Acquisition of noun derivation in Estonian and Russian L1

Author(s): Reili Argus,Victoria Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2018

Acquisition of derivation is not a well-studied area in first language research and a comparative approach to the acquisition of derivation in different languages doesn’t exist. There is no information on how a child acquires derivation in a language with a rich and regular system of derivational patterns, or in a language where derivation is productive, but the system of derivational patterns is opaque. According to general ideas of complexity in a language, the child should start to use simplex stems first and, only after that, complex ones, that is, complexity should increase in the course of acquisition. Our paper is intended to address these issues, based on longitudinal child data from typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The results revealed significant differences in the acquisition of noun derivation in the two languages under observation. The system of noun derivation is acquired at a faster pace in Russian, while Estonian children have far fewer noun derivatives in their speech and they use different derivation suffixes with less regularity. Even so, the so-called building block model may be applied for both languages only partially.

Adaptation des Elements Romans Dans les Anthroponymes Herzegoviniens au Milieu Actuel

Author(s): Edina Alirejsovic / Language(s): French / Issue: 24/1986

Ako pregledamo popisne liste stanovnika iz nekih hercegovačkih opština (Mostar, Čapljina), odmah ćemo uočiti veliki broj prezimena koja odskaču od uobičajenih prezimena iz tog kraja. Među tim prezimenima ima i njemačkih, čeških, ali najveći broj je romanskog porijekla. Jedan broj porodica nosi čista italijanska prezimena i vjerovatno vode porijeklo iz Italije. Spomenimo samo neka: Balđinelli, Batisti, Batistutti, Becafigo, Belli, Beloti, Beltrani, Biasi, Bijagi, Broj doti Chiandatti, De Bari, Federizzi, Filipetti, Gilardi, Gitelli, Gonzani, Grossi, Kruzzola, Kurinaldi, Maldini, Markati, Markulini, Medini, Montebeli, Moretti, Nardelli, Oggioni, Orlandini, Rossi, Salvesani, Stefanini, Sultioni, Venutti. U popisnim listinama iz opštine Mostar od 1850. godine možemo naći veliki broj ovakvih prezimena, koja se malo po malo gube do današnjih dana, kada se zadržao samo jedan manji broj koji i danas postoji u tom kraju. U ovom prilogu su obrađena prvo ona prezimena koja su nastala po nekom zanimanju kojim se, vjerovatno, ta porodica bavila, bilo da su bili trgovci, drvodjelje, zapovjednici kaštela, providuri i si. Takva prezimena su se sačuvala do našeg vremena i svjedoče o jednom razdoblju u kojem je došlo do miješanja i različitih jezičkih uticaja. Razmatrajući takvo stanje, možemo se približiti novim stadijima u kojima lakše možemo razabrati mehanizam i puteve tog lingvističkog procesa, da bismo na kraju došli do namjerno stvaranih dvojezičnih ili višejezičnih tvorevina što ih iziskuju terminološke i praktične potrebe savremene nauke. Jedno od veoma čestih prezimena je