Verbos psicológicos en Español y en Polaco. Análisis contrastivo
The purpose of this study is to show the basic semantic as well syntactic similarities and differences of predicates of psych verbs in Spanish and Polish.
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The purpose of this study is to show the basic semantic as well syntactic similarities and differences of predicates of psych verbs in Spanish and Polish.
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This Case Study aims to depict some traits of intercomprehension between two Romance languages Romanian and French as they result from answers on a written questionnaire rendered to 39 people, whose first or second language is French. The participants had to ascertain their competence in reading comprehension either by answering 10 questions in Romanian, or by translating into French the words they could understand. After separate analysis of the set of answers for each question, a comparison of all the answers and the degree of overall understanding is accomplished. The characteristics of comprehending (or not) words and groups of words are accounted in order to discover specific traits of intercomprehension between Romanian and French. We started from the supposition that the origin of words plays an important part in understanding among people speaking Romance languages, and also that the length of the sentences might affect in a negative way the cognizance of the respondents.
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This study aims to present a comparative approach to the similitudes and differences in the evolution of the expression of affirmation in Romance Languages. Contrary to Latin, the Romance languages do have a specialized particle to express the affirmation, but with some differences form one language to another. At a first glance Spanish, Italian and Portuguese share the same evolution, but Portuguese is characterized by the reduced use of the sim particle. French has two particles, while Romanian particle da is a borrowing from modern Slavic languages. The alignment of Romanian to the conceptual pattern of the other occurred very late, in the XIX century.
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Due to the lack of contrastive grammar studies between Galician and Romanian, with the first being the most western Romanic language ―along with Portuguese― and the second one the eastern one, we elaborated the thesis “Comparative study of the Galician and Romanian pronominal system: the personal pronoun in Os outros feirantes / Alţi tîrgoveţi by Álvaro Cunqueiro”. From the many conclusions that we extracted from this work, this article is born with the aim of showing the divergences and similarities in the placement of the 3rd person pronoun, both in singular and plural, in both languages, in the studied corpus.
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The article presents the language situation in the independent country of Ukraine. It shows what part of Ukrainian society perceives the Ukrainian language, the Russian language or both of these two languages at the same time as their mother tongue. The paper also shows which of the two languages, Ukrainian or Russian, is more commonly used by Ukrainians in everyday life. Special focus was placed on linguistic diversity of particular regions of Ukraine. The aim of the paper was achieved by analyzing the general census of 2001, as well as the results of the public opinion polls conducted in the period of independence by, among others, the “Public Opinion” Centre for Sociological Research, the Olexander Razumkov Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies and the Kiev International Institute of Sociology.
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The paper examines the issue of how the term sustainable development (sustainability), coined exactly 30 years ago by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, has been reproduced in the Slavic languages. The history of the primary English term’s first use as well as its source have been discussed, with special consideration given to the fact that both English and Slavic terms expressing the concept of sustainability have native components. Using a semasiological approach to the studied terminological units, the author analyzes their outer and inner form of the terms in relation to their meaning (definition). The study emphasizes the semantic progression within the various Slavic words used as terms expressing the contemporary idea of sustainable development. This semantic evolution is observable, among other things, in the component of positive evaluation inherent in the terms’ meanings and definitions.
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The present article describes theoretical issues of the English conditional sentences, including definitions and types, leading to concerns regarding teaching them. We argue that the concept of remoteness developed by Michael Lewis (1986) is much more suitable to describe conditionals, as well as it offers a more logical approach to tackle various less standard types, such as 'mixed', 'zero' or less frequent verb forms (e.g. continuous). A possible way to understand conditionals may start from a non-native speaker perspective, in our case Romanian or Hungarian, making students aware of the challenges represented by the English conditionals. We also offer a popular option to make students discover 'real-life' conditionals with the help of the entertainment industry, while the references contain major English, Romanian and Hungarian sources in the field.
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In some recent works on negative polarity, exhaustivity is posited as the single defining property of all negative polarity item (NPI) and free choice item (FCI) paradigms. Chierchia (2006; 2013), and Chierchia & Liao (2015) are the best-known implementations of this theory. They stipulate that all NPIs and FCIs must be exhaustified, and posit a covert O(nly) and a syntactic feature [+Σ] to derive exhaustification and licensing respectively. In this paper, I challenge the exhaustivity hypothesis and find it, after careful empirical investigation, to be inadequate to explain the distribution and interpretation of NPIs in Greek, Korean, and Mandarin, which have been described in the literature as non-exhaustive. We also find the theory to be unable to derive the actual distribution of any in nonveridical contexts. Analytically, the problems with exhaustification are twofold. First, the use of covert O(nly) fails to account for why NPIs are licensed. Licensing is a grammaticality condition, and in order to capture it the syntactic feature [+Σ] is stipulated, NPI-licensing thus amounting to checking the [+Σ] feature. The stipulation of [+Σ], without a coherent characterization of its semantics, is a regression to a Klima-esque (1964) syntactic account, and faces precisely the challenges that that account faced. Second, for any variant of the Chierchia system to work for the data discussed here, the system built around it must posit additional ad hoc rules on a case-by-case basis. This produces a system with very little predictive power beyond each specific case because of the ad hoc nature of the rules posited. Our overall conclusion will be that the exhaustivity hypothesis, as formulated in the works discussed here, is a falsified, therefore unnecessary, hypothesis for NPIs.
