Alex Gourevitch, From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth
Alex Gourevitch, From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth - Labor and Republican Liberty in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015
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Alex Gourevitch, From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth - Labor and Republican Liberty in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2015
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The author presents a brief outline of Karl Marx’s concepts of economic alienation and social revolution (the latter conceived of as fight for human emancipation) in order to confront them with Karol Wojtyla’s theory of participation, which is the main focus of the considerations. Unlike Marx, Wojtyla holds that, rather than the economic relations, it is the category of the ‘neighbor,’ together with the derivative commandment of love (“thou shalt love...”), that provide the deepest ground for participation. Therefore, Wojtyla emphasizes that the Marxist theory of alienation is essentially the antithesis of the theory of participation, while the postulate of a class-struggle-based revolution, which follows from the theory of alienation, deepens the condition in question rather than contributes to overcoming it. In the concluding part of the paper, the author refers to the fact that Pope John Paul II did not consider overcoming the so-called socialist system, which began in 1989, as the end of working against alienation. Rather, he would stress that the problem of alienation is still acute, since alienation is now engendered by materialistic consumer attitudes which undermine the possibilities of participation. The author holds that the mark of the consumer mentality characteristic primarily of Western societies is that their members are no longer aware of the alienation they experience and, consequently, they no longer strive to overcome this condition.
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Bruto nacionalni proizvod neke zemlje može se razdijeliti na različite načine. Konkretno, može se razdijeliti tako da bolje zadovoljava manje hitne nego hitnije potrebe. U tom je slučaju opće blagostanje stanovništva ispod objektivno postizive razine. Ovaj jednostavni zdravorazumski pristup potiče dobro poznate i goleme analitičke i teoretske probleme. Ako prihvatimo - kao što se to općenito čini - da međupersonalne usporedbe blagostanja nisu moguće ili opravdane, tada izgleda da nema objektivnih kriterija za prosuđivanje relativne hitnosti potreba. Uz to, opće blagostanje ovisi ne samo o raspodjeli, već i o proizvodnji. Stoga imamo zamku povratne sprege u sistemu koji ne možemo mjeriti - jasnu analitički mrtvu točku.
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Nije rijetkost da se značajni društveni i privredni problemi, slučajno ili namjerno, lansiraju u javnost usred predizborne kampanje ili u prva 3-4 mjeseca novog mandatnog perioda. Podešavanje objave vijesti o krupnim aferama i krupnim društvenim problemima u predizbornom periodu ili u prvim mjesecima novih mandata nije slučajno: javna pažnja je zasićena izbornom kampanjom i dodatno, kao u ovom slučaju, dokazanim odsustvom javne pažnje uobičajenim za mjesece ljetnih godišnjih odmora (dovoljno se prisjetiti najpoznatijih vremenskih podešavanja objave loših vijesti u slučajevima poskupljenja osnovnih namirnica i usluga, koje se ćešće objavljuju u trećem večernjem dnevniku, a znatno rjeđe u udarnom terminu drugog TV dnevnika). Tako su vijesti, objavljene krajem mjeseca juna 2018. godine, vezane za smjenu direktora Aluminija d.d. Mostar i istovremena objava vijesti da to preduzeće ima akumulirani gubitak blizu 180 miliona Eura, zadržale javnu pažnju na problemima preduzeća Aluminij Mostar čak i kraće od «tri dana BiH čuđenja», koliko se BiH javnost uobičajeno zadržava na tzv. udarnim problemima.
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Kada bi nešto danas besmrtni Servantes imao da šalje svoga Don Kihota da se za svoje ideale bori protiv ovaca i vetrenjača, bio bi u najvećoj nedoumici, po kakvoj narodnosti da svoga junaka krsti, osobito ako je bio uveren da se dogadjaji u svetu odigravaju predvidjanjima i voljom samih ljudi. Samo što, govoreći o Don Kihotu u vezi s privrednim vetrenjačama, mi njega ne uzimamo kao tragičnu figuru, figuru idealista i sanjalice, već ga uzimamo onako kako ga shvata široka publika.
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Globally the tourism sector is one of the main economic sectors in attracting and generating foreign revenue. The sector accounts for seven percent of global foreign revenue as an export industry. In South Africa the low growth environment over the last decade has resulted in the need to find alternative economic sectors in support to traditional sectors such as mining and manufacturing, to drive higher levels of economic growth in the country. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between tourism as the dependent variable, and economic growth, exchange rate changes and political stability, as independent variables. The study region selected is South Africa, which is classified as a developing country and is in many cases seen as the proxy for emerging economies. This study followed a quantitative research approach with time series data from 1996 to 2017. The relationships between the variables were analysed by means of the Johansen cointegration, Vector Error Correction and Granger causality econometric models. The results indicated that there are both long and short-run relationships between the variables. A number of policy recommendations that could potentially contribute to the extension of the role of tourism in development include improved political and currency stability in the country as well as the relaxation of visa requirements.
