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25.00 €

Egy korszakváltás szemtanúja. Brodarics István pályaképe

Author(s): Péter Kasza / Language(s): Hungarian

István Brodarics was born into a lesser noble family in Slavonia around 1480. Due to his education, language mastery and well-chosen patrons, he rose to the top and met almost all the rulers, significant politicians and prominent scholars of his time. He died as the bishop of Vác, a member of the Hungarian prelacy in 1539. Beside his career, the six decades spanning from his birth to his death were also extraordinary. When he was born, the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by Matthias I (Hunyadi) was one of the most significant middle powers of Europe and the royal court was the citadel of Humanism. However, two years after his death, Buda was captured by the Turks and the country became divided into three parts for 150 years. István Brodarics was one of the most prominent witnesses to these decisive years. He not only survived but also formed the events of his era and, what is more important, reported on them in his writings. Being the chancellor of the country, he participated in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 and his account of the fight is one of the basic texts of Hungarian historiography. Hundreds of his letters offer an insight into the thoughts of a European-minded Humanist and, parallel to this, guide their readers through the thick of contemporary high politics, into royal courts, on dangerous diplomatic missions and some secret negotiations relating national affairs. Péter Kasza has been investigating István Brodarics’s literary and historical activity for more than a decade. Following his numerous conference lectures and studies, he published a critical volume of Brodarics’s correspondence in 2012. This Brodarics biography which boasts with several new achievements and is based on the historian-philologist author’s impressive familiarity with sources might arouse the interest of not only historians, literary historians and cultural historians dealing with the era but also that of the wider reading public.

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4.50 €

Срби у опсади Филаделфије

Author(s): Marko Šuica / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Soon after the Kosovo battle (1389), new Ottoman sultan Bayezid I Yildirim moved in rush from the region of Balkan Peninsula to Anatolia in order to consolidate his authority and reign. In the next two years, he had led several war campaigns against the Turkish emirates which he had wanted to conquer and include in Ottoman state. At the same time Bayezid I didn’t want to give up on the results of Europe conquest achieved by his father, trying to provide financial and military resources from already subordinated Balkan Christian states. The heirs of prince Lazar have accepted Bayezid’s supremacy by the year 1390. The exact chronology of referral Serbian legation to Ottoman ruler, headed by prince Stefan Lazarević who sworn allegiance and handed over his sister Olivera, as vassalage forfeit, has not been confirmed yet. The crucial argument for taking in consideration the year 1390 as a date when Serbian legation could have come to sultan Bayezids’ camp, could be traced in the Hagiography of Stefan Lazarević by Constantine the Philosopher. According to this source, the Byzantine emperor Manuel II and Serbian despot Stefan Lazarević at certain point have shared the same war experience in Bayezid’s campaigns. If the meeting of vassals in Serres in 1393 is excluded, which could not be considered as the military event, the reconstruction of possible joint participation in Ottoman campaigns leads us to two potential war episodes. The first is related to the siege of Philadelphia in 1390, the last Byzantine town in Anatolia. The second refers to the Ottoman conquest of Synope and Kastamonia from the year 1391. Stefan Lazarević’s possible presence in the Ottoman war camp during the siege of Philadelphia, indirectly constructed from the text of Byzantine historian Duca, some historians have used as the unquestionable fact. On the other hand, one letter from 1391, written by Manuel Paleologus during the mentioned Bayezids’ campaign leaves the hypothetical possibility that Serbian vassal troops, who had been fighting in Anatolia, were recruited from the Stefan Lazarević’s territory. Although it is impossible to give complete and fully reliable testimony of Stefan Lazarević’s formal participation in the conquest of Philadelphia, the confirmed presence of Serbian vassal troops in Anatolian campaigns show that political and social processes derived from the acceptance of Ottoman supremacy among the Balkan states were rampant. In the next historical phase of Ottoman conquests those changes brought to the complete breakdown of Christian states in the Balkans.