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Our article aims at focusing on words or phrases belonging to the slang linguistic compartment, which is a section less approached by linguists, precisely because of its moral character, since the slang expressions designate some intriguing aspects of language that might seem filthy or vulgar. The English language has a vocabulary at least as plentiful as the Romanian language, therefore, if the long list of the English synonyms for a certain slang word were translated through one and the same filthy expression, the Romanian reader would be deprived of the contact with the lexical abundance and figurative imaginativeness of the Romanian language. The slang expressions related to birds and insects are numberless, as for almost each and every bird or insect we can find a figurative connotation that gives rise to a slang phrase.
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Our communication is an overview of anglicisms recently entered in the two Romance languages, Italian and Romanian, by using the information provided by two great Italian linguists, Giuseppe Antonelli and Gian Luigi Beccaria, but also from personal observations while listening to radio broadcasts or watching Italian and Romanian TV channels, or by reading online and off line newspapers or tourist information. This massive penetration of anglicisms in Romanian, about which many have already written a lot is due to the existence of multinational companies in our big cities, to IT industry development, to the development of the internet as well as of social media.
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Auf Grund fehlender Studien, die sich mit dem Vergleich substantivischer Zusammensetzungen der deutschen Sprache mit den Substantivzusammensetzungen der bosnischen Sprache befassen, wird in dieser Arbeit eine kontrastive Studie der Fugenelemente (Interfixe) dieser zwei Sprachen durchgeführt. Das Korpus, das die Basis dieser Untersuchung darstellt, stammt aus dem Roman „Medea: Stimmen“ von Christa Wolf und dessen Übersetzung in bosnidner Sprache. Um einen Vergleich der zwei konfrontierten Sprachen anstellen zu können, werden zuerst alle bestehenden Fugenelemente (Interfixe) der deutschen Sprache (Fleischer / Barz, Naumann, Duden, Lohde) und der bosnischen Sprache (Čedić, Brabec / Hraste / Živković, Jahić / Halilović / Palić) ermittelt. Danach werden diejenigen substantivischen Zusammensetzungen der deutschen Sprache entnommen, denen als Übersetzungsäquivalent ebenfalls eine substantivische Zusammensetzung gegenüber steht. Damit soll ein kontrastiver Vergleich, sowie eine Analyse der Fugenelemente der bosnischen und deutschen Sprache ermöglicht werden, um festzustellen, um welche Ähnlichkeiten bzw. Unterschiede es sich handelt und wie viele Klassen von Fugenelementen in beiden Sprachen vertreten sind.
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Die deutschen Einflüsse auf das Bosnische kann man aus unterschiedlichen Aspekten analysieren. In dieser Arbeit werden die Germanismen aus der Perspektive der Interferenz betrachtet. Das geliehene Wort bezeichnen wir als „Modell“. In der Nehmersprache bekommt es die entsprechende „Replik“ welche sich in das bosnische Sprachsystem eingliedert und sich auf allen Sprachebenen anpasst. Wir fokussieren uns in dieser Arbeit auf die morphologische Anpassung der substantivischen Germanismen. Durch Beispiele zeigen wir die verschiedenen Anpassungsprozeduren der substantivischen Germanismen und ihre Veränderungen im Bereich der grammatischen Kategorien. Die Grunglage dieser Untersuchung bezieht sich auf ein Korpus aus 6730 Germanismen, die aus verschiedenen Tages - und Wochenzeitungen der Region Bosanska Krajine stammen. Es handelt sich um die überregionale Tageszeitung „Dnevni avaz“ und die regionalen Wochenzeitungen „Krajina“, „Moja Sana“ und „Reprezent“ (erschienen im Zeitraum von 2008 bis 2011).