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We do not say that the Public Choice School has not made any positive contribution to political economy. It has. The originators of it, James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, along with their many followers and collaborators, have done important work on rational voter theory, setting up a meeting agenda, game theory, etc. Nor can we object to the application of economic theory to political issues. Far from it. However, the present book seeks to uncover its many failures. For example, the fact that underneath the veneer of its supposed adherence to value-free positive analysis lies a value-laden support for statism. To wit, its emphasis and reliance on “theoretical unanimity” not the actual unanimity incorporated in every commercial act under free enterprise. We also take issue with its nomenclature “rent seeking” albeit not the concept itself. Why pick on innocuous “rent” to describe crony capitalism?
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There is extensive argument that political risk is an imperative and increasing influence on international portfolio allocation decisions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation between abrupt political events and stock returns of Bombay Stock Exchange in India. The issue is examined using a dummy variable regression model controlled for the effect of lag market returns.
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Local development can be understood as a process affecting the 11 relation between production and consumption, and local living conditions in a 12 given territory. The topic of the cross-section of poviats of the Lubuskie 13 Voivodeship was presented in this dissertation. A descriptive analysis of the 14 structure of employed was carried out and the changes in the volume of sold 15 production of industry by poviats were examined. In order to model 16 dependencies regarding the development of sold production, due to the 17 specificity of the data, panel models were used. The models with fixed and 18 random effects were subjected to estimation and verification in the context of 19 the pooled regression model.
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Globalization is accompanied by the deepening international division of labour and is associated with countries specializing in production of selected goods or their components. Specialization of production gives rise to corporate multinationals moving goods and services from country to country in order to take advantage of the host country. In international trade, then the movements of goods and services between countries are not the net trade, but it is more or less an in-house trade in goods and services within the corporation.
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Bonus-malus systems are used for the classification of the insured in different tariff classes based on the individual history of claims. The aim of such systems is to differentiate premiums for clients with high and low claims ratios to limit the phenomenon of the negative selection of customers and to attract low-claims ratio customers. Thus, bonus-malus systems also fulfil a marketing function and are a tool for gaining competitive advantage.
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The concept of sovereignty has raised intense academic debates for more than a century. The notion in itself was and is under ongoing change, evolving at the same time with the political and historical circumstances. The present work is focused on searching for an answer to the question to what degree the post-modern multi-dimensional sovereignty affects the national classical sovereignty, known also as westphalian. Moreover, it will be analyze whether the European regionalization or integration represents a limit with regard to the state sovereignty or it insures its existence itself. The hypothesis from which it is started is that it was produced an expansion, a recalibration of the semantic sphere of the concept of sovereignty, the notion not being able to be understood in a classical form because, in the globalization context, the defense of the national territory depends upon the optimal cooperation. The efficient cooperation insures the regional security, and the growing tensions in the EU lead to the increase of insecurity and, implicitly, to the increase of the national insecurity. The national sovereignty depends on the regional structure of which it is part of.
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The concept of globalization is interpreted by various authors in terms of its importance or content. This article presents an overview of the theoretical background and results of an analysis of the influence of globalization trends on important macroeconomic indicators of selected countries. An examination of the level of globalization as a quantitative marker was enabled by the KOF Index of Globalization, which provides an indication of the economic, political and social globalization at global level. Research methods included time series analysis, trend analysis and nonparametric regression model (regression of panel data).
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Review of: Title: Reconstructing urban economics: Towards a political economy of the built environment Author: Franklin Obeng-Odoom Publisher: ZED Books Place and year of publication: London, 2016 Number of pages: 296 [ISBN: 978-1-7836-0659-7]
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An individualist usually believes that human beings, contrary to what socialists like Karl Marx or Auguste Comte thought, are first and foremost unique, irreplaceable members of the human species, capable of independent thought and action once they reach maturity, and free to choose their conduct based on their conscious thinking. As such, they require the kind of community that makes room for their independence, a community that protects individual rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of one’s chosen goals in life. Although members of the human species and thus possessing a few common attributes, human individuals are a varied lot and flourish best in communities that makes varied pursuits possible, such as the free market political economic order. From time immemorial the individuality of human beings has been evident (mostly so in creative realms such as art, religion and technology) although often suppressed by rulers who wanted a one size fits all type of society to serve their own objectives. So in various historical times it has been a struggle to forge political-legal systems that do full justice to our human individuality.
