A Lost Lady: A Narrative of Manifest Destiny and Neocolonialism

Author(s): Ammar Aqeeli / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The greatly examined story of A Lost Lady usually depicts Mrs. Forrester’s success in meeting and adapting to the challenges of a changing world, a world characterized by materialism and self-fulfilment. However, the overlooked story, one far more disturbing than the privileged story in the text, is the narrative of oppressed groups of people of other races and the lower class. Drawing on some aspects of postcolonial theory, this paper explores Willa Cather’s own reactions to real changes in her society, to the waning power of imperialism, and of her nostalgic longing for the western prairies of her youth, without showing any sympathy for the dispossessed Native Americans and other oppressed races. It will also disclose the unmistakable colonial overtones, which remarkably resonate with the common discourse of “Manifest Destiny” during the time period of American expansion to the Wild West.

A moldvai csángó nyelvi revitalizációs folyamatok kutatása. Közösen értelmezett tudások, részvételiség és bevonás

Author(s): Csanád Bodó,Veronika Lajos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 09/2020

In this article we introduce our fouryear long interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research project (2019- 2023). In the project we investigate the ways students living in a dormitory in Miercurea-Ciuc (Csíkszereda), Romania supported by the Moldavian Csángó Hungarian Educational Programme find their place in the Hungarianspeaking Transylvanian city; the ways they relate to their original home in Moldavia and the ways they interact between each other when using different linguistic and non-linguistic practices of belonging, identifying and differentiating themselves. First we introduce the research topic, then the objectives of the project and the proposed plan to carry out the research based on the principle of participation and engagement. Since the COVID-19 pandemic reached Romania and Hungary in March 2020 we also pose some questions regarding the possibilities of carrying out a participatory research in the field in the current situation.

A MYSTERIOUS ANIMAL CALLED AL-WARK

Author(s): Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2015

The paper examines the mysterious term al-wark, which – according to Maḥmūd of Kāşğarī (11th century AD) – denotes a small animal similar to a badger (Turk. borsmuk) in the Xakani language. This animal was treated as a symbol of fatness. It is suggested that the term in question was borrowed from a Tocharian source. The Indo-European term *wṛḱos (m.) ‘badger’ (originally ‘fat animal’, cf. Hittite warkant- adj. ‘fat’) is reconstructed on the basis of Indic, Greek and Anatolian lexical data.

A NEUROCOGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOSYNCRATIC SEMANTIC BORROWINGS IN THE DISCOURSE OF BILINGUAL ROMANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN SPAIN

Author(s): Paul Buzilă / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

A Neurocognitive Analysis of Idiosyncratic Semantic Borrowings in the Discourse of Bilingual Romanian Immigrants in Spain. In this paper we look at the semantic borrowings that spontaneously emerge in the oral discourse of bilingual Romanian immigrants who live in Spain, and we analyze them from a neurocognitive perspective. Also known as Relational Network Theory, this approach conceives language as an interconnected relational network composed of nodes and lines. Linguistic processing is a result of spreading activation through the network. We use this approach to explore the mechanisms underlying the oral production of semantic borrowings selected from corpora of Romanian spoken in Spain, and we model them, using the NeuroLab tool, in relational network terms. The network modeling shows that these hybrid forms emerge naturally from the properties of the system and can be explained in terms of shared parts of either phonological or semantic subnetworks involved in the production of analogous forms. It also delivers additional explanation to the proliferation of mixed meaning and sound induced semantic borrowings in the form of a higher pressure for rewiring coming from two different parts of the system.

A new decipherment and linguistic reconstruction of the Kitan—Chinese bilingual inscription of 1134 A.D.

Author(s): Andrew Shimunek / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

This paper presents a new decipherment of the Langjun Inscription of 1134 A.D., including a significantly revised phonological reconstruction of the text, new readings of several graphemes, paleographical notes on certain Kitan and Chinese graphemes encountered in the text, and a glossary of words contained in the text including identifiable etyma. In terms of methodology, the Kitan and corresponding Chinese texts of this bilingual inscription are juxtaposed to facilitate decipherment and reconstruction. Although several important philological studies of this text exist, this article presents the first linguistic reconstruction of the inscription.