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4.50 €

SLAVONIJA - PITANJE ULOGE DERVIŠA U ŠIRENJU ISLAMA

Author(s): Fazileta Hafizović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The spread of Islam, parallel to the spread of the Ottoman Empire, and the role of Sufis, that is, the dervishes, in that process, has been for a longer time an issue researched by the historians, Sufi theoreticians, sociologists,etc. Their conclusion was that their role was impressive indeed, both related to the question of first contacts and introducing the local population with Islam, and also related to later period, when Islam was already adopted and had a large number of adherents in a certain environment.

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ULOGA ZAVIJE AHMED-DEDE U RAZVOJU KASABE BANJE LUKE

Author(s): Elma Korić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

The first mosque built in Banja Luka right after the conquest, in 1528,was the mosque of Sultan Sulayman – New mosque. In the shadow of the official Islamic line, characterized by building of mosques and masjidsas pious endowments (vakf), there is another, dervish component, which builds tekkes and zaviyas as vakfs. In this sense, this paper presents a search for such an object in Banja Luka. In source documents of Ottoman origin from 16th century, there is evidence about existence of Ahmeddede’szaviya, and also about existence of Sufi adherents at the central part of Banja Luka.

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4.50 €

Živjeti krstjanski pod turskim gospodstvom. Osmansko Carstvo u djelima bosanskih franjevaca 18. stoljeća

Author(s): Vjeran Kursar / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The eighteenth century was the golden age of Bosnian Franciscan chronicles.The most famous among them are the chronicles of the monastery of Fojnica, written by Fr. Nikola Lašvanin, the chronicle of the monastery of Kraljeva Sutjeska, written by Fr. Bono Benić, and the chronicle of the monastery of Kreševo, written by Fr. Marijan Bogdanović. Another work of historiographic character, “A Survey of Antiquities of the Bosnian Province”,penned by Fr. Filip Lastrić, should be added to the group as well. Possible reasons for the blossoming of the chronicle genre might be found in global trends, such as increased literacy, the emergence of the Catholic revival, that is, the post-Tridentine Church reform, and the process of confessionalisation, which necessitated affirming and protecting minority identity threatened by assimilation within a dramatic framework of war and its aftermath, turmoil and instability. The key bearers of the Catholic reform in Bosnia were the Franciscans, the only members of the Catholic Church who had official status and the right to work in areas under Ottoman rule.

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4.50 €

The Administrative Division of Bitolya (Monastir) Vilayet

Author(s): Voin Bojinov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article traces the formation of Bitolya (Monastir) Vilayet and the development of the administrative division of the province. Based on tracts of contemporaries, some archive materials and research works of modern historians, this short study describes the internal borders of the Vilayet and aims to propose another look over the complex Ottoman administrative structure.

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THERE IS A PEOPLE...

Author(s): Jelena Mirkov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Serbs, the best people, heavenly people, innocent lamb, democratic and patriotic people. Without concern to the circumstances, they stand behind their promises, and above all, behind the men who honestly defended their country, national heroes, as they call them. There are never enough epithets for this people who, unfortunately, is not an imaginary, but a real one, with a real country. But who are they at all, and does the world know of them?

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4.50 €

Vlna osmanského nostalgismu v současné Prištině

Author(s): Martin Surovčák / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The chapter entitled The Wave of Ottoman Nostalgism in Modern Pristina, authored by Martin Surovčák, covers the oriental appearance of the Kosovan capital before World War II and the unsuccessful urban experiments of the 1950s that drastically changed its face. In recent times, one can ever more frequently encounter feelings of nostalgia towards the old Pristina and a longing to come at least a little closer to the atmosphere of days long past. This trend is visible, for example, in the restoration field. Also, in recent years several books of photographs and memoirs from old Pristina have been released.