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Meiner Meinung nach hat der Deutschschweizer mithilfe seiner schweizerischen Lehrwerke bereits den ersten Schritt gewagt, um sein Schweizerdeutsch am Leben zu erhalten. Trotzdem befindet sich das Schweizerdeutsch heute mehr denn je in sprachlicher Gefahr. Es wird durch die deutsche Standardsprache aber auch in der Zeit der Globalisierung durch den Wortimport aus dem Englischen beeinflusst. Während das Pferd auf Schweizerdeutsch immer noch Ross ist, so bezeichnet man die Sportart als Pferderänne oder Stäge ist weiterhin die Treppe und wenn sie sich bewegt, dann erkennt der Deutschschweizer das als eine Rollträppe. Es ist schwierig die Zukunft einer Sprache zu prophezeien. Es ist aber nicht auszuschließen, dass eine einheitliche schweizerdeutsche Sprache in der Zukunft sich wirklich entwickelt und durchsetzt. Was geschieht, bleibt die Frage der Sprachenpolitik. Die Mundart ist der Ausdruck des nationalen Selbstbewusstseins. Der allgemeine Gebrauch der Mundart widerspiegelt den demokratischen Charakter unserer Gesellschaft. Nur in der Mundart lässt sich Gefühlsmäßigkeit adäquat ausdrücken. Die Mundart ist der Hochsprache gegenüber mindestens gleichwertig, wenn nicht sogar überlegen; sie eignet sich daher auch durchaus als Sprache anspruchsvollerer Literatur. (Ris 1973: 35)
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Tekst „Na marginama jednog skandala: ʻStavʼ nastavlja raditi po ʻPravopisuʼ iz 1996. godine“ doživio sam kao vrijeđanje Pravopisne komisije i autora. Ne mogu da vjerujem da se redakcija jednog časopisa potpisala ispod teksta u kojemu piše: „Bošnjački stid, mimikrija i autošovinizam porazili su karakterističnu leksiku bosanskog jezika...“ Čiji je bošnjački stid – je li to kolektivna krivica? Autora Pravopisa ne branim, on se umije braniti i sam. Pitam se kakva bi bila reakcija „Stava“ da Senahid Halilović nije potpisao tzv. Deklaraciju o zajedničkom jeziku.
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The philological study contains a comparative analysis of the “Romanian Grammar”, by Dimitrie Eustatievici Braşoveanul, 1757 (edition by N. A. Ursu, Scientific Publishing House, Bucharest, 1969) end “Orthography or the correct spelling to guide Romanian language writers”, Buda, 1818, by Constantin Diaconovici-Loga. We have tried to see the extent to which Diaconovici-Loga was influenced by the previously published normative writing.
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Comme toujours, je prends d’abord en considération le vocabulaire. Les dialectes serbocroates ne remplacèrent ceux de la langue roumaine que dans une relativement petite partie de la Yougoslavie actuelle, à savoir, à l’extrême Est de la Serbie proprement dite, de sorte que «les reliquats de mots» roumains selon l’avis de J u d doivent être moins nombreux qu’en bulgare. Cependant on en trouve partout où on parle le serbocroate, c’est à dire en Serbie, en Vojvodina, au Monténégro, en Bosnie, en Croatie et sur la côte de l’Adriatique. [...]
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Au début de cette contribution l’auteur parle de l’extension du groupe des peuples dans les Balkans antiques — Illyriens, Macédoniens, Thraces, Mésés et d’autres et il souligne que leurs migrations avaient provoqué les mélanges ayant comme conséquence la diminution des différences nationales et la simplification de leurs diversités linguistiques. Les conséquences de la domination romaine dans les Balkans ont été difficiles — la disparition des langues qui ne sont pas grecques : vieux-macédonienne, illyrienne, thrace, et les autres, et seulement, selon l’opinion de l’auteur, la branche méridionale des Illyriens a réussi à protéger son identité avec la langue, dont les descendants sont les Albanais d’aujourd’hui, La domination byzantine au Moyen âge avec la culture grecque, l’apparition des Slaves, la conquête de la Péninsule balkanique entière par les Turcs, ont changé essentiellement la forme ethnique des Balkans, ainsi que chez les peuples balkaniques et dans leurs langues a été augmenté le nombre des traits communs. La conséquence de ce mélange intensif est la formation du type balkanique de culture et de langue. La plupart des langues des peuples balkaniques a obtenu la flexion analythique au lieu de celle synthétique et nombreuses nouvelles catégories linguistiques du type analythique. Un trait caractéristique balkanique est le phénomène de forme de l’admiratif en albanais, en macédonien et en bulgare, mais l’albanais a des formes particulières. L’auteur mentionne que le système numérique entre 11 et 19 est un trait caractéristique pour la plupart des langues balkaniques, mais il souligne qu’on a conservé dans les parlers albanais le système numérique vicésimal, ce que devrait être le reliquat du substrat linguistique préindoeuropéen, et le système décimal est la qualité du inonde indoeuropéen. Aucun membre de l’unité linguistique balkanique — bulgare, macédonien, roumain, albanais