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Vybraní trenčianski richtári zo 17. storočia vo svetle prozopografických výskumov

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The urban elite that was unquestionably formed by the mayors and other leading representatives of the municipal administration and intellectuals, was a characteristic part of any modern free royal town in the Kingdom of Hungary. This distinctive elite community was based on their own laws. From the other parts of the population were different on the basis of assets, educational levels and a coherent and sophisticated wedding strategy particularly based on the affinity links. Purpose was to maintain the social status, influence and to keep urban authorities that managed the city. By analyzing of the background of five detailed profiles of Trenčín’s mayors in 17th century, their different origin, religion and external circumstances, brings new facts of life in cities and present less known aspects of our history.

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Dynastické majetky Arpádovcov a kráľovské lesy v strednom Šariši

Author(s): Pavol Hudáček / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

Šariš existed within the large county of Novum Castrum (Ujvár) in the 11th – 12th century. In my paper, I attempt to more closely introduce the crucial medieval royal estates of Lipovec and Solivar, which belonged to the domain of Árpád dynasty in 12th – 13th century. They were the part of the royal Šariš forest (sárosi erdőispánság) in the neighborhood of the Slanské Hills. The proof of the existence of the royal Šariš forest can be found in historical sources in which it is mentioned mostly under the Latin term locus venationis or under the local Hungarian names, such as Nerlezhygh, Nyrlezhege, Nyrlyz; Bichachlesi, Bykachleswy, Bykachlesy; Keralzalasa, Kyralzallasa; Hulloudzalasa. All those names and terms suggest the existence of royal hunting lodges which were connected with royal road (via domini regis, magna via, via regalis) that kings used to move from one royal demesne to another. The royal roads linked the royal courts, villages and royal forests, where Hungarian rulers resided mostly because of hunting. On Árpád dynasty lands in middle Šariš, one could ﬁ nd churches or chapels the patrons saint of which were the saints symbolizing the dynasty tradition and the cult of saints from the royal family (Saint Stephen, Saint Imrich and Saint Ladislav). The historical presence of the churches demonstrates that the mentioned estates belonged to Árpád dynasty in the 12th century, if not sooner.

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Funkcia trenčianskeho mestského komorníka v 17. storočí z pohľadu archontológie

Author(s): Peter Brindza / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

The municipal administration in the city of Trenčín had several different elements from most of the cities in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th century. One of them was represented also by the urban valet concer-ning the position and responsibilities within the municipal administration. He was not part of the Senate in Trenčín city, but on the other hand he fulfilled the tasks held by Burghers in other cities. At the turn of the 16th and 17th century, the valet became a permanent and integral part of Trenčín government. Due to the increase of economic power of the city and the administration as a whole, the function of urban valet was often considered as a kind of interchange stations for those who had the ambition to be selected for City Council. Those who were already there, they again cumulated interest in authorities because the urban valet organize the flow of city money; senators were trying to get often. The author of the study tries to portray the urban valet as a officer, in particular through the view of the circumstances of the election and his position, competencies and tasks entrusted within the city administration. In the present study there is also chronological overview of urban valet in the 17th century and two archontological profiles of urban valets who made a vital contribution to the population of our history.

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The landscapes of Belgian reconstruction: a balance between modernity and tradition

Author(s): Caterina Franchini / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

After World War I, the debate on Belgian reconstruction divided architects. Some claimed that the priority should be the reconstruction of monuments and urban historical centers, others considered the construction of housing more urgent. In the first half of the Twenties, on one hand the well established generation of old architects worked at reconstruction of devastated regions, on the other hand the young „modernist“ generation experimented with the construction of garden-suburbs with low-cost housing. The urban planner and landscaper Louis van der Swaelmen and the modernist architect Victor Bourgeois considered a failure the reconstruction „à l’identique“ and the reconstruction „in style“ that exhibited a sentimentalist and regionalist vision. Indeed, the law on destroyed municipalities (April 8th, 1919) imposed a regional esthetic for reconstruction on pre-existing urbanized sites. By contrast the construction of new garden-suburbs appeared as a great success against the „vieux-neuf“. In 1920 the Office of Devastated Regions opened the „Architectural Section“ under the responsibility of Jean-Jules Eggericx, and a first settlement of 100 social housing units was created a Roulers and named Batavia. It was inspired, at the same time, by the Belgian beguinage and by the English garden-city; and new materials and building technologies were experimented there.