Butigan. Biitiga f. je trgovački termin i znači „prodavnica, dućan” , a dolazi od it. bottega f. Drugo, veoma često, prezime je Kaštelan, ali i Kaštelani, od it. cas telio m. „dvorac, kula” i castellano „gospodar dvorca, zapovjednik kaštela” . Novija posuđenica od lat. deminutiva na -elhts castellum > it. castello, od lat. castrum, potisnula je stariju sa a > o kostel, od koje se sačuvalo prezime Kostelnik. Od castellum je izvedenica na -anus it. castellano : kaštelan i kaštelan. Među prezimenima koja se odnose na neko zanimanje možemo spomenuti i Marangun što je siguran venecijanizam marangon, u značenju „stolar, drvodjelja” . Providur je takođe prezime koje možemo naći u Hercegovini, a dolazi od it. proweditore, mlet. provveđedor, u značenju „mletački visoki upravni činovnik, pokrajinski poglavar” . Još podosta hercegovačkih prezimena nastalo je na sličan način, a znače neko zanimanje, tako da proučavanje čitavog tog materijala zahtijeva izradu jedne poveće studije u kojoj bi mogla biti prezentiram sva navedena problematika. U ovom prilogu je obrađeno i nekoliko antroponima koji se odnose na neke osobine, odnosno mane čovjekove. Dosta često prezime je Manigoda i Manigodić, it. manigoldo „lupež, hulja” . Interesantno je i prezime Pinjuh, a pojavljuje se i Pinjuv i Pinjuf, a možemo ga dovesti u vezu sa pinjav „škrt”, it. pigna f. Ne tako često, ali ipak na ovom terenu zabilježeno je i prezime Spion, ven. spi im, m., it. spione m. „uhoda, špijun” . Od ostalih prezimena spomenuta su sljedeća: Fontana, it. fontana f. „česma, vodoskok” . Kapular, možemo dovesti u vezu sa kapula, što je dalmato-romanski relikt od lat. cepulla. Izgovor k za lat. c ispred e jasno pokazuje da je naziv preuzet od dalmatinskih Romana. Gustin, gäst m, od it. gusto < lat. gustus „ukus, apetit” . Marin, it. marina „mornarica , od lat. > it. ličnog imena Marinus. Musulin, it. mussola, mussolina f „vrsta tkanine” . Priganica, ven. fritola „uštipak”. Daleko bi nas odvelo proučavanje mnogobrojnih prezimena koja u sebi sadrže romanske elemente, a koja su utkana u hercegovačko tlo koje u sebi nosi i brojne leksičke, kao i fonetske elemente preuzete iz romanskih jezika. Spomenimo samo to da među romanskim posuđenicama u Hercegovini najbrojniju kategoriju čine imenice, što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da se one najlakše pozajmljuju, a njihov broj je u jeziku najveći. Navešćemo samo neke od najčešće upotrebljavanih imenica: Arija, bala, balàture, banak, bàül, borša, bronzin, gête, himbulja, Mice, kasëta, kàmostre, kàret, kStula, mrgïnj, mïda, pala, pašta, piSülj, pjàt, raša, sàket itd, Sve te posudenice iz susjednih apeninskih i balkanskih romanskih govora uklopile su se u srpskohrvatske dijalekte i obogatile naš jezik, koji time nije ništa izgubio od svoje izražajnosti. Sada vidimo da i hercegovački antroponimi nose pečat tog vremena, Što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da je istočnohercegovački dijalekt izbijao na morsku obalu i na jednom širokom području dolazio u dodir sa italijanskim jezikom i mletačkim dijalektom.

