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Гражданското общество в България: от социално предприемачество до завладяване от държавата
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Гражданското общество в България: от социално предприемачество до завладяване от държавата

Author(s): Todor Yalamov,Maria Doichinova,Lyubomir Kutin / Language(s): Bulgarian

This publication analyses the changes in the third sector during the 2010 – 2013 period and at the same time outlines the positive practices in the social entrepreneurship as well as the risks that reduce the chances for nongovernmental organisations to effectively impact the democracy and well-being of Bulgaria.

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Европейският опит в противодействието на корупцията в полицията
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Европейският опит в противодействието на корупцията в полицията

Author(s): Rositsa Dzhekova,Philip Gounev,Tihomir Bezlov / Language(s): Bulgarian

This publication reviews the policies and institutional mechanisms for countering police corruption in several EU member states. To be effective, anti-corruption efforts should be based on a system of independent and mutually accountable institutions which are sufficiently empowered to implement their objectives. This report emphasises the last two decades of experience in the UK, Belgium and Austria in modernising their anti-corruption policies and institutions. In addition to the institutional and legal framework, concrete measures and methods (risk assessment, integrity tests, etc.) are also examined. The Bulgarian and Romanian experience in countering corruption in law enforcement institutions is also reviewed with an emphasis on some of the main problems and gaps that undermine effective counter measures.

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Противодействие на организираната престъпност в България: оценка на правната рамка
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Противодействие на организираната престъпност в България: оценка на правната рамка

Author(s): Maria Yordanova,Dimitar Markov / Language(s): Bulgarian

The publication analyses and assesses the legal framework on countering organised crime and examines the problems, which arise in its practical application. On this basis, recommendations are made to improve the legislation and bring it into conformity with international standards and the existing good practices, as well as to overcome the weaknesses in the application of law which impede the detection and punishment of organised criminal activity or infringe fundamental principles of criminal procedure and the rights of the participants in it.

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Динамика на скритата икономика в България по време на криза
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Динамика на скритата икономика в България по време на криза

Author(s): Andrey Nonchev,Denitsa Mantcheva,Evgenia Vassileva,Ruslan Stefanov,Todor Yalamov / Language(s): Bulgarian

This publication provides an overview of the hidden economy dynamics in Bulgaria. The authors make an analysis of the effects of the crisis on the labor market and undeclared work based on the results from the Hidden Economy Monitoring System. After examining the European and the Bulgarian experience of the last five years, they make recommendations to the improvement of the public policies for reducing the hidden economy. The authors also justify the necessity of combining administrative control, socio-economic measures and structural reforms in the control administrations and the law enforcement agencies.

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Партньори в престъпността: рисковете от симбиозата между сектора за сигурност и организираната престъпност в Югоизточна Европа
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Партньори в престъпността: рисковете от симбиозата между сектора за сигурност и организираната престъпност в Югоизточна Европа

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The penetration of the organized crime into the security sectors of the countries in transition is one of the darkest aspects of the post-communist transformations of states. During the past 15 years the growing impact and influence of organized criminal groups was felt not only in the countries in transition but also in the European Union. This process was facilitated by the increasingly free movement of people, goods and finances around Europe. The report is a necessary contribution to heightening public awareness of the considerable risks arising from criminal partnership within the security sector in Bulgaria and the Western Balkans and the need for measures to counteract and prevent it.

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Корупция и контрабанда: мониторинг и превенция. Методики за ооценка и модели за противодействие на трансграничната престапност в България
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Корупция и контрабанда: мониторинг и превенция. Методики за ооценка и модели за противодействие на трансграничната престапност в България