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4.50 €

Öznenin Arada Bir Yerde Kayboluşu: Bilinmeyene Göç

Author(s): Ayse Kiran / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Bu sunuda Türkçeye “çevreyer” olarak çevrilebilecek “paratopie” kavramından yola çıkılacaktır. Bilindiği gibi, Yunancadaki “para” öneki “yanında”, “-topik” soneki de Aristo geleneğinde “bilinen yer“ anlamını taşır. Bu bağlamda paratopik yazar, yer, uzam ve zaman, bilinen, yerleşik olanın yanında yer alan kişi, yer, uzam ve zaman olarak tanımlanabilir. Terim kuramsal bir genişlemeyle hem ait olanı hem olmayanı, hem çevrede hem çevre dışında olanı, ne içerde ne dışarda olanı olduğu kadar bir yerden bir yere gideni, yerini bulamayanı işaret eder (Maingueneau 2004: 86). Çevreyer ya da paratopi bir toplumsal gruba ait olmayanı “kimlik”, bir yere ait olmayanı uzam ve bir âna ait olmayanı da zaman kavramıyla ifade eder. Bu üç özelliğe bağlı olarak bir dördüncüsü kendiliğinden ortaya çıkmaktadır: Dile ilişkin paratopik konumlar ve yazınsal yaratı.

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4.50 €

İşgal Yıllarında İstanbul’dan Ankara’ya Aydın Göçü

Author(s): Yaşar Şenler / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Şahısların hayatında olduğu gibi milletlerin hayatında da iniş çıkışlar, güç ve zor günler ve bunun tam karşısında mutlu ve sevinçli günler vardır. Tarih bunun sayısız örnekleriyle doludur.

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9.00 €

Christen und Türken. Ein Skizzenbuch, von der Save bis zum Eisernen Thor. ERSTER THEIL

Author(s): Siegfried (Isaac Salomon) Kapper / Language(s): German

[PRINTED IN GERMAN FRACTURA SCRIPT] — // — A first-hand account report, based on the notes of a traveller and medical doctor Isaac Salomon Kapper from Prague, describes Slavic nations and Ottoman Empire on their political border. — // — A book in two volumes, written by a traveller and medical doctor Isaac Salomon Kapper from Prague, describe habits, songs and daily life of the Slavic and Turkic nations on the border of Austria, Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, along the river Sava, what is today Croatia and Bosnia, to the Iran Gates, a gorge between Serbia and Romania. — // — Siegfried Kapper (Isaac Salomon Kapper, 1820 - 1879) was a Czech-German writer of Jewish background. Born in Prague he studied philosophy in his home town between 1836-1839 and later medicine in Vienna. After the studies he got employment of a medicine doctor in Karlovac, Croatia, at the time on the border of Austria and Ottoman Empire. Fascinated by the region and the language he later often travelled to the Slavic regions of the Ottoman Empire and to Hungary. In his later years he worked as a medicine doctor in Prague.

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9.00 €

Christen und Türken. Ein Skizzenbuch, von der Save bis zum Eisernen Thor. ZWEITER THEIL

Author(s): Siegfried (Isaac Salomon) Kapper / Language(s): German

[PRINTED IN GERMAN FRACTURA SCRIPT] — // — A first-hand account report, based on the notes of a traveller and medical doctor Isaac Salomon Kapper from Prague, describes Slavic nations and Ottoman Empire on their political border. — // — A book in two volumes, written by a traveller and medical doctor Isaac Salomon Kapper from Prague, describe habits, songs and daily life of the Slavic and Turkic nations on the border of Austria, Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, along the river Sava, what is today Croatia and Bosnia, to the Iran Gates, a gorge between Serbia and Romania. — // — Siegfried Kapper (Isaac Salomon Kapper, 1820 - 1879) was a Czech-German writer of Jewish background. Born in Prague he studied philosophy in his home town between 1836-1839 and later medicine in Vienna. After the studies he got employment of a medicine doctor in Karlovac, Croatia, at the time on the border of Austria and Ottoman Empire. Fascinated by the region and the language he later often travelled to the Slavic regions of the Ottoman Empire and to Hungary. In his later years he worked as a medicine doctor in Prague.