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„Балканските акценти“ на одеския „Привоз“: към въпроса за етническите компоненти в градската кухня

Author(s): Alexandr Prigarin / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

On the basis of written sources and field materials, the article examines the phenomenonof the “Odessa cuisine” as a regional complex of food. In the context of thehistorical dynamics, it shows the role of the Balkan traditions in the formation anddevelopment of the everyday culture of the inhabitants of Odessa. Special attentionis paid to the current state of the trade subculture and, respectively, to the systemof the food traditions in Odessa. In particular, the article shows that there are manyproducts introduced by natives from the Balkans (first of all, Greeks and Bulgarians):eggplants, tomatoes, cheese, corn, mutton, grapes, etc. The regional dishes perceivedas “Odessaian” but having roots in the ethno-cultures of the above-mentioned communities,are developed on this basis. The text shows also the “blue” (eggplants) invarious variations of preparation and the “pshonka” (corn). Beside the national, theprofessional mass cuisine is also analyzed (restaurant); in it the Balkan substratumhas found its place a long time ago along with the Jewish, Ukrainian and Moldavian.In the menu of these institutions, there are surely a number of dishes with Balkanorigins. On the other hand, it is worth characterizing the special national restaurantsof Odessa (Bulgarian, Gagauzian, Greek).

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Пътят на север и намирането на дом

Author(s): Mila Maeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article examines the movements from Bulgaria to Norway and is based on anethnographic fieldwork. Using the methods of the oral history, the article analyzes the road to the north and the settlement in an almost unknown and cold country. Th epersonal stories of the Bulgarians present their visions of the road, their views onNorway and the founding of home as a personal experience in the context of the complexmigratory situation there. The specifics of the Bulgarian settlement in Norway predetermine the understanding of home and road. The successful and relatively fast realization, the high standard of life, the social model and the opportunity for quicklybringing together the separated families transform the migration to the north from amovement into a fixed way of life. For the Bulgarians, the new home in Norway has different aspects – it is the heart of the family, of calmness, cosiness and security. For the emigrants, the road to the north is both a road and a way back to the “native” andthe “Bulgarian” which could be seen in the founding of a “Bulgarian home” by different emigrant institutions and organizations. The new transnational and transcultural home of the Bulgarians in Norway becomes their comfort zone.

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The Stance of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar on Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine

Author(s): Robin Kural,Ernest Hryhorowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 has global and regional dimensions with deep implications for international security. The war poses strategic questions also for the actors from the Persian Gulf region as it affects them directly and indirectly in terms of security relationships, energy markets, and economic stability. Three Arab Gulf states – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Qatar – experience contradictory incentives and disincentives with regard to their reaction to the war in Ukraine. This article aims to analyze the stance of those three key Arab Gulf players towards Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in the first year of the full-scale war. In the article, we argue that the stance of those three Arab Gulf states can be analyzed through Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) as their reaction is best explained through a regional perspective. The article offers a comprehensive explanation, emphasizing the importance of the intra-Gulf security dynamics.

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FACTORS AFFECTING CORRUPTION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM

Author(s): Hoa Nguyen Thi Thu,Thuy Nguyen Thi,Thanh Nguyen Nghi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This research utilizes a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique to comprehensively examine the intricate interactions among various factors influencing corruption in Vietnam’s public sector. The findings reveal that certain factors, including inadequate anti-corruption policies and enforcement, a lack of accountability and transparency in anti-corruption endeavors, and significant income disparities between public officials and anti-corruption measures, significantly and positively impact the cultural and social norms associated with anti-corruption. Additionally, insufficient cultural and social standards exert a notable and positive influence on the level of corruption in the public sector. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for developing effective policies and strategies that promote accountability, transparency, and good governance to combat corruption in Vietnam’s public sector.