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

This is the second updated edition under the same title, published by the Center for the Study of Democracy of its Reports/ Analyses series to be distributed among participants in Regional Coordination Meeting of Subtable "Justice and Home Affairs" of Stability Pact Working Table III, held in Sofia on October 3rd, 2000. This latest analytical report is the outcome of the efforts of non-government organizations and state institutions, and of independent experts and journalists as well within the framework of the Coalition 2000 process. Launched in 1997, Coalition 2000 strives to support the restriction and curbing of corrupt practices in Bulgarian society, including regular monitoring of public perceptions and attitudes towards corruption. The illicit trafficking growth, as one of the most important sources of local "gray economy" throughout the 90ies, was caused by a number of international and internal factors, the most crucial of which being the weakening of the post-communist state and the spread of corruption practices among state officials. The threat on society posed by the interlacing of the interests both of crossborder crime perpetrators and the associated corrupt public officials (customs officials being the most alarming example according to public opinion), became a serious public concern. This initiated the necessity to analyze the phenomenon and to identify adequate monitoring and counteraction measures, moreover this type of crime finds further confirmation in experts' estimate that a large portion of the local gray economy is related to smuggling of goods and the proceeds of the respective unlawful activities. The report examines the processes of illegal trafficking and the related corruption in Bulgaria, identifying their typical manifestations and the practical assessment, prevention and control strategies and methodologies in three sections as follows: • an analysis of crossborder crime in Bulgaria during the 90ies; • a review of the sociological and statistical methods of measuring illicit trafficking; • Practically oriented proposals with the aim of curbing corruption and trafficking. The first section emphasizes on the combined impact of trafficking and corruption in the context of current criminological environment in this country and the increasing crossborder nature of crime. The problem has been deliberately set in the national context, seemingly isolated from global crime. The second section of the paper (Monitoring the illegal trafficking) proposes two relevant methods of measuring the contraband merchandises imported in the country and the sample survey methods for assessing of smuggling. One of them, the "mirror statistics" method, compares overseas and local official data regarding the export/import of this country. It is applied to assess the scope of the gray economy as a whole, and to locate the main "contraband markets" in Bulgaria. In addition, an original mechanism is developed, which combines monitoring through sample interviews, with exerting control over contraband goods. This mechanism is oriented towards future cooperation between local NGOs and public authorities (customs and police). The third section of the paper consists of proposed measures to be undertaken to curb illegal trafficking and corruption in this country. It is coined after the Coalition 2000 Anti-Corruption Action Plan and outlines the synergy of public sector reform and civil society anti-corruption initiatives. It also stresses on the importance of enhancing international cooperation in the framework of Bulgaria's EU accession. Statistical data provided by the Customs Agency have been used in this second updated edition of the paper. A number of recommendations by the Agency's experts have also been taken in consideration.

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Българският капиталов пазар в контекста на присъединяването към Европейския съюз: състояние и проблеми
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Българският капиталов пазар в контекста на присъединяването към Европейския съюз: състояние и проблеми

Author(s): Stefan Petranov,Jeffrey Miller / Language(s): Bulgarian

The objective of this report is to contribute to the discussion on the capital market reform in Bulgaria in preparation for eventual integration into the European Union. The report views the accession issue on two levels. The first one is whether the necessary capital market institutions and legislation are in place, while the second one is whether capital markets function in a manner that supports economic growth and development. The impetus for the development of the capital markets in Bulgaria was the first wave of the mass privatization program. This program was similar to the program implemented earlier in the Czech Republic. At the same time the Czech Republic is among the first countries in transition that has been invited to negotiate accession with the European Union. For these reasons it is useful to compare the process of capital market developments in both countries. However, it should be taken into consideration that because of the problems that have surfaced recently in the Czech capital markets, the Czech example does not necessarily furnish solutions to the problems that are likely to arise. A large number of the companies are listed on the Bulgarian Stock Exchange-Sofia, but in practice the majority of the smaller ones have not been traded at all. While the unadjusted market capitalization figure amounts to roughly 0 million, this includes all investment funds, holding companies and all shares in partially privatized state owned companies. The actual figure for shares not held by the Government and available for trading on the BSE-Sofia is probably closer to 5 million. This works out to 1 per participant in the mass privatization program, which is a little above one-month’s salary. The market also has very low levels of turnover. Turnover figures at the individual company level are available only for trades on the BSE-Sofia. Most company shares have been traded very few times since the stock market opened. Only eight companies have traded shares in more than half of the sessions for which they were registered.