A Possible Slavic Etymology of Hungarian komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’

Author(s): Ádám Galac / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The Hungarian words komor ‘gloomy’ and komoly ‘serious’ are of unknown origin. The present paper aims to elucidate this question from various angles: it gives an overview of what the Hungarian etymological dictionaries say on this topic, shows that komoly is a relatively late development out of komor, spread by the language reformers (especially by Ferenc Kazinczy) at the end of the 18th century, and presents the attempts to prove the Turkic origin of komor. Finally, it offers a Slavic etymology based on the Slavic stem *chmur-, demonstrates that semantically the two words match perfectly, and dissolves the phonological doubts that may arise at first sight.

A Semantic Description of the Combinability between Verbs and Nouns (on Material from Bulgarian and English)

Author(s): Svetlozara Leseva,Ivelina Stoyanova,Maria Todorova,Hristina Kukova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

This paper represents a methodology for defining restrictions on the semantic combinability between different semantic classes of verbs and the sets of nouns corresponding to the elements of their conceptual frame (i.e. the major participants in the situation described). Our observations focus on verb synsets from WordNet and their assigned FrameNet frames which mutually inform each other. We analyse the semantic information typical for each of the studied verb classes and define semantic restrictions on the nouns they combine with. The theoretical and empirical value of the provided semantic representations and restrictions lies in the enhanced modelling of verb-noun combinability which is universal enough to be applicable not only to the languages exemplified (English and Bulgarian), but (with possible modifications) to various other languages for which wordnets are available.

A Short Note on the Glagolitic Ornament in Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaya (Kiev 1631)

Author(s): Sebastian Kempgen / Language(s): English / Issue: 14-15/2015

The article draws attention to two lesser known lines written in Glagolitic which are part of the Epilogue to Pamvo Berynda’s Triod Cvetnaja, printed in Kiev in 1631. Thanks to their typographic realisation, these two lines seem to have been mainly considered „an ornament“ or a „cryptographic“ element of the text in older literature. The article presents the Glagolitic text in standard Unicode encoding, so it becomes electronically searchable as such, along with a transliteration and a translation. It turns out that the Glagolitic text is nearly identical to the self-descriptions famout printer Pamvo Berynda had used before (although in Cyrillic). Another question put forth in the paper is the provenience of the actual printing types used in Kiev in 1631. A comparision shows that the letters look similar – but not identical – to printing type used around the same time Italy (Rome, Venice) or by Primož Trubar in the century before. The typographic quality of the Kievan types is, however, inferior.

A Slavonic etymology of Hung. ocsúdik ‘to come to, to awake’ and the question of the morphological adaptation of Slavonic loan verbs in Hungarian

Author(s): Michał Németh / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

The two Turkic etymologies of Hung. ocsúdik (1508) ‘to awake, to come to, to regain consciousness’ proposed, on the one hand, in the late 19th century by Vámbéry (1870) and, on the other, by K. Palló in 1976 and 1982, have been rightly rejected by the authors of TLH. At the same time, the explanation for the origin of this word found in the etymological dictionaries of Hungarian (TESz, EWUng, Zaicz 2006), namely, that it is a derivative of an unknown unproductive stem, is not entirely convincing for morphological reasons. The present paper offers a new etymology for this word, explaining it as a loanword from East Slavonic очюдитися ‘to regain consciousness, to awake’ attested in 16th- and 17th-century Russian. The starting point for the discussion is M. Stachowski’s (2014) article, in which he compared Hung. ocsúdik with Polish dialectal ocudzić ‘to revive’.

A. Gołębiowska-Suchorska: „Dziewczę przędzie, Pan Bóg nitki daje”. O spójności ludowej wizji świata.

Author(s): Eliza Małek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2011

The review of: "Girl spins, Lord of the thread gives." About the coherence of the folk vision of the world by A. Gołębiowska-Suchorska; Bydgoszcz 2011, 256 pp.

Absolutely Modifying Adjectives In British And Bulgarian Newspapers In Comparison With The British National Corpus

Author(s): Irina Stoyanova-Georgieva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2016

The paper studies the collocations formed by ‘absolutely’ used as an adverbial intensifier for modifying adjectives in a corpus of Letters to the Editor, published in British and Bulgarian newspapers, and the BNC. The results of the study show the similarities between the collocations of ‘absolutely’ in English and Bulgarian as well as the resemblances in the choice of a syntactic position of the modified adjectives in both languages.

