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Review on Dorota Chudyk's book: Semantyka i łączliwość przysłówków gradualnych w języku rosyjskim w porównaniu z ekwiwalentami polskimi. Rzeszów 2006, 256 s.
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In this paper, it was focused on nominal derivational affixes, the formation of denominal nouns and the formation of deverbal nouns in Yellow Uyghur that is one of the Turkish languages spoken in the Republic of China. All these suffixes were analyzed in detail according to their functions in Yellow Uyghur. The vocabulary of Yellow Uyghur, written language of which does not exist, was built upon the works of Turkologists such as Malov, Tenishev, Todayeva who worked on Yellow Uyghur. It was claimed by some Turkologists that Yellow Uyghur is closely related to Shor, Tuvan and some other Turkic languages spoken in South Siberia. Therefore, nominal derivation of Yellow Uyghur was compared with Siberian Turkic languages and it was illustrated in this paper that Yellow Uyghur carries morphological features of Siberian languages. Fourteen affixes for formation of denominal nouns and sixteen affixes for formation of deverbal nouns that belong to Yellow Uyghur were investigated. Consequently, the most widespread formation of denominal nouns were identified as +lıg and its variations +dığ, +nığ, +tığ and the most widespread formation of deverbal nouns were identified as -ma/-me, -ba/-be, -pa/-pe.
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Translation, which is an intercommunal requirement, not only suplplies information flow from the source language into the target language but also serves as a bridge between communities by helping them know the social, political, cultural, cultural and scientific attitudes of each other. There are many terminological definitions of the concept of translation. But its main function is to provide intercultural communication. This intercultural communication is a situation in which the relation between the text and the source text must be handled appropriately.In this study, my aim is to compare and contrast one of the important Turkish writers Orhan Kemal’s novel “El Kızı” and its Georgian "El Kizi" (The Foreigner's Daughter) by İbrahim Goradze and Niko Baramidze. In this context, the translators transference of the author’s literary emotions and thoughts into the target text by taking the cultural and linguistic differences into account will be studied under the guidance of target-oriented translation theory based on vernacularization and alienation strategies shaped bye İbrahim Goradze and Niko Baramidze. When analyzing the meanings of proverbs Turkish Language Association of Proverbs and Idioms Dictionary and Ether Mamuli Turkish-Georgian Dictionary of Idioms are used. In the process of determination whether the level of translation is satisfactory of acceptable, firstly the cover pages, total number of pages and the sections were examined. Secondly, the sentences selected from the source text were compared to the ones in the translated copies in order to determine their closeness and loyalty to the main text.
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Emotion concepts across different cultures and languages have been studied extensively. New research on emotion concepts can efficiently capture the “experience-near” and “universal” aspects of cultures and languages for the construction of a language-independent semantic metalanguage, namely the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) (Goddard, 1998). Wierzbicka (1999) claims that lexical discriminations in the area of emotions (as well as in other semantic fields) provide important clues to the speakers’ conceptualizations, and thus, a considerable amount of lexical data collection and of serious semantic analysis is needed before any universals in the area of emotion concepts can be proposed. Based on the classification of the cognitive scenarios for emotion terms in Wierzbicka (1999), the current study investigated one area of the emotion lexicon in English and Turkish, that is, a set of terms within the domain of “I don’t want things like this to happen”. It explored how these concepts relate to each other in terms of their cognitive scenarios intra-linguistically and whether their cognitive scenarios match within the domain of “I don’t want things like this to happen”. The study revealed the core meanings of target concepts show a high amount of correspondence, excluding cases of immediacy and intensity.
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An important source of grammatical synonymy is represented by the various ways of expressing the same meaning by using different tenses. Time, tense and aspect play an important role within the linguistic expression of meaning. Present Tenses, Past Tenses, Future Tenses as well as other constructions can be used to convey similar or almost similar meaning. The fact that there seems to be no change in meaning between such constructions as “I have been learning English for 6 years” and “I started learning English six years ago” or between “to be about to” and “to be on the point of” or “be going to” in utterances such as “They are about to leave”, “They are on the point of leaving” and “They are just going to leave”, makes linguists speak about equivalence of meaning. However, the difference is the grammatical regimen of the constructions as well as the different nuances of meaning suggested. Considering that synonymy implies both a degree of similarity as well as difference between synonymous terms, the present paper will give a brief account of the similarities and differences between the constructions having different time reference both in English and Romanian. The matter of grammatical synonymy will be further applied to the translation process with a view to show that there is both contrast and similarity between language systems.
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The study revealed a comparison of found that, Chinese “kàn (to look)” and Turkish “bak- (to look)” all of them have such as meanings of “ to look, to view, to look after, ” and like common semantic other meanings, and as well as in Chinese except of these meanings, there are also meanings of “to direct, to let, to use, to be connected” ;however Turkish has the meanings of “to need, to believe, to be aware of, to resemble” etc.