Address and Reference Terms in Lithuanian Dinner Discourse

Author(s): Aušra Abraškeviciute / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2001

This article aims at analyzing Lithuanian address and reference terms in family dinner context, their linguistic expressions, frequency and functions. 10 Lithuanian middle-class families were filmed during a dinner. Conversations were transcribed extensively and then analyzed. The findings fall into 6 major categories - first names and kinship names in the Vocative case, first names and kinship names with diminutive suffixes in all cases, collocations of nouns and diminutive nominals, first names with a pejorative suffix, first names with solidarity oriented endings, nicknames and endearment terms, and neutral reference terms. They have different impact on face work.

Adnotationes ad decretum ‘hellenisticum’ oppido Pliska repertum

Author(s): Nicolay Sharankov / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Latin / Issue: 15/2005

Adverbs as evidentials: an English-Spanish contrastive analysis of twelve adverbs in spoken and newspaper discourse

Author(s): Marta Carretero,Juana I. Marín-Arrese,Julia Lavid-López / Language(s): English / Issue: 70/2017

This paper presents a contrastive analysis of six English evidential adverbs ending in -ly with their Spanish nearest translation equivalents, in spoken and newspaper discourse. The adverbs may be associated with varying degrees of reliability: high (clearly/claramente, evidently/evidentemente, obviously/obviamente), medium (apparently/al parecer) and low (seemingly/aparentemente, supposedly/supuestamente). The analysis is based on tokens of authentic language extracted from two contemporary corpora, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA). The qualitative analysis focuses on the evidential functions of the adverbs and on their pragmatic interactional uses; the quantitative analysis centres on the relative frequency of type of evidential functions and the clausal position of the adverbs. The results uncover a number of differences between the English adverbs and their Spanish correlates and also between the two discourse types. Practically all the adverbs are strongly specialized in expressing either indirect-inferential or indirect-reportative evidentiality. English obviously and Spanish evidentemente show a high frequency of cases of loss of evidential meaning due to pragmaticalization, specifically in spoken discourse. Regarding position, the English adverbs are more frequent in medial clausal position, while some Spanish adverbs are often found in the more prominent parenthetical position.

Aegyptio-Afroasiatica XI

Author(s): Gábor Takács / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2005

The long-range series “Aegyptio-Afroasiatica”is devoted to the publication of new Afro-Asiatic etymologies of Egyptian lexical roots which have been identified in the course of my research on the “Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian”(EDE, Leiden, Brill, published since 1999). The underlying consonant correspondences the proposed etymologies are based on have been elaborated and demonstrated in EDE I. The numeration of the etymological entries in the present contribution continues that of the previous parts.

Aegyptio-Afroasiatica XXIII

Author(s): Gábor Takács / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2010

New Afro-Asiatic parallels are suggested for Egyptian lexical roots continued from the previous communications.

AEGYPTIO-AFROASIATICA XXV

Author(s): Gábor Takács / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2012

During my current work on the Egyptian Etymological Word Catalogue (EEWC, ongoing since summer 1994), it has become possible to identify a great number of new lexical correspondences between Egyptian and its vast Afro-Asiatic (Semito-Hamitic) kindred. The series of papers “AegyptioAfroasiatica” has been started in 1995 for reporting these results. The numbering of etymological entries is continuous beginning from my very first report.

Agape vastete kujunemisest eesti piiblitõlgetes

Author(s): Sven-Erik Soosaar / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The development of the lexicon and conceptual system of Estonian has been influenced by the translation of Bible into Estonian. In order to achieve a more precise translation, new words were created either by means of borrowings or derivation using extant word stems. One of the central concepts in Christianity is agape (love), which was translated in early Estonian texts mostly by the word ‘arm’, which was a word with a rather broad meaning. During the Bible translation in the beginning of the 18th century, a new term ‘armastus’ was derived from the same-stem verb ‘armastama’, as an exact counterpart for Greek agape. In the later development of Estonian, the meaning of this term expanded. In the article, the development of Estonian counterparts of agape and the closely related concepts charis and eleos are examined with the comparisons of Latin and German terms, which were languages also used in Estonia during the missionary work and Bible translation.

AKADEMİK ÇALIŞMALAR IŞIĞINDA RUS DİLİNDE TÜRKÇENİN İZLERİ

Author(s): Ergali ESBOSINOV / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 40/2018

Nowadays, Turkic languages are world languages with more than 600 thousand words, which roots date back to the early estimates of history. In the background of the fact that Turkic people are so widespread and then influencing other languages, these languages are strong languages of political administration, rich in phonetic structure and literary power. Slavonic languages and Turkic languages associations started in the first century. Scientists classify these associations according to many historical circles. The first period is estimated to be І-VІІІ centuries. The Avars, which lie between the Slavs living in the Eastern European regions and the Huns, are the economic relations between the Khazars and the Bulgarians living in the banks of the Edil River. In this age, Slavic tribes generally passed names, places and water (river) names. Second cycle is ІХ-ХІІ centuries. According to some Turkologists, this periodical Turkic quotation words are of Kipchak language.