Acknowledgment patterns in English and Lithuanian research writing

Author(s): Jolanta Šinkūnienė,Gabrielė Dudzinskaitė / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The paper focuses on the features of acknowledgments in scientific texts written by British and Lithuanian authors in the Humanities. The data comes from a self-compiled corpus of acknowledgments in scientific books written by British and Lithuanian researchers in their native languages, and from doctoral dissertations written by Lithuanian doctoral students in Lithuanian. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis suggest that the British scholars place more importance on acknowledgments as they single out their thanks as separate sections, make them longer and express gratitude for a larger number of individuals and institutions than the Lithuanian scholars. Generally the same moves and steps are employed in the three data sets, but the distribution of some moves and steps is different.

ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VOWELS PRODUCED BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS AND HIGHLY COMPETENT SERBIAN L2 SPEAKERS

Author(s): Dušan Nikolić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The paper submits the findings of the research which explored the acoustic properties of highly competent Serbian L2 speakers’ vowels and the vowels produced by American native speakers in two reading tasks. The study involved four participants: two female native speakers of English and two highly proficient female Serbian speakers of English. The participants were instructed to read a dialogue and a story, after which the duration and the quality of the vowels produced were measured. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the results showed that there were differences in the production of vowels between the two groups of speakers, but it was concluded that, despite these differences, the Serbian participants did not have any major issues with the production of vowels that would significantly, or at all, afflict their intelligibility. Neither the vowel quality nor the vowel duration was critical for the Serbian participants compared to that of the American speakers. What the research instead inferred was that the American participants displayed a strong tendency to reduce their vowels, while the Serbian participants did not reveal such a marked tendency to do the same.

Acquisition of noun derivation in Estonian and Russian L1

Author(s): Reili Argus,Victoria Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 14/2018

Acquisition of derivation is not a well-studied area in first language research and a comparative approach to the acquisition of derivation in different languages doesn’t exist. There is no information on how a child acquires derivation in a language with a rich and regular system of derivational patterns, or in a language where derivation is productive, but the system of derivational patterns is opaque. According to general ideas of complexity in a language, the child should start to use simplex stems first and, only after that, complex ones, that is, complexity should increase in the course of acquisition. Our paper is intended to address these issues, based on longitudinal child data from typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The results revealed significant differences in the acquisition of noun derivation in the two languages under observation. The system of noun derivation is acquired at a faster pace in Russian, while Estonian children have far fewer noun derivatives in their speech and they use different derivation suffixes with less regularity. Even so, the so-called building block model may be applied for both languages only partially.

Adaptation of Turkish Loanwords in the Wallachian Dialect of Bregovo (Vidin Region)

Author(s): Vladislav Marinov / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

The research examines the model of the phonetic adaptation of Turkish loanwords in the Wallachian dialect of Bregovo (Vidin region). Here a comparative analysis is made about the acquirement of lexemes ending in -e in the Wallachian dialect of Bregovo, in the official Bulgarian language (BL) and in the official Romanian language (RL). It has been proved that in the Wallachian dialect of Bregovo and in the official Romanian language the model is identical – the final Turkish vowel “e” is replaced by “a”, following a soft consonant (in the Romanian language it is marked by the grapheme “ea”). The presence of this group of nouns in the Romanian language and in the Wallachian dialect of Bregovo is evidence of the existence of soft consonants in the two linguistic formations – official and dialect. At the same time, in the Wallachian dialect of Bregovo the model is productive for new words with a foreign origin that came through the Bulgarian language.

Adaptation des Elements Romans Dans les Anthroponymes Herzegoviniens au Milieu Actuel

