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It not as We Know it

Author(s): Boris F. Hlebec / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2013

The aim of this article is to provide insight into various uses of the English pronoun it (which is actually not always a pro-noun, i.e. not always used instead of a noun) and to ascertain whether they have any meaning, semantic and/or pragmatic. A number of authors have been reviewed, a lot of examples adduced and, in a new approach, semantic definitions of four sememes of it have been produced. All of the four varieties of it have referential function, the emphatic it has no semantic meaning, the personal and phenomenon it have semantic meaning partly, while the ambient it has a general semantic meaning. The personal, phenomenon and emphatic it have a definable pragmatic use.

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О значењу неких глагола говорења у њемачком и српском језику

Author(s): Kristina Mirnić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/2012

Given the fact that every language is subject to various historical trends, spiritual directions, and new social structures, one can assume it is the lexic of any given language that is influenced the most in this respect, by which contacts with other peoples and cultures play a major role. As a direct result of these processes, we witness both the emergence of new lexic and the disappearance of old forms, as well as changes in existing word sets. For that purpose, this paper analyses shifts in meaning and stylistic features of some verbs in the German and Serbian languages.

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MÉTAPHORE GRAMMATICALE ET GÉOMETRIE IMAGINAIRE DU TEMPS EN FRANÇAIS ET EN ESPAGNOL

Author(s): Antonio Pamies Bertrán / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2019

French and Spanish possess many figurative expressions of TIME, which are conceptual mappings from the source domain of SPACE. These metaphors fit into more general models described by cognitive linguistics for other languages (e.g., Lakoff and Turner 1989; Lakoff 1993; Haspelmath 1997; Yu 1998; Radden 2011). Two main theoretical approaches can be distinguished in the treatment of this conceptual metaphor: those based on universalistic apriorisms and those based on empirical studies. While the former tend to extrapolate from English, reducing this mechanism to two or three basic "natural" models (e.g., Lakoff 1993), the latter rely on "exotic" languages, whose data are more complex and often contradict theoretical (speculative) principles. This contrastive work analyzes several associative models in two widely spoken Romance languages, within the general frame of the <SPACE TO TIME> conceptual metaphor, in order to bring out additional data and arguments related with this issue.

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О сакралној семантици српскословенских сложеница високог стила

Author(s): Zorica V. Nikitović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

The paper analyses the compounds that represent the productive constituent category in sacral Serbo-Slavonic literary works and in the whole period of the Church Slavonic language. In reference to the criterion of the productivity of the compound’s first constituent element, the author embarks on the analysis of their sacral semantics, categorizing them according to their semantic types. The specificity of targeted material calls for a multidisciplinary approach, so that in the discussion of the Christian meaning of the compounds, especially those that hold the status of theological terms, the author is obliged to use theological literature. The analysis will show that just as the “occurrence of Christ means infinitely more than the words can convey”, the sacral meaning says much more than the abstract meaning of words.

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Dezvoltarea limbajului: procese cognitive implicate, evaluare şi intervenţii educative

Author(s): Vasile Radu Preda / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2020

The development of language: cognitive processes involved, assessment and educative interventions. This studyis an interdisciplinary approach for development of language and learning strategies, based on theconstructivist theory, linguistic theory and differential pedagogy. For language development is necessary: a) agood assessment of language with psychological procedures, methods and instruments; b) early stimulationsof the linguistic abilities (phonological and phonemic awareness, phonological segmentation, verbal memory)and of oral, reading and writing communication with speech-therapy methods and educative personalizedprograms

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Specyfika semantyczna czasowników z przyrostkiem -ну-/-ną- w języku rosyjskim i polskim

Author(s): Joanna Woch / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXII/2020

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate semantic similarities and differences between Polish and Russian verbs with suffixes -ну-/-ną-. The analyzed affixes form semantically neutral semelfactive verbs in standard Polish and Russian. The main differ-ence can be observed in the spoken language, in which suffixes -ну-/-ną- form expressive semelfactive verbs. The study shows that the Russian suffix -ну- is more productive as it can be added to almost any durative verb stem and it is part of another suffix -ану-, which does not have an equivalent in Polish. In Polish the expressive character of -ną-verbs can be achieved secondarily as a result of a metaphorization and metonymyzation of semantically neutral verbs.

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MËNYRAT E KRIJIMIT TË TERMINOLOGJISË  KOMPJUTERIKE NË GJUHËN SHQIPE

Author(s): Abdurrahim Maxhuni / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 49/2019

In the computer terminology the ways of building of its units, and the tools of term formation have an important place paths to building of computer. Technology are the ones that we find in the other fields of knowledge, such as the semantic, morphologic, syntactic, translation and borrowing. In contrast to other fields of knowledge whose richness came gradually, the richness of the computer terminology lexis belong more to the revolutionary aspect rather than the evolutionary aspect, because the huge development of the computer world was fast and it took place in the lass decades. So their swift entering country took by surprise the Albanian languages well as the linguists, terminologists, journalists etc. In these circumstance a lot of foreign words, especially from English entered the Albanian language, the lack of a previous experience and the impossibility for such terms to be developed and worked on gradually and to find themselves in a stable system created many problems that are related to this field.