Akanie jako środek stylizacji językowej w powieściach litewskich Józefa Weyssenhoffa

Author(s): Magdalena Plusa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 34 (39)/2018

Józef Weyssenhoff (1860–1932) was a Polish writer who dedicated to Kaunas, Lithuania two of the most significant novels in his literary output – “Unia” (1910) and “Soból i panna” (1912), often called “Lithuanian novels”. He was deeply emotionally connected with this region since he was a child. Both these texts constitute a valuable source of knowledge concerning the status of regional variant of Polish language and its formal characteristics that were used in the ground-breaking decades of the 19th and 20th century. These characteristics were used by the writer as a means of masterly conducted linguistic stylization. Among the presented by Weyssenhoff’s linguistic facts characteristic for Northern Borderlands there can be found a process called ‘akanie’ what basically means the pattern of pronouncing unstressed vowels /e/ and /o/ as /a/. Which of the peculiar indicators concerning the specific vowel pronunciation is evidenced in the studied texts (phonetic parameter or a phenomenon that has experienced morphological processes)? How do they serve as a means of linguistic stylization? The following article presents a brief description of the peculiar process called ‘akanie’ which was known to Józef Weyssenhoff from Kaunas, Lithuania and which he then deliberately introduced in his two novels as a function of a literary manifestation.

Akcenat glagola u sarajevskom govoru u odnosu na mostarski govor i bosanski standardni jezik

Author(s): Jasmin Hodžic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 78-79/2017

Savremeni bosanski jezik, za razliku od crnogorskog, hrvatskog i srpskog jezika, još uvijek najbolje čuva klasični standardni akcenatski sistem. On je dat prema progresivnim novoštokavskim govorima koji su poslužili kao osnovica nekadašnjeg srpskohrvatskog standarda i koji se tradicionalno već naziva Vuk-Daničićev akcenatski sistem. Prema tom sistemu bosanski standard, kao i bosanski govori pojedinačno, prave i određene minimalne otklone, a koji opet nisu takve naravi da bi sistem doveli u pitanje. U vezi s navedenim nije nimalo nebitno da su bosanskohercegovački govori u izrazito preovladavajućoj mjeri novoštokavski.

Ako hovorí slovenská mládež v Maďarsku a na Slovensku v súčasnosti? (Bilingválna reflexia)

Author(s): Mária Homišinová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2015

The intention of this paper is to present the empirical research results of the Slovak youth lingual-communication behavior in Slovakia and Hungary, whereas this research work was performed in both countries in the year 2010. Expressions of a spoken form of the Slovak language in surroundings were investigated, which is typical for the application of the written language as a form of a social contact in school – with friends, peers, and in family. The referential framework of this article consists of three analytical levels: 1. the analysis of the knowledge level of the Slovak and Hungarian language (in the case of the Slovak language, its lingual appearances are analyzed); 2. intergeneration relations of lingual communication; 3. the analysis of mutual contexts (the dependence on identification signs)

Ako vníma materinský jazyk slovenská mládež v Maďarsku a na Slovensku? (Etnolingvistická reflexia)

Author(s): Mária Homišinová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 2/2015

The intention of this paper is to present the empirical research results of the Slovak youth lingual-communication behavior in Slovakia and Hungary, whereas this research work was performed in both countries in the year 2010. Expressions of a spoken form of the Slovak language were investigated in surroundings which are typical for the application of the written language as a form of a social contact in school: with friends, peers, and in the family. The referential framework of this paper consists of three levels of analysis: 1. the analysis of communication skills in Slovak and Hungarian; 2. the analysis of the evaluation of life values; 3. the correlation of these parameters: language communication skills versus the perception of ethnic values (mother tongue).

Aktywność słowotwórcza a zjawisko zapożyczeń na przykładzie czasowników dwuaspektowych (w ujęciu polsko-słowackim)

Author(s): Halina Mieczkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 50/2015

The conducted analysis of dual aspect verbs (based on selected linguistic material) and contrasting them with the state observed a quarter or half century ago do not show interdependencies between the existence of the group of genetically foreign dual aspect verbs – which are very limited and virtually relic in Polish but definitely more frequent in Slovakian – and a strong trend for word borrowing. On the contrary, the observed linguistic increase in prefixed oppositional units of perfective aspect indicates that more significant impact on their development and functioning is exerted by the established word formation technique as well as the lexical and grammatical structure of the native language.