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Социални проблеми на присъединяването на България към Европейския съюз
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Социални проблеми на присъединяването на България към Европейския съюз

Author(s): Teodora Noncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian

The social policy of the European Union aims to reduce the most substantial differences in the national schemes and programs, to facilitate the free movement of workers, to create prerequisites for employment growth and improvement of the working conditions, to raise the level of qualification and to promote the retraining and the reintegration of people who lost their job because of structural economic changes or for other reasons with social implications. Ensuring of the national social security systems' conformity with the criteria for membership in the European Union is of substantial importance for the entire process of democratisation and integration in Europe. At the same time these systems determine the internal potential of the applicant countries for accession. That is where the actuality of the questions, put in this study stems from: What is the scope of the field of action of the economic and social criteria for integration in the social sphere? To what extent does the Bulgarian system for social protection correspond to the European models and values? What are the perspectives for development of the social reform in the light of the strategy for accession to the European Union? These questions do not have a simple answer, but nevertheless the analysis of the social problems of the integration is the main challenge at the current stage of the social reform.

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България и структурните фондове на Европейския съюз
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България и структурните фондове на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

Bulgaria's accession to the European Union is the foremost strategic objective of the country. This goal both serves the national interest of the establishment of a developed, democratic state and coincides with Bulgaria's readiness to actively participate in the realization of a united Europe. The conclusions of the European Council in December 1997 in Luxembourg opened the way for the active involvement of the 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the preparations for their accession to the EU. It should be noted that the inclusion of Bulgaria in the next enlargement of the EU is an expression of the highly positive assessment of the democratic processes taking place in the country. At the same time, these conclusions specify requirements which need to be fulfilled by Bulgaria as a condition for Bulgaria's accession to the EU. Further, meeting the second and the third group of the Copenhagen criteria requires the complete restructuring of the national economy, the construction of modern infrastructures, the introduction of competitive principles of fair competition and increased social activities with the goal of accession to the policies and the principles of the EU. The present report examines the preparation of Bulgaria for future participation in the structural policies of the EU with the purpose of achieving economic and social harmonization on the basis of the introduction of principles of regional and social policy and the development of infrastructures in the area of transport and telecommunications. Structural funds are among the instruments used to achieve the aims of economic and social harmonization, and thus the preparation for their most effective and efficient use during the pre-accession period is very important. Within this context, the report examines the necessary organizational, administrative, legal and financial measures which must be undertaken in the pursuit of successful future participation in the structural funds of the EU.

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ХОРИЗОНТИ В РАЗВИТИЕТО НА ЧОВЕШКИТЕ РЕСУРСИ И ЗНАНИЕТО. Том 2. 12-14 ЮНИ 2015. НАУЧНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ  С МЕЖДУНАРОДНО УЧАСТИЕ, 12-14 ЮНИ 2015 г. БУРГАС
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ХОРИЗОНТИ В РАЗВИТИЕТО НА ЧОВЕШКИТЕ РЕСУРСИ И ЗНАНИЕТО. Том 2. 12-14 ЮНИ 2015. НАУЧНА КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ С МЕЖДУНАРОДНО УЧАСТИЕ, 12-14 ЮНИ 2015 г. БУРГАС

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian

Modern society is in a state of global change. In many countries of the world, e-Government has been created and is working effectively, electronic universities are being created (e-university), e-learning e-learning is actively being introduced - this is not a complete list of concepts and phenomena that 30 years ago did not exist in reality , but at present they have become an objective reality, changing both public and economic, and political mechanisms of society. Today, the education system is undergoing significant changes. New information technologies are actively introduced into the educational process of the whole system of education (schools, colleges, universities), while the highest degree of informatization of the learning process is distance learning.