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The article is dealing with analysis of phrasemes with component 'devil'. It is comparing the image of devil and his perception in two Slavic traditions Czech and Belarusian. Czech verbal idioms with conjunction jako are identifying a person with the devil and also offer two types of evaluation – negative prevails, but there are even positive. Beside the evaluating function, in Belarusian language the idioms with word 'devil' fulfill function of addressing somebody and interjection. In comparison of thematic phrasemes in two Slavic languages we can find very low number of equivalents. Folklore and etnographic sources are creating national “phraseological view of the world” and they are also the proof of different perceptions of the image of the devil: in contemporary Belarusian culture prevails negative evaluation of this mythical creature, in Czech environment the view of the devil is lenient, in Czech fairytales we can find even positive perception of the devil.
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Mother tongue largely refers to not only the language one learns from one’s mother but also the speaker’s dominant and home language. It’s also called native language. This study was conducted to find whether mother tongue interferences in second-language learning, and if so; whether it affects the learners’ performance in four language skills, and also in which skill(s) it has the biggest effect. Data collection tool included a questionnaire by which participants were asked to rate the questions and tick-circle or write in the correct blank. The questionnaire was based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches with the help of 4-point Likert-scale questions and one open-ended question at the last part. The participants of the study were 20 volunteer students (15 females and 5 males) in Uludag University on whom the questionnaire was randomly applied. They ranged in age from 18 to 40 and the mean age was 23. Their mother tongue was Turkish, and they knew English as a foreign language. The questionnaire shows that mother tongue interferes with second language learning in some way. In English language, the most challenging part was Grammar, while the most difficult and influenced skills was Speaking. In addition, participants had difficulty with speaking without any preparation. When it comes to having difficulty, participants had difficulty with determiners, English tenses and articles. The results indicated the interference of mother tongue in almost all aspects.
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Language is not only an important means of a human communication, a means of expressing ideas and thoughts but it is also a means of collecting and passing life experience, cultural traditions and historical events on from one generation to another. A riddle as a text reflects an archaic view of a man to a nature and environment. It is a fragment of a world image of people. The analysis of thematic groups of Russian and Sakha riddles of the concept “a man” is made in this article. Comparative and contrasting analysis shows that the structure of a world image of Russian and Sakha peoples is the same but there are small differences in the word usage inside one and the same thematic group. The difference of word usage of the same cognitive experience of the environment shows specific features of the ethnic world view.
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Grammatica francuska i polska, albo sposób najskuteczniejszy do nauczenia się tak Polakowi francuskiego, jako też Francuzowi polskiego języka, dla wygody uczących się, za pozwoleniem Duchownej Zwierzchności do druku podana.
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The article is devoted of the most disputable and important problems of linguistics — interjections. In the research the author studies the problems of interjections’ translation and determines important points and the most adequate ways of interjection translation from Turkish to Russian and from Russian to Turkish language.
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The texts of the historical periods of the languages are very important for the sound, shape, syntax and especially the diachronic and synchronic work. In these kinds of studies, besides the changes of sound and shape, meaning changes, word loss etc. and the reasons for their occurrence. For this reason, dictionary works are the most important supporters of grammatical studies. Dictionaries are very important in terms of expressing the existence of a language in a certain period. In this context, the works belonging to the first periods of the Oguz Turkic which is an important branch of the Turkic are among the primary and important resources in terms of the emergence of this branch and the treasury. One of these sources is Yusuf and Zelîhâ mesnevis, which belong to Şeyyad Hamza. The story of this work contains many words and phrases that are used in the simple, plain and most modern Turkish of Old Anatolian Turkic. This study tried to reach some evaluations about the vocabulary of Old Anatolian Turkish by moving from the index part of the work done by İbrahim TAŞ regarding the mentioned work and moving from the rich word existence of Yûsuf and Zelîhâ.
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Namjera ovog istraživanja je popisati ispitivanjem informanata dobivene pomorske termine u govoru grada Hvara na istoimenom otoku te ih usporediti s njihovim ekvivalentima u varijetetima venecijanskog dijalekta koji se govore ili su se govorili na obalama Jadranskog mora. Korpus pomorskih termina koji se ovdje istražuju ograničen je na one koji se koriste u svakodnevnom životu tamošnjih ribara. U Hvaru se koristi varijetet čakavskog dijalekta koji, kao i ostali čakavski varijeteti, obiluje romanizmima od kojih su najveći dio venecijanizmi.
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The article focuses on Slovene-English language contact in North America. The general linguistic situation in two Slovene American/Canadian communities (Cleveland, Vancouver) is described, emphasizing the relationship between the degree of mother tongue/ heritage language maintenance of the immigrants and their descendants on the one hand and their sense of ethnic identity on the other. The historical, social and cultural aspects of Slovene immigration to the USA and Canada are addressed. This is followed by a detailed linguistic analysis of the data obtained through tape-recorded interviews from individual informants belonging to three generations.