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LEVERAGING EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT FOR COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: SATISFACTION AND WORK MOTIVATION MANAGEMENT

Author(s): Faruk Ahmeti / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Companies must continually adapt to technological advancements to gain a competitive edge and enhance performance. Active employee engagement plays a crucial role in achieving and improving performance, necessitating promoting motivation and job satisfaction. This study explores the relationship between motivation, job satisfaction, and employee performance, with employee engagement as a mediator. Specifically, the research focuses on Information Technology (IT) companies in Kosovo and various locations across the European Union involved in different projects. The sample for this study comprises 112 respondents selected through convenient sampling. The research model is analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The empirical findings indicate that motivation positively influences employees’ engagement and performance in various IT positions. However, job satisfaction has no direct impact or exerts a relatively low influence. Nonetheless, employee engagement significantly enhances employee performance by mediating the effects of motivation and job satisfaction. The research findings have significant managerial implications, emphasizing the importance of actively promoting motivation, innovation, and job satisfaction to increase employee involvement and achieve desired outcomes.

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EVALUATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TAX FAIRNESS IN THE TAX ON INCOME OF NATURAL PERSONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Sejdefa Dzafche / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper analyzed the development stages in the taxation of the income of natural persons in the Republic of North Macedonia through the prism of their compliance with the theoretical approaches in regulating the matter of income taxation. For this purpose, the initial stage of this research was the review of the impact of frequent amendments to the regulatory framework (relevant legislation) on the realization of the principles of vertical and horizontal justice. In the analysis of the normative-legal framework, the primary focus was the regulation’s influence on the realization of the principle of justice in taxation in the legal system of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM). Additionally, the teleological method was used to identify the level of realization of the goals and functions of the RNM tax system. In that context, the effects of income taxation on the redistributive function were analyzed. The basic hypothesis from which the paper starts is that the frequent changes and modifications in income taxation concepts resulted in violating social-political principles in taxation. The research results indicate an inconsistency in the development of the system of income taxation of natural persons in RNM, which leads to a violation of the vertical and horizontal justice and the redistributive function of the income tax.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND FINANCIAL CRISES DISMISS LAISSEZ-FAIRE CAPITALISM

Author(s): Arton Hajdari,Shenaj Hadzimustafa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This paper addressed the globally spread challenges that countries face, such as environmental issues, which have been accumulated for years, and financial crises, which have been repeated many times in the world’s economy during capitalism. Indeed, through a qualitative scientific approach, the article argued that laissez-faire economics or laissez-faire capitalism (as an economic system or doctrine, i.e., a liberal and classical view of economics) is not the right way to overcome and deal with these problems. Instead, some interventions in the economy and cooperation between countries and the respective institutions are required so that these difficulties (environmental issues and financial crises), which do not recognize borders, are prevented and afforded properly. Thus, this publication presented how challenging environmental issues are, which are spread worldwide, and it also discussed financial crises, such as the 2008 Financial Crisis (also known as the Great Recession) and the Great Depression of the 1930s. Overall, this paper concluded that dual crises (environmental and financial crises) are the robust proofs that dismiss the extreme form of capitalism or economics, known as laissez-faire.

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75 Years of Transcontinental Diplomacy: Exploring Romania-India Bilateral Relations

Author(s): Alexandra-Iulia Nuc-Rosu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

In the last 75 years, Romania and India managed to follow common interests and created a strong partnership. Celebrating the fruitful cooperation between the two countries, His Excellency Mr. Rahul Shrivastava, the Ambassador of India to Romania, Albania and Moldova, and Her Excellency Mrs. Daniela Sezonov-Țane, the Ambassador of Romania to India, Nepal and Bangladesh were kind to address their perspectives on the evolution of relations between Romania and India, highlighting both the differences and similarities between the two countries, and also the latest challenges.

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Post-Conflict Security and Peacebuilding in Rwanda: an Economic Development Approach

Author(s): Khedidja Ziani,Amira Berhail Boudouda / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This text analyzes the governance strategies employed in post-civil war and genocide Rwanda for peacebuilding within the context of economic development. Rwanda, with the assistance of the international community, aimed at reconciliation and democracy. Despite challenging circumstances following the conflict, the government achieved stability and initiated internal reforms, particularly in the security sector, since the mid-1990s. The persistent power structure of the Rwandan National Front prompts an exploration into the extent to which an economic development-based approach has contributed to security and peacebuilding in Rwanda. We hypothesize that such measures play a key role in establishing resilient societies capable of preventing the recurrence of intractable conflicts through the attainment of inclusive economic development. The theory of human needs advocates for the utilization of interoperability as a conflict resolution mechanism, applicable to Rwanda as well. It posits that lasting peace is only achievable when various facets of human economic needs are systematically addressed. This article seeks to critically assess how post-genocide economic reform measures in Rwanda have contributed to achieving security and peace. Furthermore, it explores how effective leadership and engagement policies contribute to economic security in Rwanda. The article argues that post-conflict security management and peacebuilding processes require the implementation of effective economic development policies, including resource redistribution, as a critical component of a comprehensive development strategy.