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Diskriminace a právo
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Diskriminace a právo

Author(s): Eva Fialová,Ivana Spoustová,Barbara Havelková,Zdeněk Kühn / Language(s): Czech

Rovnost byla jedním z nejčastěji skloňovaných pojmů během režimu reálného socialismu v Československu. Komunistický režim byl ostatně založen na rovnostářské ideologii. Důrazem na rovnost a její úplné dosažení v komunistické budoucnosti opodstatňoval režim svou existenci, svou rovnostářskou ideologií se také vymezoval proti západním státům. Není proto divu, že po roce 1989 přestala být rovnost v módě. V postkomunistickém prostoru se objevil fenomén negativního postoje k otázkám rovnosti a diskriminace. Paradoxní bohužel je, že nechuť používat rovnost a s ní související antidiskriminační principy přežívá i ve vztahu ke koncepcím, které se mezitím ve vší komplexitě rozvinuly v západní Evropě a USA. Stále považujeme za normální řadu věcí, které by byly na západ od našich hranic považovány za nepřípustnou diskriminaci. Řadě antidiskriminačních koncepcí, které se v posledních čtyřech dekádách v západním světě prosadily, se posmíváme. Ostatně teprve před nedávnem jsme se přinejmenším formálně zbavili například inzerátů, které poptávaly „mladou sekretářku“ nebo „právníka – mladého energického muže“. Současný evropský (a americký) přístup k zákazu diskriminace vychází v zásadě z toho, že je nepřípustné zacházet s někým odlišně jen proto, že patří do nějaké obecně defi nované skupiny (rasově, etnicky nebo třeba pohlavím). Odlišné zacházení je tak přípustné jen na základě individuálních charakteristik daného člověka. Odlišně můžeme s někým zacházet například na základě jeho skutečných vlastností, jeho profesní historie, atp., ale nikoliv podle pouhého faktu, že je příslušníkem nějaké obecně defi nované skupiny, jíž na základě našich stereotypů přikládáme určité typické vlastnosti. Prostředky práva pak intervenujeme tehdy, pokud je s někým odlišně zacházeno proto, že je příslušníkem nějaké skupiny, s níž bylo odlišně (a diskriminačně) zacházeno tradičně, nebo je takové odlišné zacházení z jiných důvodů nepřípustné (rasa, pohlaví, sexuální orientace atp.). Každá právní norma reguluje společenské vztahy obecným způsobem. Podstatou každé právní normy je současně rozlišení obecně určené situace od jiných situací. V právu sociálního zabezpečení tak například jinak zacházíme s rodinou sociálně potřebnou ve srovnání s rodinami jinými. Z hlediska teorie rovnosti tedy zdaleka ne každé rozlišování je diskriminací, když podstatou legislativy je právě naopak rozlišování. Určení, co je a co není diskriminací, obvykle navazuje na naše „předvídání“ a na existující hodnotové žebříčky. Hovoříme- li o diskriminaci, nerozumíme tím jakékoliv rozlišování, ale rozlišování nějakým způsobem negativní, rozlišování zatěžující určitou skupinu osob, ať již s ohledem na zakázané kritérium nebo s ohledem na způsob, jakým je tohoto rozlišení dosahováno nebo jak je v praxi realizováno (zakázaný účel, svévolnost, atp.). Tato publikace se snaží poskytnout svým čtenářům základní informace o antidiskriminační legislativě a její aplikaci. Doufám, že přispěje k tomu, že na pojmy rovnosti a diskriminace přestaneme pohlížet s povýšeným úsměvem jako na něco, co se nás netýká, co nepotřebujeme, co nám jen vnucuje proti naší vůli Evropská unie, a uvědomíme si, že boj proti diskriminaci je něčím, co vyjadřuje nejzákladnější hodnoty celé naší euroatlantické civilizace, hodnoty, které pregnantně vystihuje česká Listina základních práv a svobod, pokud hovoří o tom, že lidé jsou si rovni v důstojnosti a právech.