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The analysis of the Italian preposition da in spatial, temporal and fictive motion contexts leads to the conclusion that this unit engenders path schema interpretation (source – path – goal) with focus on the initial component of the trajectory. In dynamic contexts path schema highlights the initial location of a trajector that has started moving along a path built up into the verb stem. In temporal contexts the unit da signs the initial point of a temporal distance interpreted in the context of TIME HAS AN EXTENSION AND CAN BE MEASURED metaphor. In fictive motion contexts we perceive simulated movement accomplished by a primary landmark from a secondary landmark (source) to the trajector’s sphere of influence (endpoint). The Polish equivalents of da phrases are the following: z + gen, znad + gen and od + gen. They all involve path schema combined with other image schemas such as container and verticality. In Polish the schematic meaning is conveyed not only by prepositional units but also by inflectional case governed by prepositions. The genitive case required by the Polish prepositions marks some path related information included in case marker.
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The main objective of this paper is to show the main semantic differences and similarities between the Polish and Spanish subsystem of the verbs of ‘becoming’. In this study the author demonstrates that the Polish subsystem is based on criteria of aspectuality that entails many additional semantic nuances, whereas the Spanish one opts for several semantic factors.
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The influence of antiquity, especially of the heritage of Greece and Rome on Polish literature, as well as of the Latin literature on the development of the national language, resulted in valuable monographs and studies by classical philologists. Zygmunt Węclewski became a pioneer in the study of Polish-Latin poetry. His achievements were continued by Ludwik Ćwikliński and Bronisław Kruczkiewicz. In the interwar period, Jerzy Kowalski became famous for his brilliant translations and editions of Adam Mickiewicz’s Lausanne lectures. The greatest contribution from classical philologists to Polish literature came from Ryszard Ganszyniec. Also the Romanist Edward Porębowicz was an expert on Polish literature. His comparative studies included: the Baroque period, poetry of the Great Romantics, and poetry of the Young Poland. Another Romanist, Kazimierz Jarecki, contributed numerous articles devoted to Słowacki’s works. Lviv Germanicists, Richard Maria Werner and Emil Petzold, showed many unknown connections between Mickiewicz’s work and German literature. The only Lviv professor of the English studies, Władysław Tarnawski, published works on Cyprian Norwid and Jan Kasprowicz and popularized the works of Henryk Sienkiewicz. The overview of Polish literature specialists concludes with the figure of Jan Janów, a researcher of Polish Medieval and Renaissance literature and its reception on the Ukrainian soil.
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This paper deals with anglicisms in the German language in tourism. Nowadays, the importance of tourism is being discussed very intensively and accordingly the language in tourism has become one of the significant topics in the field of linguistic research. Firstly, with regard to the specific features of the language in tourism, the status of a language in tourism as the language for specific purposes was determined. Since the language in tourism has been exposed to an increasingly intense global English influence, the term „anglicism‟ has been defined in the paper. The aim of the paper is to analyze the formation of complex and shortened anglicisms in the German language in tourism, and to emphasize the recognizable features such as language economy and a very high number of hybrid compounds. Among hybrid compounds a very remarkable part is built by phrasal compounds which is an evident result of the English influence. The analyzed corpus consists of three main subcorpora - subcorpus of the catalogues, journals, professional and scientific publications.
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In this paper we analyse Serbian, French and Italian idioms comprising the culinary terminology as their component (lexemes that denote groceries (e.g. apple, egg), certain types of meals (e.g. goulash), meat products (e.g. sausage) and other culinary products (e.g. bread)). The aim is to observe the influence of the European culture on phraseolog ical meaning as well as to determine the lexical and semantic similarities and differences of the chosen idioms by using comparative-contrastive analysis. We classified the idioms into four groups according to their origin: 1) idioms of biblical origin, 2) idioms rooted in mythology, legends and anecdotes, 3) idioms originating from fables and 4) idioms of uncertain origin. We noticed that, despite the different national cultures and different lan guage groups (French and Italian are Romance languages, while Serbian is Slavic lan guage), the majority of the chosen idioms that were influenced by European culture are lexical and semantic equivalents in the three languages, which indicates the similar met aphorical manner of thinking of the three nations. However, the results of our research also show that certain idioms can be found in just one or two languages due to the influ ence of different historical and sociolinguistic factors on the observed languages. Addi tionally, some of the idioms are semantic, but not lexical equivalents.
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This article discusses the main and secondary members of speech of the Azerbaijani language in the Northern dialects, and are given the following examples. One of the differences that separates our dialectical and accent language from the literary language is the fact that object that used with I and II personal pronouns and sometimes with the third personal pronoun, often do not show itself in the sentence. Sentences without subject are often found in dialogues, command sentences, proverbs, applause, and curses. The predicate and predicate category in the dialects in contrast to the literary language, in some cases is falling. In contrast to literary language, there is observed compound predicates in Northen group dialects of Azerbaijani language. Object that is expressed with II and III noun combinations are more used in Nothern group dialects. As in the ancient and modern Turkic languages, Kipchak texts adverbs attract attention with its rich meaning. Different types of adverbs are used in the North group dialects. In the North group dialects, adverb is also processed after predicate in the sentence.
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