Akvizityviniai veiksmažodžiai gauti ir tekti senuosiuose XVI–XVII a. lietuvių kalbos raštuose

Author(s): Erika Jasionyte-Mikucioniene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 67/2015

The present paper deals with the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ as a means of acquisitive modality in the 16th–17th century texts of Old Lithuanian. The realizations of acquisitive modality in Old Lithuanian have not been examined yet. Thus, the aim of the paper is to explore the use of the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ in the selected Old Lithuanian texts and to discuss the potential direction of the development of their modal meanings. The study of the Old Lithuanian writings shows that both verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ are most frequently used as non-modal verbs in Old Lithuanian. The verb gauti ‘get’ typically comes in personal constructions, while the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ appears in impersonal as well as personal constructions. The Lithuanian verbs under consideration denote acquisition in the constructional patterns with NP as their grammatical object. However, the thorough analysis of the verbs in the selected texts also reveals evidence of their modal use. The modal meanings of the verbs under study are prominent in constructions with an infinitival complement. Both acquisitive verbs allow modal readings with transitive as well as intransitive verb complements. Gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb more frequently than tekti ‘be gotten’. The few modal instances of the latter have been found only in non-original texts. Moreover, the verb tekti ‘be gotten’ can express participant-external modality only (possibility or necessity). However, since the examples of modal tekti ‘be gotten’ come from the translations from Polish, the influence of the source language should not be overlooked. In contrast, the verb gauti ‘get’ functions as a modal verb in both original and non-original Lithuanian texts, and it expresses actualized possibility, participant-internal and participant-external possibility. It was noticed that the participant-external use is more frequent than the participant-internal one. Since in Contemporary Lithuanian gauti ‘get’ is specialized for expressing participant-external modality, we may assume that participant-internal possibility might have disappeared over time. It is also worth to note that in the texts under analysis gauti ‘get’ does not display the modal meaning of necessity, which is a frequent use of the verb in Contemporary Lithuanian. Thus, its meaning of modal necessity may have developed later than the meaning of possibility. Moreover, it has been observed that gauti ‘get’ typically occurs as a modal verb in the texts published in Minor Lithuania.

Albanian Etymological Notes (Balkan Etymologies 146—185)*

Author(s): Vladimir Orel / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/1996

Albanisch, Romanisch und Rumänisch

Author(s): Henrik Baric / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/1956

Seit der Wendung, die in den albanischen Sprachstudien dank Pedersens gründlicher Revision der Meyer’schen Auffassung, dass das Albanische eine halbromanische Sprache sei, eingetreten und der Leitsatz für das Albanische Erklärungsmöglichkeiten in erster Linie im Albanischen selbst zu suchen zum völligen Durchbruch gekommen ist, gilt die linguistische Erforschung auf diesem Gebiete in der Hauptsache seinem indogermanischen Grundstock. [...]

Albanische und Albanisch-Rumänische Wortstudien

Author(s): Henrik Baric / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/1961

Alb. akól »Diener, Knappe« kann bestimmt nicht mit G. Meyer , Wörterb. der alb. Spr. 6 zu anklingendem, aus dem südslav, okolo »ringsherum« entlehntem alb. akole, okol gestellt werden; mögen auch die beiden Bedeutungen durch die semantische Zwischenstufe in griech. »circumversans« vermitteln, entschieden spricht gegen diese Zusammenstellung der Unterschied in den l-Lauten: bei okol ein l, bei akól ein l-Laut. [...]

Albanistika u radovima jugoslovenskih naučnika i neki njeni problemi

Author(s): Idriz Ajeti / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 17/1978

Ovaj kratak pregled onoga što je postignuto u jugoslovenskoj albanistici obuhvata period od kraja prošlog veka do naših dana. A to je vreme kada indoevropske komparativne studije uzimaju snažan zamah po evropskim lingvističkim središtima. Interesovanje za albanološke lingvističke probleme može se pratiti u radovima pojedinih jugoslovenskih naučnika koji u svojim naučnim prilozima posebnu pažnju poklanjaju albanološkim problemima, ističući pri tom osobenosti arbanaškog jezika, koji igra značajnu ulogu u razrešavanju brojnih ključnih pitanja u balkanskoj lingvistici. [...]