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РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КНИГУ: ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ МОКШАНСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ОСВЕЩЕНИИ

Author(s): Anita V. Solovyeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 01 (36)/2020

Review of: Anita V. Solovyeva - Рецензия на книгу: Элементы мокшанского языка в типологическом освещении; Ред. С. Ю. Толдова (отв. ред.), М. А. Холодилова (отв. ред.), С. Г. Татевосов, Е. В. Кашкин, А. А. Козлов, Л. С. Козлов, А. В. Кухто, М. Ю. Привизенцева, И. А. Стенин. — М.: «Буки Веди», 2018. — xxiv + 1014 с. — ISBN 978-5-4465-2097-8. / ELEMENTY MOKSHANSKOGO YAZYKA V TIPOLOGICHESKOM OSVESHCHENII [ELEMENTS OF THE MOKSHA LANGUAGE IN A TYPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE] (MOSCOW, 2018. XXIV + 1014 PAGES)

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БЛОГЕР ИЛИ БЛОГЕРША: РУССКИЕ ФЕМИНИТИВЫ С ФОРМАНТОМ -ш(а) В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МЕДИАПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

Author(s): Regina R. Guzaerova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5-6/2019

Personal feminine nouns with the suffix -sh(a) functioning in the modern Russian language were analyzed. The word-formation model with the suffix -sh(a) is one of the means of expression the word formation category of femininity, singled out on the basis of a common derivational value ‘a female, belonging to the category of persons, called the motivating noun’. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing importance of female nominations as an object of linguistic research, as well as their activity in the modern Russian media space. The language material for our research includes 166 lexemes, all selected by the method of continuous sampling from authoritative explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and the Russian speaking media space. The analysis of the functioning of personal feminine nouns in the language was carried out on the basis of the material collected using the RNC (Russian National Corpus), media data, and personal blogs on the Internet. The study was performed to describe the features of the formation and functioning of derived nominations of females in modern Russian. The study was based on: a) an integrated approach to the analysis of derived units; b) analysis of the derivational structure and motivational relationships; c) determination of the specifics of the functioning of the studied units in speech.

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Terminologia medyczna w Nowym dykcjonarzu Michała Abrahama Troca na tle źródeł z XVI i XVII wieku

Author(s): Beata Kuryłowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2020

In this paper, 74 medical terms excerpted from Nowy dykcjonarz (New dictionary) by Michał Abraham Trotz were subject to semantic and formal analyses. The relevant material was presented in the context of the medical lexis being in operation in the 16th and 17th centuries and confronted with the medical vocabulary present in the study by W. Bystrzonowski titled Informacya matematyczna (Mathematical information) of 1749. The analysis of the medical terminology collected by Trotz is aimed to expand our knowledge of the medical vocabulary present in the Polish language of the first half of the 18th century since, as specialists note, there are few studies discussing the medical lexis of that period, and therefore our cognition of the scientific sphere of the human activity in this respect is limited. The presented analyses show that the medical terminology collected in Nowy dykcjonarz is mainly old lexis, which is well-established in the Polish language, the origin of which is Polish (lexical borrowings include 13 units), and which came into existence as a result of word formation, syntactic, and semantic derivation. The presence of numerous synonymous names, which prove, among others, that the Polish medical terminology has still been in the phase of formation, has also been noticed.

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ON NACIJA AND NAROD: A CONTRIBUTION TO A DRAFT PHILOLOGY OF THE NATION

Author(s): Desmond Maurer / Language(s): English Issue: 87-88/2019

For any foreigner grappling with the national question in Slavic south-eastern Europe, there inevitably comes a moment when the significance and structure of the semantic pairing of narod and nacija must be investigated, particularly where there is a need for a nuanced understanding or translation of political, journalistic and academic texts.

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Преформулативни конектори резимирања (сажимања) у француском и српском језику

Author(s): Anđela D. Vasiljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2020

This paper deals with the contrastive analysis of one particular type of reformulative non-paraphrastic connectives in French and Serbian. Given that connectives represent an important phenomenon of both textual cohesion and coherence, we try to identify different values and properties of so-called ”recapitulative” connectives (according to C. Rossari’s classification). First, we propose a theoretical framework about the evolution of transphrastic and textual studies in the past few decades. Our research is based on а qualitative and a contrastive analysis of the examples extracted from the monolingual and parallel corpus of French and Serbian. Moreover, in the central part of the paper, we outline the similarities and differences between morphological and semantic structures of French recapitulative connectives bref, en un mot, en résumé, en somme and their Serbian correspondents. Finally, the main purpose of such work is to provide several possibilities of translation into Serbian of the mentioned connectives, while taking into consideration eventual syntactic, stylistic or pragmatic constraints.