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0.00 €

Porodica Kurt iz Mostara : historija i rodoslov

Author(s): Ahmet Kurt / Language(s): Bosnian

After all the research and resources available for Kurt family members from Mostar, on the basis of their position in society then, we can say that their ancestors in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth century were members of the army of the Ottoman Empire. For carrying out military service they were given tymars i.e. feuds which generated income. After the conquest of parts of today’s Croatia and Hungary, they were received properties in that part of the empire, probably due to their warrior or other merits. They later moved to Lika, Perusic. Their nickname or surname was Kasumović. After taking Lika by Austria they fled to Bosnia. Around 1700, they came to Mostar and took the nickname / surname Kurt. They had several houses in the mahalle Carina in Mostar, where all Kurt family members lived. Thanks primarily to their military merits, they were received tymars which they later, either by purchase and marriage, increased around Nevesinje (villages Kljuna, Sopilja, Bijenja), in West Herzegovina (Duvno, Broćanac Biograci and Široki Brijeg), Stolac (Dabrica and Trijebanj) and in the villages north of Mostar (Potoci, Humi and Lišani, Vrapčići, Goranci, Vihovići, Dobrč, Zijemlja) and south of Mostar (Žulja, Hodbina and Opine). These properties later became hereditary. They used to marry members of the families belonging to the same social class. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, thanks to their incomes and abilities, they gained a place and reputation in Mostar, and gradually transformed into an ulema social class. They accepted the beginning of the industrial era passively. The value of their immovable properties were not invested in the creation of new value. In the period from 1908 to 1965, during the various agrarian reforms, they generally lost their properties, and thus lost a place and influence in the new societies. During the Ottoman Empire they belonged to the ruling class, firstly the military-feudal, and then the ulema class; during the Austro-Hungarian monarchy they belonged to the class of small landowners and religious intelligence. With the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Mostar Kurt family shared the fate of other Bosniaks, and came in a subordinate position and lost their properties. Some Kurt family members learned trades and became part of the working class, which in Bosnia and Herzegovina began to form between the two world wars. Other Kurt family members were educated and took their places in society according to their professions and skills.

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4.50 €

Zamanın Bedensel Dönüşümü: Osmanlı Gelecek Anlatılarında Posthümanist ve Transhümanist İzler

Author(s): Seda Uyanık / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Modernitede tarihsel zaman anlayışı, döngüsel olmaktan çok doğrusal ve art zamanlı şekilde, düz bir çizgide ilerler. Bu çizginin sonu olan ölümü yaşamın uzantısı olarak gören anlayış, –hayatın sonluluğunu denetleyebilir olmasının insana verdiği güçle– yerini ölümü dışlayan, yaşam ile ölüm arasına keskin sınırlar çizen bir anlayışa bırakmıştır. Dolayısıyla insana ölümlülüğü hatırlatan bütün imgeler, insan eliyle toplumsal yaşam alanlarının dışına çıkarılmıştır. Bazı kutsal öğretilerde kendine yer bulan ölüm sonrası hayat ve cennet imgesi, toplum düzenini mükemmel dünya tasarımları içerisine sığdırmaya çalışan ve kendini Tanrısallaştıran insan tarafından dünyevileştirilmiştir. Jean Baudrillard’ın dediği gibi modern toplumlarda kapitalist düzen, ölüler ve yaşam arasındaki birliği parçalamakta böylelikle iktidarların var olabilmesi ve ileride tüm yaşamı sınırları içine alabilmesi için önce ölümü denetlemeye çalışmaktadır (Baudrillard xiii). Söz konusu eğilim de insanın parçası olduğu dünyevi iktidar uzamlarının yeniden üretilip güçlenmesine ve ölüme meydan okuyan insanı denetim altına almasına neden olmuştur. Bu dürtüyle hareket ederek doğasına, özüne yabancılaşan ve kendi kurduğu üretme-tüketme kültürünün öznesi hâline gelen insan, tüm kutsiyetlerinden sıyrılmış olur. Bahsedilen eğilimin teolojik bağlamdaki dönüşümü ise dikkate değerdir.