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Wybrane współczesne problemy jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce w latach 2018–2022

Author(s): Iwona Ładysz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Local government, as an extremely important element of the political system of the state’s political system, carries out public tasks not reserved by law for other organs of public authority. To this end, the state secures the possibility of implementation of tasks by the local government, providing it with a balanced system of finances and the appropriate distribution of sources of income, allowing the implementation of assigned tasks. Today, the challenges facing local self-government are different than just a few years ago. In recent years, the biggest problem has been effectively dealing with the effects of pandemics, restrictions on economic activity, the need to help war refugees from Ukraine, etc. Therefore, it is important to analyze on an ongoing basis to what extent the public finance system is transparent and allows them to effectively support local and regional development at the social, economic and spatial levels. The article presents an assessment of the financial situation of local government units in Poland in 2018-2022 based on selected financial indicators. Such a time frame coincides with the extended term of local governments and allows for comparing data from the years preceding the pandemic and the outbreak of war in Ukraine and looking at the situation's impact on the subsequent years of local government units. The article presents the main issues of own income, property expenditures and operating results of local government units at all levels. The data source for analyzing the relationship between the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine and the financial situation of local government units in Poland is the database of the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office.

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ASSESSING DISPROPORTIONATE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT: INSIGHTS FROM 10 COUNTRIES

Author(s): Davit Hakhverdyan,Gagik Badadyan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Territorial development disparities are an undeniable reality for all the countries of the world, which implies that no country can practically avoid them. However, how different countries respond to these disparities is another matter. The effectiveness of policies in overcoming territorial development disparities depends significantly on how deeply these disparities are recognized and studied. In this context, assessing disparities in territorial development is necessary, and the article proposes a methodology for its implementation. The methodology examines territorial development indexes and their relative standard deviation. In the article, the developed methodology was also applied to 10 countries, as a result of which the levels of territorial development disparities in Canada, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland, Serbia, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and China were evaluated. Based on the assessments, general conclusions are also presented for each country in the article.

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THE PARADOX OF ASEAN WAY IN MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLIANCE AMONG MEMBER STATES

Author(s): Ria Wierma Putri,Febryani Sabatira / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

ASEAN countries are considered significant contributors to global pollution, particularly concerning marine plastic pollution (MPP), which has emerged as a critical concern in the region. To address this issue, ASEAN has established three specific instruments: the Bangkok Declaration on Combating Marine Debris in 2019, the ASEAN Framework of Action on Marine Debris 2019, and the ASEAN Regional Action Plan for Combating Marine Debris in the ASEAN Member States 2021-2025. However, being soft laws, these instruments lack legally binding force, allowing states to choose not to implement them effectively and promptly, leading to low compliance rates. The root cause of this compliance challenge lies in the ASEAN Way’s foundational principle, which promotes non-intervention, resulting in non-legally binding instruments. This raises genuine concerns about the potential inefficacy of implementing ASEAN instruments. Nonetheless, the issue of marine plastic pollution is considered a contemporary environmental catastrophe in the region, demanding Member States to prioritize compliance. Hence, this study delves into two key issues: (1) the ASEAN Way and compliance and (2) regional mechanisms to bolster Member States’ adherence in combating marine plastic pollution.

