 13th — mid-14th centuries. Reliable evidence of their existence in the region following the 1360s (the start of the internecine dissention wars known as the “Great Zamyatnya” in the Golden Horde) is absent.

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География и особенности жизнеобеспечения городов Золотой Орды по археозоологическим данным

Author(s): Lilia V. Yavorskaya,Ekaterina Ye. Antipina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeozoological data are used to reveal two component features of the life-support system characteristic to the Golden Horde Volga region towns: the supply of products from the nearby agricultural area, and from the nomads migrating throughout vast steppe regions. Sustainability of food deliveries to the Golden Horde urban dwellers had been largely associated with a settled rural neighborhood supplying beef, the major meat resource. Its efficiency had been connected mainly with the natural conditions. The consumption of horse, sheep and pig meat had been determined by economic, social and ethnic factors.

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Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Vitaly A. Babenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article examines proceedings of the 1860—1861 Kuma-Manych expedition that allow specifying the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow in the territory of Stavropol province (guberniya). In 1890, a belt bowl and a belt set were found in the area, dating to the time of Mengu-Timur.The Gashun-Usta site is localized in the vicinity of Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol Krai, in the basin of the Chogray River on the north-eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland.This zone yields plenty of Golden Horde burials. Summer and winter pastures of medieval nomads were located there. Evidence by G. de Rubruk on Bеrke’s encampments can be linked with this territory.

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Нижнее Закубанье в XIII—XIV вв.: на границе культур и природных зон

Author(s): Inga A. Druzhinina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents a summary of the anthropological and archaeological materials from cemeteries investigated on the Lower Kuban River. The author concludes that a multiethnic population emerged there in the 13th—14th cc. AD. Its core was apparently formed by the Alans, Bulgars, Zygians, with participation of the settled Polovtsians. The anthropological material points to metisation of population, which is confirmed by the archaeological data, namely, mixed and unified character of the material and spiritual culture formed on the basis of different ethnic groups.

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О внутренней топографии поселения XIII—XV вв. «Железнодорожное-1» (Крымский район Краснодарского края): предварительные наблюдения

Author(s): Vladimir P. Mokrushin,Evgeniy I. Narozhny,Pavel V. Sokov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This work is focused on the internal specificity of the “Zhelezodorozhnoe-1” settlement in the Krymsk District of Krasnodar Krai. Together with two other synchronous Golden Horde sites, it is considered a consolidated economic center. Compared to the other large-scale sites, such as “Zhukova” settlement and Angelinsky Yerik, or “Shakhrak city”, after I.V. Volkov, these objects adjoin the periphery of the large “Copario area” (after I.V. Volkov, located in the area ranging from Golubitskaya village to Chyorny Yerik farmstead). In the context of the sources, these facts allow raising the problem related to the possibility of participation of the settlements in question in the exports of grain to Caffa, where from it was reexported to Europe.

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Франкоязычные путешественники прошлого о памятниках золотоордынской эпохи на Кавказе (городище Маджары)

Author(s): Ekaterina L. Sosnina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article offers information about the Majar hillfort — the remains of the largest Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, which is contained in the travel notes, letters, memoirs and other kind of records and drawings by foreign travelers of the 18th—19th centuries. They were: S. Turkay, an emigrant from Hungary; Ferrand, a French doctor; nobleman Aubrey de la Motret, a French traveler; Jan Potocky, researcher of the Caucasus, a descendant of the Polish magnates, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Adele Hommaire de Hell, a French writer and traveler, member of the French Geographical Society. These sources have not been translated into Russian and remain little known to researchers.

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К исторической топографии Кырк-Ера: мнимая гробница Айдар-хана

Author(s): Aleksandr G. Gertsen,Yuriy M. Mogarychev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

G. Romme in his “The Travelogue in Crimea” mentioned a tomb of a certain Hayder-Khan on Chufut-Kale. The authors have analyzed a number of 17th to 19th-century descriptions of the fortress and arrived at the conclusion that the French traveler had apparently been misled by his guide. There had never been any tomb of Khan Haydar (Aidar) on Chufut-Kale. The only known mausoleum on the plateau is the dürbe (mausoleum) of Canike (Janike)-Hanym who died in 1437.

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О золотоордынском периоде в истории Мангупского городища: к постановке научной проблемы

Author(s): Aleksandr G. Gertsen,Valery E. Naumenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The early history of the Principality of Theodoro and its capital city — Mangup, is relatively little known and serves as a subject of debate. The main problem is the lack of the Mangup cultural layer related to the period, as it was destroyed by a large-scale construction in the 20—30s of the 15th century Finds dated to the 14th century are met in redeposited state only. However, there are artifacts, and epigraphy data making it possible to suggest that in the 14th century the Principality was under the protectorate of the Golden Horde, Mangup being managed by the administration, appointed by the Golden Horde Crimean Ulus authorities. The report may be considered as the formulation of the scientific problem requiring serious special consideration.

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Археологическая кухня прошлого века

Author(s): Mark B. Shchukin,Michel Kazanski / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Correspondence of M. B. Shchukin and M. Kazanski

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Территориально-административное устройство Боспорского царства при Фарнаке II по нумизматическим данным

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The rule of Pharnaces II has much fewer written evidences than the reign of his father Mithridates VI. However, the numismatic material allowed us to illuminate the circumstances that allowed him to take the title of “great king of kings”, and to determine the administrative structure of the Bosporus Kingdom during his reign. North-Eastern Black Sea region during this period was a conglomerate of royal possessions, quasi-autonomous city-states and the Hellenized peoples united by the power of “the great king of kings”.

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