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4.50 €

Yerelde Eşitlik Mücadelesi: Muhtar Kadınlar

Author(s): Hilal Dokuzcan / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

The Mukhtar institution entered our lives from the beginning of the 19th century and made a great contribution to the formation of local dynamics as the smallest management unit. As a unique model, it also has a different value. The election and nomination processes of the muhtar and their administrations create an important opportunity for participation and representation, starting from the local point of view for voters. Its proximity to the public, its availability, intervention to local problems and the provision of solutions are very important for local dynamics. There is the possibility of solidarity and sharing. All these features have a great potential for change and development in terms of women's representation and participation. Despite this potential, women are represented very little or even negligibly in the mukhtars. As of 2021, there are 50.284 mukhtars in our country, including villages and neighborhoods. Only 1.101 of these mukhtars are women. Although the rate of women mukhtars, which was 1.3% in the 2014 elections, increased to 2.1% in 2019, it points to a serious representation problem. It is a situation that deserves to be examined in terms of many areas in itself, because women who make up half of the society have so little place in a structure that is so close and within their lives. This can also provide a basis for the need to create different sensitivities, models and awareness in terms of democracy and equality.The main purpose of the study is to trace how the mukhtar model can be an exemplary model on the road to ensuring equality between men and women in the developing world of the 21st century. This study will also be examined in terms of local dynamics, with the participation of women and representation in an mukhtar scale from an egalitarian perspective. Experiences of women mukhtars during their candidate and election processes, their studies, their organization styles will be conveyed through one-to-one interviews. Service examples of women mukhtars after they are selected will be included in the study.

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4.50 €

Književnost bošnjaka za vrijeme osmanlijske vladavine u Isakovićevoj drami Hasanaginica

Author(s): Amira Dervišević / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Inspired by the Bosniak oral ballad, Alija Isaković published the play Hasanaginica in 1981. In an effort to approach the “realities of life, morals and the language of the ballad”, Isaković included examples of Bosniak oral and written literature created during the four centuries of the Ottoman rule in Bosnia in the text of the play. The aims of the paper are to isolate examples of oral lyrics and epic, the frontier-soldiers’ letters and Aljamiado literature, analyze them and establish the functions they have in the dramatic text.

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ZNAČAJ ISTRAŽIVANJA BRANISLAVA ĐURĐEVA ZA HISTORIOGRAFIJU JUGOISTOČNE EVROPE

Author(s): Aladin Husić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Dieses Referat wollte auf den allgemeinen Kontext, die Bedeutung Branislav Đurđevs in der Geschichtswissenschaft und seinen Beitrag zu ihr hinweisen, vor allem im Vergleich zum Entwicklungsgrad der Geschichtsschreibung der osmanischen Periode zu dem Zeitpunkt, als Đurđev sich wissenschaftlich zum ersten Mal zu Wort meldete. Er war unter den ersten aus dem jugoslawischen Raum, der überhaupt damit anfing, in den osmanischen Archiven zu forschen; er hat ebenfalls Verdienste für die Bestimmung der Richtlinien für die Erforschung dieser Periode. Indem er zahlreiche Quellen entdeckte, ermöglichte er die Erforschung des weiteren jugoslawischen Raums und trug zur Schaffung von Voraussetzungen für die weitere Entwicklung der Historiographie in diesem Raum bei. Auf eine ähnliche Art und Weise bewährte er sich in seinem weiteren Schaffen, sowie im institutionellen und personalen Ausbau der Historiographie in Bezug auf den osmanischen Zeitraum.