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THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CHINA TRADE PRESENCE IN SERBIA

Author(s): Ľubica Zubaľová,Kristína Drieniková,Lívia Ujlaky,Eva Mária Ďurčeková / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The European Union has been the dominant trade partner of Western Balkan countries for a long time; however, China’s trade and economic influence in the region is growing yearly, and its engagement in the region has intensified after the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative. Serbia is the region’s most important strategic trading partner for the EU and China. This paper addressed the trade presence of the EU and China in Serbia, examined the trade position of the EU and China in Serbia, the intensity of their mutual foreign trade (TII index), and the trade competitiveness of Serbia’s export in selected traded commodities (RCA1 index). The trade position of the EU in Serbia was confirmed as clearly more substantial than that of China, and trade intensity was high. However, China’s trade position grew despite its trade exchange intensity, which was well below potential. However, the low values of Serbia’s competitiveness index are a severe obstacle to the increase of Serbian exports and some persistent obstacles in the framework of export procedures. The growing passive trade balance in relations with China remains also disturbing.

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FRANCE’S INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY AND THE ROLE OF VIETNAM

Author(s): Hanh Thi Nguyen,Linh Vo Hoang / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The Indo-Pacific has partially replaced the term Asia-Pacific and emerged as a geo-economic and geostrategic concept over the last decade, with Japan, Australia, the United States, and India launching their respective plans. As a resident power and a long-time partner, France seized the opportunity. In May 2018, the French Indo-Pacific strategy was initiated during President Macron’s state visit to Australia and released as an official document a year later, making France the first European power to adopt such a strategy. To unveil the driving forces behind French policies and the roles of France in the region, this article employs major theories in international relations (realism, liberalism, and constructivism). In particular, the authors analyze France’s tactical actions concerning like-minded partners and a rising China, addressing how France can protect its interests and amplify its leverage in the region amid Sino-American tensions. The paper specifies several differences between the French approach and other major countries. Last but not least, given the importance of the Franco-ASEAN links mentioned in Section Three of the official strategy, the article also clarifies recent developments in their relationship, focusing on the role of Vietnam in France’s overall scheme.

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GOOD GOVERNANCE AND RULE OF LAW EFFECT ON GDP GROWTH: LESSONS FOR EMERGING ECONOMIES

Author(s): Esat A. Durguti,Avni H. Alidemaj,Anatolijs Krivins / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The overall aim of this article is to explore the effect of governance parameters on gross domestic product (GDP) in the 15 countries of the European Union (EU15) as well as the 6 countries of Southeast Europe (SEE6). The research employed the dynamic methodology generalized methods of moments (GMM) to explore the data gathered from the World Bank and the Global Economy database stretching 2000 - 2022, correspondingly 2008 - 2022. Our analyzed result for EU15 confirms that regulatory quality (RQ), government effectiveness (GE), and rule of law (RL) positively influence GDP; instead, control of corruption (CC) negatively influences GDP. The results obtained for SEE6 reveal that GE and CC positively influence GDP, but instead, the RL negatively influences GDP. Additionally, RQ in the SEE6 instance has shown an insignificant influence on GDP. Unfortunately, the study could not cover every country in both panel groups because of data limitations. Regarding the study’s conclusions, increased dedication to applying and undertaking reform measures for the key governance indicators for SEE6 countries would be helpful. These insights may raise the need to create specific mechanisms for the RL and CC. Compared to other research, the novelty and originality of the present research lies in the fact that it used panel data via the dynamic GMM approach to explore the role of improving government quality metrics in GDP.

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SCIENCE DIPLOMACY IN THE NEGOTIATION OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CONTRACTS: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT

Author(s): Suada A. Dzogović,Anita Cucović,Armand Krasniqi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This study investigates the significance of science diplomacy at the convergence of politics, diplomacy, and science, emphasizing its heightened relevance in contemporary geopolitics and economic development. The aim was to elucidate the role of science diplomacy in optimizing negotiation outcomes concerning international business contracts by examining students’ perceptions of its impacts in such contexts. A theoretical analysis was initially conducted to identify the main themes shaping our questionnaire by employing a comprehensive research strategy that combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collection was carried out through a survey using a five-point Likert scale. The study revealed the students’ positive evaluation of science diplomacy, indicating their recognition and appreciation of its utilization in enhancing negotiation outcomes over international business contracts. While political leadership remains crucial in economic negotiations, our findings underscore the significant impact of science diplomacy in promoting international economic relations and facilitating domestic companies’ access to global markets. This research significantly contributes to our understanding of the multifaceted role of science diplomacy in global knowledge dissemination and problem-solving. It elucidates the importance of science diplomacy in international relations and academia, emphasizing its constructive impact on addressing complex challenges.

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