et grec, ne fait la différence entre les expression de tranquillité et de mouvement. Ce phénomène s’est déplacé aussi sur certains parlers serbes sur Kosovo, en Serbie orientale, ainsi que sur certains dialectes monténégrins. L’auteur mentionne un trait linguistique intéressant albano serbe, qu’on trouve dans le système des parlers serbes sur Kosovo: tavaj, tava, tavo; tanaj, tana, tano, que Giiša Elezović, dans son dictionnaire du dialecte de Kosovo et de Metohija, tient qu’il a passé des parlers albanais. L ’auteur de cette étude écrit qu’ont été formées dans certains parlers monténégrins et albanais plusieurs expressions linguistiques indépendantes, se manifestant par la spirantisation des médiopalatales: ć-j: stići-stij; pronaći-pronaj; noć-noj ; dj-j: svuda-svudj-svuj, kud, tudj-kuj; la même chose dans certains parlers albanais: gj-j: sogj-zoj ; ograda-ograj; kongj, kinj-kij; meka- -mejë; ć-j: pleq-plej, miq-rmj-mijt; Peć-Pejc. L ’auteur a démontré l’importance de l’influence des langues sud-slaves sur la langue albanaise, comme par ex. la conservation dans cette langue des voyelles nasales slaves: orïndi (oroditi), pnedar, (podar, pudar), sundoj (saditi, suditi), rëndrend (rqd). Il y a ajouté la duplicité dans la substitution du groupe consonantique préslave tj, kt, dj dans les dialectes de la langue albanaise: megjë-mezhdë. L’auteur tient que le nombre des mots d’emprunt d’origine albanaise dans certains parlers serbes et macédiniens est assez grand et il donne quelques exemples. Il y est nécessaire analyser au moins la stratification chronologique relative des mots d’emprunt albanais dans les parlers mentionnés. L ’attention particulière mérite l’effort de l’auteur de constater entre le typa dialectale des parlers albanais d’un côté et des parlers serbes de Kosovo de l’autre côté, un grand nombre de concordances dans le domaine de phonétique, de syntaxe et de lexique, que c’est par ex, la réduction des affriquées: c-q, xh-gj, dans les parlers serbes: č-ć, dž-dj — à une paire: é-dj, avec la tendance de mollissement, A la fin l’auteur constate que le trouble de prononciation correcte de deux paires des affriquées n’est pas provoquée par l’influence étrangère, mais c’est le résultat du développement intérieur des parlers albanais au temps que les médiopalatales q, gj dans les parlers albanais de Kosovo avaient perdu leur valeur phonologique sous certaines conditions socio-historiques. Les conditions extralinguistiques ont considérablement soutenu, sans doute, le processus déjà commencé dans ces parlers. Le développement des processus analogiques dans les parlers serbes dans la région de Kosovo est, selon l’opinion de l’auteur, la conséquence des agitations intérieures avec l’appui dans les grands changements sociaux, dans les migrations à l’intérieur de demeure, dans les immigrations des présentants des autres dialectes et des langues dans ces stations venant des régions méridionales et orientales.
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In the article is presented semantic analysis of polish lexical items ‘transmisja’ i ‘przekaz’ in contrast of English unit ‘transmission’. The contextual analysis of its use that allows constructing their exact meaning concerning a practical application of this term as well as its purpose that is crucial in the understanding of Dawkins idea of a transmission that is the primary term for memetics studies.
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The article discusses the similarities and differences between Slovene and Vojvodina Rusyn sonorants. Slovene and Vojvodina Rusyn sonorants are divided into two groups, vowels and consonantal sonorants, and analysed, i.e. described and compared, in terms of phoneme subinventories, allophones and their effect on voicing. With regard to sonorants, the contrastive phonemic analysis shows considerable differences between Slovene and Vojvodina Rusyn.
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The verb be has been thoroughly researched in English language, and its equivalent in Ruthenian language, the verb буц, has been researched as well, although not as completely. However, the attention has not been given to contrasting these two verbs. For this reason, in the first part of this paper, the author will collect and present relevant research of several linguists of both languages, and in the second part, she will contrast these verbs through the analysis of the survey, which contains sentences relevant to this topic, originally in English and translated into Ruthenian. Based on the previously mentioned research and analysis, the author will provide a conclusion in which the explanations about how the verb be is transferred or translated into Ruthenian language will be given. Additionally, in the conclusion, the author will emphasize the similarities and differences between the two verbs, concerning their use, form and function.
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