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Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları - V

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish,English

This book aims to present the current research of scientists by bringing together studies related to sub-disciplinary areas specific to the basic field of educational sciences and teacher training. It has turned into a series in line with the intense demand from the academicians of this field. Our book aims to be a source of inspiration especially for academicians who want to conduct research in the field of educational sciences and teacher training. We also think that it can be used as a useful resource for readers. We would like to thank the authors and everyone who contributed to book's preparation.

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Din ve Liderlik

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

The Turkish term “lider” is derived from the English word “leader”, which denotes the concept of leading or advancing. This term has been adopted into Turkish with a similar meaning. In Turkish usage, the term “lider” often implies the concept of “önder” (guide), and similarly, “liderlik” is associated with “önderlik” (guidance). The introduction of various adjectives has expanded and diversified the application of the term. For example, terms such as religious leader, political leader, community leader, transformational leader, and charismatic leader illustrate this broad usage. In the context of the “Religion and Leadership Workshop” organized by the Qur’an Research Foundation (KURAV), the term “lider” should primarily be interpreted as referring to a “religious leader” or a “leader in religion”. However, it is important to recognize that a religious leader may also exhibit social, cultural, charismatic, and transformative attributes, thereby integrating aspects of political, social, or charismatic leadership. The ideal framework for such a leadership, as exemplified by prophets, represents an aspirational model, though real-life leaders may vary in their alignment with this ideal. This dimension of leadership is also explored in our workshop through papers, discussions, and contributions when they touch on the realities and contemporary situations. The Religion and Leadership Workshop features four principal papers, including an inaugural conference, and the final volume of proceedings encompasses a total of five papers. These are Yalçın Akdoğan’s “Religion and Leadership” (Inaugural Conference); Yusuf Şevki Yavuz’s “Leadership in the Qur’an”; Adem Apak’s “Muhammad (pbuh) and His Leadership”; Bayram Ali Çetinkaya’s “Turkey-Centered Politics in Contemporary Islamic Thought and Leadership Quests”, and Mehmet Ali Büyükkara’s “Religious Leadership in Turkey”. In addition to these papers, brief discussions contributed by Adnan Demircan, Ahmet Yaman, Bünyamin Erul, Yusuf Şevki Yavuz, and Cağfer Karadaş provide further insights. The workshop is also enriched by individual assessments from participants, including Mustafa Gencer’s “Ottoman Modernization in the Tanzimat and Meşrutiyet Periods”; Mustafa Tekin’s “Religion in Leadership and Leadership in Religion”, and Şaban Ali Düzgün’s “Process Analysis of Modernization from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic”. These contributions collectively offer valuable perspectives and enhance the scholarly discourse of the event.

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Bir Düşünür Bir Kavram ve Din