Author(s): Edina Alirejsović / Language(s): French / Issue: 24/1986

Ako pregledamo popisne liste stanovnika iz nekih hercegovačkih opština (Mostar, Čapljina), odmah ćemo uočiti veliki broj prezimena koja odskaču od uobičajenih prezimena iz tog kraja. Među tim prezimenima ima i njemačkih, čeških, ali najveći broj je romanskog porijekla. Jedan broj porodica nosi čista italijanska prezimena i vjerovatno vode porijeklo iz Italije. Spomenimo samo neka: Balđinelli, Batisti, Batistutti, Becafigo, Belli, Beloti, Beltrani, Biasi, Bijagi, Broj doti Chiandatti, De Bari, Federizzi, Filipetti, Gilardi, Gitelli, Gonzani, Grossi, Kruzzola, Kurinaldi, Maldini, Markati, Markulini, Medini, Montebeli, Moretti, Nardelli, Oggioni, Orlandini, Rossi, Salvesani, Stefanini, Sultioni, Venutti. U popisnim listinama iz opštine Mostar od 1850. godine možemo naći veliki broj ovakvih prezimena, koja se malo po malo gube do današnjih dana, kada se zadržao samo jedan manji broj koji i danas postoji u tom kraju. U ovom prilogu su obrađena prvo ona prezimena koja su nastala po nekom zanimanju kojim se, vjerovatno, ta porodica bavila, bilo da su bili trgovci, drvodjelje, zapovjednici kaštela, providuri i si. Takva prezimena su se sačuvala do našeg vremena i svjedoče o jednom razdoblju u kojem je došlo do miješanja i različitih jezičkih uticaja. Razmatrajući takvo stanje, možemo se približiti novim stadijima u kojima lakše možemo razabrati mehanizam i puteve tog lingvističkog procesa, da bismo na kraju došli do namjerno stvaranih dvojezičnih ili višejezičnih tvorevina što ih iziskuju terminološke i praktične potrebe savremene nauke. Jedno od veoma čestih prezimena je Butigan. Biitiga f. je trgovački termin i znači „prodavnica, dućan” , a dolazi od it. bottega f. Drugo, veoma često, prezime je Kaštelan, ali i Kaštelani, od it. cas telio m. „dvorac, kula” i castellano „gospodar dvorca, zapovjednik kaštela” . Novija posuđenica od lat. deminutiva na -elhts castellum > it. castello, od lat. castrum, potisnula je stariju sa a > o kostel, od koje se sačuvalo prezime Kostelnik. Od castellum je izvedenica na -anus it. castellano : kaštelan i kaštelan. Među prezimenima koja se odnose na neko zanimanje možemo spomenuti i Marangun što je siguran venecijanizam marangon, u značenju „stolar, drvodjelja” . Providur je takođe prezime koje možemo naći u Hercegovini, a dolazi od it. proweditore, mlet. provveđedor, u značenju „mletački visoki upravni činovnik, pokrajinski poglavar” . Još podosta hercegovačkih prezimena nastalo je na sličan način, a znače neko zanimanje, tako da proučavanje čitavog tog materijala zahtijeva izradu jedne poveće studije u kojoj bi mogla biti prezentiram sva navedena problematika. U ovom prilogu je obrađeno i nekoliko antroponima koji se odnose na neke osobine, odnosno mane čovjekove. Dosta često prezime je Manigoda i Manigodić, it. manigoldo „lupež, hulja” . Interesantno je i prezime Pinjuh, a pojavljuje se i Pinjuv i Pinjuf, a možemo ga dovesti u vezu sa pinjav „škrt”, it. pigna f. Ne tako često, ali ipak na ovom terenu zabilježeno je i prezime Spion, ven. spi im, m., it. spione m. „uhoda, špijun” . Od ostalih prezimena spomenuta su sljedeća: Fontana, it. fontana f. „česma, vodoskok” . Kapular, možemo dovesti u vezu sa kapula, što je dalmato-romanski relikt od lat. cepulla. Izgovor k za lat. c ispred e jasno pokazuje da je naziv preuzet od dalmatinskih Romana. Gustin, gäst m, od it. gusto < lat. gustus „ukus, apetit” . Marin, it. marina „mornarica , od lat. > it. ličnog imena Marinus. Musulin, it. mussola, mussolina f „vrsta tkanine” . Priganica, ven. fritola „uštipak”. Daleko bi nas odvelo proučavanje mnogobrojnih prezimena koja u sebi sadrže romanske elemente, a koja su utkana u hercegovačko tlo koje u sebi nosi i brojne leksičke, kao i fonetske elemente preuzete iz romanskih jezika. Spomenimo samo to da među romanskim posuđenicama u Hercegovini najbrojniju kategoriju čine imenice, što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da se one najlakše pozajmljuju, a njihov broj je u jeziku najveći. Navešćemo samo neke od najčešće upotrebljavanih imenica: Arija, bala, balàture, banak, bàül, borša, bronzin, gête, himbulja, Mice, kasëta, kàmostre, kàret, kStula, mrgïnj, mïda, pala, pašta, piSülj, pjàt, raša, sàket itd, Sve te posudenice iz susjednih apeninskih i balkanskih romanskih govora uklopile su se u srpskohrvatske dijalekte i obogatile naš jezik, koji time nije ništa izgubio od svoje izražajnosti. Sada vidimo da i hercegovački antroponimi nose pečat tog vremena, Što je sasvim razumljivo s obzirom na činjenicu da je istočnohercegovački dijalekt izbijao na morsku obalu i na jednom širokom području dolazio u dodir sa italijanskim jezikom i mletačkim dijalektom.