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The article is focused on the presentation of the main directions of a growth of English foreign (and colonial) trade in the peacetime period in the international relationals in the Atlantic sphere between 1715–1740. The English overseas statistics (especially based on the collected data by E.B. Schumpeter) have indicated that in the described period was the continuance of a growth of English foreign trade (so called in a historical literature „trade revolution”) which had the beginning in the second half of the XVIIth century. The trade was marked by a superiority of the traditional European markets (especially in the Northern Atlantic countries) with a positive balance but much more dynamic was the growth of English Extraeuropean trade (essentially the colonial trade) in so called the Atlantic sphere of English economy. The main role in the latter played the American market (from Canada to some Carraibean Isles) with some share of the Iberoamerican markets. The part of Atlantic English trade dominated the whole English Extraeuropean trade (so called by some historians the Americanisation of English trade). The latter, however, was an unprofitable with some exception of the Western African trade but thanks to the steady increase of the role of overseas imports (especially many colonial products) in the English European re-eksport the whole English foreign trade had a regular positive balance in the described period. The Americanisation of English Extraeuropaen trade made the main level of British-French colonial rivalry (with an important share of Spanish colonies in the both Americas) in the first half of the XVIIIth century. The rivalry brought to an end the peacetime period in the Atlantic sphere when the breaking out of British-Spanish colonial war united a farther growth of English foreign trade with the war of Empire (1739–1740).
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Machan, a radical libertarian, addresses a wide array of political economic issues, in a variety of interviews he has given over five decades. This book is rich with insights from the classical liberal, laissez faire tradition, the only one that consistently supports the idea of a bona fide free society. Machan discusses innumerable topics with a relentless concern for securing individual human liberty in all of its dimensions.
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The article focuses on the – at the first sight counterintuitive – temporary alliance between two important social groups (the so-called „dissidents” and „monetarists”) during the Czech transition to capitalism. After the repression following the Prague Spring in 1968, the two groups find themselves in different social positions. While a part of the humanist intelligentsia, as a response to ideological repression, chose to „dissent” and subscribe for the ideas of anti-politics and to „live within the truth”, a great number of critical economists could remain within the institutions of the state apparatus (albeit without being able to make a career), where they gradually picked up monetarists ideas and practices. The dissidents imagined themselves as having a moral authority because of their sacrifice, and through their pastoral power they persuaded people to participate in a self-organized civil society put in contrast to the socialist regime. The monetarists, on the other hand, subscribed for the idea of the market and for its technique of „governing from distance” as opposed to the state’s discretionary interventions. Because of their elective affiliation, the two groups became the main mediums of the spirit of capitalism during the transition process, thus they created the bases of „capitalism without capitalists”. Though the alliance between the two groups did not last long, during their affiliation they created the context of neoliberal reforms by the monetarist technology of governing from distance and by propagating the idea that the society should purify itself by sacrifice.
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Anthropological research demonstrates that exchanges and transactions related to marriage alliances, regardless of their central organizing principle and form, are not governed by the logic of the market but by the logic of gift exchange. Thus, the exchange of women for worthy material goods and valuables (bride wealth), which is (or has been) a dominant form of marriage transactions in Africa and some parts of Asia and Oceania, cannot be understood as commodity exchange and "wife purchase". The "marriage by wife purchase" thesis, developed within a Victorian evolutionist paradigm, has been rejected in anthropology a long time ago. At the same time, some more recent research showed that the exchange of persons for goods as a principle of marriage exchanges and transactions does not entail only the practice of exchanging women for material goods. In some societies, marriage transactions are based on the principle of exchanging men for goods (groom wealth). This research called into question, once again, not only the "wife purchase" theory but also Levi-Strauss' fundamental assumption about the "exchange of women between groups of men". In response to the fact that the "marriage by wife purchase" thesis is still regarded as an adequate explanation not only in the popular discourse but also in the Serbian scientific literature, this article seeks to offer an anthropological critique of the thesis and to draw attention to some key interdisciplinary disagreements that emerge in the interpretation of this particular form of marriage transactions. The article also discusses theoretical and epistemological assumptions which underpin the "marriage by purchase" thesis, as well as the process of critical examination that led anthropology to discard the thesis. From a contemporary anthropological perspective, the article suggests a possibility to explore a cultural and political economy of the gift, since the logic of gift is different from but not diametrically opposed to the logic of commodity exchange.
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