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Malé obce za rovné příležitosti žen a mužů
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Malé obce za rovné příležitosti žen a mužů

Author(s): Kristýna Ciprová,Alexandra Jachanová Doleželová,Helena Skálová,Linda Sokačová / Language(s): Czech

Politiku zaměřenou na vyrovnání šancí žen a mužů by měly prosazovat všechny úřady veřejné správy nejen proto, že Česká republika při vstupu do Evropské unie podepsala závazné dokumenty a přejímá evropskou legislativu v této oblasti. Faktem totiž je, že v České republice nebylo dosaženo rovnosti příležitostí žen a mužů ani v soukromém ani v pracovním životě a úřady veřejné správy by měly vyrovnávání šancí podporovat především v pracovně-právních vztazích a měly by provádět osvětu zaměřenou na veřejné mínění. Rovné příležitosti znamenají neexistenci překážek pro účast na ekonomickém, politickém a sociálním životě na základě pohlaví. Programy rovných příležitostí reagují na společenské překážky a znevýhodnění, kterým čelí některé skupiny obyvatel – např. ženy, rodiče, lidé nad padesát let, zdravotně handicapovaní atd. Jejich cílem je nastavit jim rovnou startovací čáru, která těmto skupinám umožní důstojné postavení ve společnosti a realizaci na základě vlastních schopností a dovedností. Rovné příležitosti jsou také jedním ze základních principů Evropské unie a jejích politik. Protože programy rovných příležitostí jsou odpovědí na systémovou diskriminaci ve společnosti a na trhu práce, není možné je považovat za neoprávněné zvýhodňování jedné skupiny obyvatel nad druhou. [...]

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Nenechte se diskriminovat a nedovolte to jiným. První právní pomoc
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Nenechte se diskriminovat a nedovolte to jiným. První právní pomoc

Author(s): Ivana Spoustová,Ana Králíková-Lužaić,Eva Fialová / Language(s): Czech

Víte, že taková jednání (a mnoho jim podobných) náš právní řád zakazuje? Že jsou porušením vašich práv? Víte, že se můžete proti takovému jednání bránit? Nenechte si líbit bezpráví a začněte jednat. Jsme připraveni vám v tom pomoci. Chceme vás informovat zejména o tom, jak rozpoznat jednání, které je podle platných právních norem považováno za diskriminační, a tedy protiprávní, o tom jak se můžete v takových situacích hájit a jak můžete postupovat, rozhodnete-li se takové jednání netolerovat. Poskytneme vám i odkaz na některé instituce, které se případy právní ochrany osob dotčených diskriminací na pracovním trhu zabývají, stejně jako několik vzorů případných soudních podání. Dozvíte se rovněž to nejdůležitější o změnách, které od ledna 2008 platí pro čerpání mateřské a rodičovské dovolené, známých jako tzv. třírychlostní rodičovská dovolená. Vybrali jsme pro vás i několik dotazů, s nimiž se na naši právní poradnu obraceli ženy a muži, kteří se s diskriminací setkali. [...]

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Reprodukční práva žen a mužů
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Reprodukční práva žen a mužů

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

Reprodukční práva žen a mužů znamenají, že jakákoli osoba nebo pár se může svobodně a odpovědně rozhodnout kolik, v jakém intervalu, kdy a zda mít děti. Zahrnují také možnost rozhodnout se o podstoupení či nepodstoupení interrupce. Nedílnou součástí je právo na informace a prostředky, které přispívají k sexuálnímu a reprodukčnímu zdraví žen i mužů. Jak jsou reprodukční práva ošetřena v mezinárodních dohodách? Právo na reprodukční zdraví, plánované rodičovství, na informace a vzdělávaní v oblasti reprodukčních práv je zakotveno v řadě mezinárodních dokumentů a dohod. Jedním z nejzásadnějších přelomů byla v této souvislosti Mezinárodní konference o populaci a rozvoji, jež se konala v Káhiře v roce 1994. Zúčastněné vlády se shodly na důležitosti všeobecného přístupu ke službám zajišťujícím reprodukční zdraví. Zde i na dalších mezinárodních kongresech (jako např. na 4. konferenci o ženách v Pekingu) byl rovněž defi nován obsah pojmu reprodukční práva: právo rozhodnout se o tom, zda, kolik a kdy mít děti, svobodně se rozhodnout o manželství a založení rodiny atd. [...]