Address and Reference Terms in Lithuanian Dinner Discourse

Author(s): Aušra Abraškevičiūtė / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2001

This article aims at analyzing Lithuanian address and reference terms in family dinner context, their linguistic expressions, frequency and functions. 10 Lithuanian middle-class families were filmed during a dinner. Conversations were transcribed extensively and then analyzed. The findings fall into 6 major categories - first names and kinship names in the Vocative case, first names and kinship names with diminutive suffixes in all cases, collocations of nouns and diminutive nominals, first names with a pejorative suffix, first names with solidarity oriented endings, nicknames and endearment terms, and neutral reference terms. They have different impact on face work.

Adjuncţii genitivali ai substantivului în croată și echivalentele lor în română

Author(s): Gorana Bikić-Carić,Clara Căpățînă / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2019

The topic of this paper are genitive complements of the noun in Croatian and the expression of noun determination. Croatian does not have the grammatical category of the article, but there are other ways to express this concept (jedan/one, which some authors consider to be transforming into indefinite article, word order, definite and indefinite form of adjectives, genitive / accusative opposition, etc.). On the other hand, we consider that in Croatian the noun can also be neutral in terms of determination, i.e. that in some cases the (in)definiteness can be understood only from the context. Since the role of the noun in the discourse in Croatian is also expressed by the declension case, we would like to point out the importance of the genitive in that matter. The genitive can come either with or without preposition. and among the types of genitive without prepositions the functions of noun complement are expressed through subject genitive, object genitive, genitive of property, explanatory genitive, possessive genitive and partitive genitive. In addition, we compare the expression of possessiveness using the possessive genitive or the possessive adjective (derived from a noun denoting the possessor), which are in a complementary distribution. From all the listed types of genitives, the noun determination is visible in the genitive of property and the possessive genitive. In other types of genitives without preposition, as well as in the prepositional genitive (introduced by the preposition od/of), it is not clear from the very form of the noun if it is definite or indefinite. Therefore, the Croatian examples in such cases can, depending on the context, be translated into Romanian with both definite and indefinite articles. We would also like to point out that the noun determination in Croatian is not such an important concept as in languages that have the article as a special grammatical category. Therefore, nouns can fulfill their role in discourse even without expression of the determination.

Adnotationes ad decretum ‘hellenisticum’ oppido Pliska repertum

Author(s): Nicolay Sharankov / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Latin / Issue: 15/2005

ADVERBIJALIZACIJA U TURSKOME JEZIKU

Author(s): Ekrem Čaušević / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 46/1997

In the Turkish language we differentiate between two basic transformations of the finite object (VF) into infinite: 1) VF -> verbal noun [-mak, -ma, -(y)ış, -dik, -(y)acakj; 2) VF —» participle; 3) VF —» gerund. If a result clause (e.g. Ayşe kapıyı açtı.) is incorporated into a matrix sentence (e. g. Hırsız pencereden atladı.) so that its finite object transforms into a gerund (e. g. Ayşe kapıyı açtı —> Ayşe kapıyı açınca), such a transformation is called adverbialization. In the structure of a simple clause (1) Ayşe kapıyı açınca // (2) hırsız pencereden atladı we can differentiate between two segments: (a) basic segment (numbered as 2) or matrix sentence into which incorporated is the transformed result clause; b) gerund segment (numbered as 1) whose infinite object (= gerund) is a contact line between the incorporated clause and matrix sentence. The gerund segment as the sentence constituent part is analyzed according to three criteria: a) structure, b) function and c) semantics (determining semantic equivalents in the language Turkish is being compared to). Semantic analysis of the Turkish gerund through contrasting it with adequate adverbial clauses in the Bosnian language is the Central point of this paper.