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

This study examines the concepts developed by prominent thinkers in the Turkish intellectual tradition on themes such as modernization, identity, nationalism, religion, morality, social control, and the East-West civilization debate. By analyzing these concepts, the study aims to understand the social and cultural transformation processes of Turkish society. The research is organized under six main headings, focusing on the dynamic transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Türkiye, the impact of these dynamics on identity and social belonging, and the resulting social, cultural, and political breaking points. Each thinker and their conceptual framework are addressed to provide a deeper understanding of the historical, sociological, and cultural structures within Turkish society. The study’s goal is to analyze the identity crises, dynamics of social change, and the emerging social, cultural, and religious conflicts that Turkish society experienced during its modernization process. It seeks to establish a theoretical basis for understanding the foundational approaches in Turkish thought history by examining how each thinker’s conceptual contributions shaped social structures and influenced debates around identity, belonging, religion, and civilization in modern Turkish society. As such, the study serves as a valuable source for understanding the tensions and breaking points that Türkiye faced in its journey of modernization and social transformation. Modernization and Social Change Concepts The study delves into the social changes brought about by modernization through the contributions of four prominent thinkers and their concepts. İlber Ortaylı’s “The Longest Century of the Empire” concept critically examines the sociological implications of the Ottoman Empire’s modernization process in the 19th century, highlighting the complexities and struggles of this transformation period. Nermin Abadan Unat introduces the “Unending Migration” concept to address the impact of modernization and industrialization on the social fabric, shedding light on the rural-to-urban migration patterns that defined Türkiye’s societal transition. Cavit Orhan Tütengil’s “Dual Structure” concept focuses on the imbalance between rural and urban structures during Türkiye’s modernization, emphasizing how this disparity hindered social development. Finally, İsmail Gaspıralı’s “Justice” concept emphasizes the need for social justice and equilibrium in ensuring peace during modernization, stressing the importance of maintaining social balance for sustainable development. Identity, Nationalism, and Sociological Foundations Under this heading, five thinkers and their concepts are examined in relation to the quest for identity and nationalism in Turkish society. Yusuf Akçura’s “Three Policies” concept outlines three distinct models of political identity (Turkism, Ottomanism, Islamism) proposed to address the identity and political dilemmas of the Ottoman Empire during its dissolution. Sadri Maksudi Arsal’s “Sociological Foundations of the National Sentiment” concept frames nationalism not merely as a political ideology but as a sociological phenomenon that shapes identity and social belonging. Seyyid Ahmed Arvasi’s “Principles of Advanced Turkish Nationalism” presents a model of nationalism that harmonizes traditional values with the demands of the modern era. Remzi Oğuz Arık’s “Anatolianism” centers on the Turkish identity and cultural heritage from an Anatolian perspective, while Hilmi Ziya Ülken’s “Heredity” explores how social structures are shaped through genetic heritage and cultural transmission, addressing the biological and sociological foundations of identity construction. Religion, Secularization, and Laicism This section examines the works of three thinkers on the relations between religion, society, and the state. Durmuş Hocaoğlu’s “National Secularism” concept addresses how secularization in Türkiye can be aligned with national values, emphasizing the integration of religion’s social function with the modern state structure. Bahattin Akşit’s “Typology of Secularization” explores how secularization processes vary across societies and their transformative impact on social structures. Sabri Ülgener’s “Mentality Discourse” focuses on the role of religion and mentality in economic development, arguing that economic progress is closely tied to cultural and religious foundations, thereby contributing to a deeper analysis of socio-economic structures. Socialization, Morality, and Social Control Thinkers in this section analyze how individual-society relations and social control mechanisms shape the social fabric. Şerif Mardin’s “Neighborhood Pressure” concept reveals how societal control mechanisms exert pressure on individuals, shaping behaviors through social norms. Cahit Tanyol’s “Morality and Society” examines the role of morality in social structures and its function in regulating society. Özcan Güngör’s “Socialization of Objects” discusses how everyday objects play a role in individuals’ identity and socialization processes. Hüsamettin Arslan’s “Epistemic Community” concept addresses how knowledge communities form and influence thought patterns, highlighting the interplay between knowledge and social structures. East-West Dichotomy and Civilization Debates The tension between the spiritual values of the East and the materialist approach of the West has always created a need for balance in Turkish society’s identity construction. Samiha Ayverdi’s approach on “East-West Civilization” argues for the reconciliation of Eastern spirituality with Western materialism. Recep Şentürk’s “Open Civilization” emphasizes the significance of inter-civilizational dialogue, advocating for an open civilization model that embraces coexistence and diversity. Nurettin Şazi Kösemihal’s “Art and Intellectual Workers” concept examines the role of artists and intellectuals in social change, while Vamık Volkan’s “Enemies on the Couch” concept explores how the “external enemy” images function in societal identity construction, highlighting the impact of these images on the self-definition processes of communities. Overall, these thinkers’ concepts offer a multifaceted perspective for understanding Türkiye’s social structure and the effects of these dynamics on identity, belonging, and cultural debates. This study aims to contribute to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental approaches in Turkish thought and how they inform the discourse on modernization, identity, religion, and civilization.

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