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Ženy na trhu práce: realita a perspektivy
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Ženy na trhu práce: realita a perspektivy

Author(s): Alexandra Jachanová Doleželová / Language(s): Czech

Vážené čtenářky, vážení čtenáři, do rukou se vám dostává publikace Ženy na trhu práce: realita a perspektivy, která vznikla v rámci projektu Připraveni na gender mainstreaming – citlivé překonávání hranic s ohledem na gender. Prostřednictvím vzdělávacích a informačních aktivit podporuje aplikaci gender mainstreamingu a umožňujeme výměnu zkušeností mezi evropskými státy. Publikace navazuje na konferenci Perspektiva žen na trhu práce, která se konala pod záštitou poslankyně Kateřiny Jacques v říjnu 2007 v Praze. Cílem je kritické zhodnocení pozice žen na trhu práce, poukázání na přetrvávající nerovnosti a zamyšlení nad budoucností. Uvědomujeme si, že je třeba zhodnotit uplatňování politik na podporu rovného zacházení, které při neinformovaném uplatnění mohou namísto rovnosti upevňovat genderové stereotypy. Předkládané texty neslouží pouze osobám v rozhodovacích pozicích, jsou i výzvou k vzájemné ženské solidaritě, jejíž nedostatek často naplňování principů rovnosti brání. I proto jsme se rozhodli, některé naše aktivity zaměřit především na ženy. [...]

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Novi zov rata u Siriji i bosanskohercegovački kontingent stranih boraca
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Novi zov rata u Siriji i bosanskohercegovački kontingent stranih boraca

Author(s): Vlado Azinović,Muhamed Jusić / Language(s): Bosnian

Odlazak građana Bosne i Hercegovine na ratišta u Siriju i Irak, i posebno mogucnost njihovog povratka u zemlju, nisu najozbiljnija niti najneposrednija opasnost po njenu sigurnost. U državi koja opstanak duguje mirovnom sporazumu u koji je ugrađen temeljni spor oko kojeg je vođen rat (1992-1995) – treba li ona biti jedinstvena ili podijeljena – postoje znatno prisutniji sigurnosni rizici. Ova nerazriješena dihotomija, kroz nastavak rata (još uvijek) nenasilnim sredstvima, presudno određuje politicku, društvenu i ekonomsku dinamiku te izravno smanjuje kapacitet države da djelotvorno odgovori na gotovo svaki izazov. Odlasci na strana ratišta nisu izravna posljedica te dinamike. Oni su lokalizacija globalnog fenomena, kojem domaci kontekst ponekad pogoduje, ali su i rezultat drugih procesa koji se ovdje odvijaju skoro četvrt stoljeća. Za to vrijeme Bosna i Hercegovina je od zemlje destinacije za putujuce strane borce postala zemlja njihovog porijekla. Atlantska inicijativa je sredinom 2015. godine objavila istraživanje u kojem je pokušala objasniti ovaj fenomen. Godinu dana kasnije, cini nam se kako je saznanja do kojih smo tada došli neophodno dopuniti novima. Prije svega promjenom hijerarhije motiva koji navode na odlaske, a onda i posljedicama koje je ta promjena proizvela na sadržaj i dinamiku ovog procesa. Zbog toga i dopunjeni naslov ovog istraživanja – Novi zov rata u Siriji i bosanskohercegovacki kontingent stranih boraca.

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Systemic rivalry and balancing interests: Chinese investment meets EU law on the Belt and Road
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Systemic rivalry and balancing interests: Chinese investment meets EU law on the Belt and Road

Author(s): Steven Blockmans,Weinian Hu / Language(s): English

For years, the EU has refrained from criticising China’s attempts to shape globalisation according to its own interests. Member states have allowed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to tip the balance of power towards the companies that China owns or subsidises. Alarmed by recent Chinese takeovers in strategic industries, the EU has flagged up its intention to toughen rules on foreign investment flows into Europe. The brand-new EU Strategic Outlook on China adopts a multifaceted approach and defines the ‘Middle Kingdom’ simultaneously as a cooperation and negotiation partner with whom the Union needs to find a balance of interests, an “economic competitor” in pursuit of technological leadership, and a “systemic rival” promoting alternative models of governance. This paper takes stock of BRI investments in Europe and of member states’ concerns about economic and national security. It then examines the EU-wide legal bulwarks and regulatory responses that are intended to hedge against unfair practices. It concludes that, while a more realistic and assertive European approach toward Chinese market behaviour is welcome, the EU should take China up on its pledge to embolden the BRI with ‘soft connectivity’, i.e. a legal infrastructure, rather than risk mutual harm by adopting too protectionist a stance. This should benefit not just the EU and China but also the other ‘16+1’ countries along the central corridor of the BRI, which passes through the Caucasus, the Balkans and Eastern Europe – all in the spirit of the EU’s 2018 connectivity strategy with Asia.

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Leveraging funding for energy efficiency in buildings in South East Europe
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Leveraging funding for energy efficiency in buildings in South East Europe

Author(s): Jorge Núñez Ferrer / Language(s): English

This paper addresses the possibility of creating financial instruments so that large scale energy efficiency renovation programmes can be substantially financed by the private sector. Aimed at decision-makers and those wishing to understand the issue, it avoids excessive technicalities. The paper presents some selected examples of financial instruments for energy efficiency that could represent possible blue prints for South East Europe. It concludes by proposing to develop variations of one of the simplest models to avoid ambitious, complex but ineffective instruments. A clear warning is given on the need for a careful ex-ante assessment of the legal framework, other barriers and the capacity of building associations to request loans on behalf of the owners. It also insists that business strategy development requires special attention.

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№61 The Criminalisation of Migration in Europe. A State-of-the-Art of the Academic Literature and Research
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№61 The Criminalisation of Migration in Europe. A State-of-the-Art of the Academic Literature and Research

Author(s): Joanna Parkin / Language(s): English

In the last 30 years, a clear trend has come to define modern immigration law and policy. A set of seemingly disparate developments concerning the constant reinforcement of border controls, tightening of conditions of entry, expanding capacities for detention and deportation and the proliferation of criminal sanctions for migration offences, accompanied by an anxiety on the part of the press, public and political establishment regarding migrant criminality can now be seen to form a definitive shift in the European Union towards the so-called ‘criminalisation of migration’. This paper aims to provide an overview of the ‘state-of-the-art’ in the academic literature and EU research on criminalisation of migration in Europe. It analyses three key manifestations of the so called ‘crimmigration’ trend: discursive criminalisation; the use of criminal law for migration management; and immigrant detention, focusing both on developments in domestic legislation of EU member states but also the increasing conflation of mobility, crime and security which has accompanied EU integration.

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№90 The Cost of Non-Europe in the Area of Organised Crime
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№90 The Cost of Non-Europe in the Area of Organised Crime

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Elspeth Guild,Lina Vosyliūtė,Amandine Scherrer,Valsamis Mitsilegas,Mirja Gutheil,Quentin Liger,Gareth Harper / Language(s): English

This Research Paper examines the costs of non-Europe in the field of organised crime. It provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the main legal/ethical, socio-political and economic costs and benefits of the EU in policies on organised crime. It offers an in-depth examination of the transformative contribution that the EU has made, in terms of investigation, prosecution and efficiency, to trans-border operational activities and the protection of its citizens’ rights. Finally, it seeks to answer the questions of what are the costs and benefits of European cooperation and what forms of cooperation would bring more European added value.

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