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Od znaczenia do konceptu: pragmatyczno-kulturowe aspekty specyfikacji semantycznej

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 07/2020

The author discusses theoretical issues of functional semantics, especially such directions of the contemporary anthropological linguistics as ethnosemantics and cognitive semantics. The diversification of the content of a lexical meaning under the influence of external, mainly pragmatic and cultural, factors is the primary object of interest here. Therefore, the author considers the degree of semantic specification of lexical units at various levels of interpersonal communication: both general and subcultural. As assumed by the contemporary cultural linguistics, a concept is considered to be a category of representation of knowledge encoded in language signs. The author gives arguments in favour of the view that the opposition of the (lexical, general) meaning and concept is gradual and concerns the scope of semantic information encoded in the sign in accordance with adaptive requirements.

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VANINA SUMROVA, NEW FEMINITIVES IN BULGARIAN

Author(s): Joanna Satoła-Staśkowiak / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2019

Review of: JOANNA SATOŁA-STASKOWIAK - VANINA SUMROVA, NEW FEMINITIVES IN BULGARIAN, PUBLISHED BY THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE “PROF. MARIN DRINOV”, SOFIA 2018, PP. 196.

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Leksyka muzyczna w rosyjsko-polskiej leksykografii. Stan obecny versus potrzeby użytkowników

Author(s): Ewelina Parafińska-Korybska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2019

In order to meet the expectations of receivers, who come across vocabulary from various areas in their everyday life, general bilingual dictionaries include lexis from many different fields. This article analyses one such group in Russian-Polish lexicography: musical lexis. The analysis offered here considers translation pairs extracted from two most comprehensive Russian-Polish dictionaries. The study categorises musical lexis into semantic classes and verifies the accuracy, semantic relevance and currency of provided equivalents. The aim was to establish whether general bilingual lexicography meets the needs of users looking for equivalents in this lexical area. Basing on selected material, the article also compares the structure of entries in each dictionary and considers cultural background of musical lexis in the context of Russian culture. To illustrate the issues in focus, the study comments on a number of examples and proposes some solutions to problematic cases.

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Церковнослов’янізми з богослужбово-обрядовою семантикою в українській мові ХVІ–ХVІІІ ст.

Author(s): Yuriy Osinchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2018

In this paper, the author analyzes the structure, word formation, and meaning of Church Slavonic lexical elements with semantics of worship and rites on the basis of secular written documents which served as a source for the Dictionary of the Ukrainian language in the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries and for the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian language edited by Ye. Tymchenko. The use of Church Slavonic lexicalized phrases and idioms are also studied. The development of semantics of Church Slavonic words in presentday Ukrainian and in liturgical practice is considered as well.

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Устойчивые сравнения в языке спортивного дискурса: русско-украинские параллели

Author(s): Aleksndr Viktorovich Savchenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

Nowadays, sports play an important role in the world, both from the pure competitive (even emulative) and political point of view. The influence of sports is also traced here at the linguistic level: many words and expressions from the field of sports penetrate the language but, on the other hand, the sphere of sports itself becomes a fertile ground for the emergence of new expressive words and idioms having different stylistic and expressive colours that can perform various pragmatic functions. In the language of sports, lexical units often acquire a new meaning related to sports; in some cases, the meanings of already existing metaphorical phraseological models are actualized. The paper is devoted to the problem of the status and description of one of the types of phraseological units, i.e. stable comparisons, which are used in the sphere of sports or sports discourse in modern Russian and Ukrainian languages. On the one hand, these units have their origins in sports slang as well as in mass media language and also come from common phraseology and other discourses. On the other hand, such units have not only a high expressive level but they are often used as picturesque and metaphorical means in other discourses, e.g. political, social, or economic. Such expressions are nowadays very popular and commonly used both in spoken language (speech) and in mass media language. Stable comparisons are, in fact, a universally figurative and expressive means of language which can be used in any situation, context, and in any pragmatic field of language use. The sphere of sports is not an exception, where such language units fulfil various functions both in the language of sports journalism (oral reportages, articles on sports, internet communication and discussions in internet forums specializing in sports) and in the speech of the athletes themselves. This paper discusses some of the most commonly used stable comparisons in the sphere of sports (i.e. sports discourse) both in Russian and Ukrainian languages. The metaphorical models of such units are examined from the point of view of Russian–Ukrainian language convergence. It can be stated that the language of modern Russian sports journalism can be seen today to a certain extent as a possible (or potential) prototype for the development of Ukrainian-language sports discourse. Generally speaking, live contacts in interdiscourse sports communication, including the language of sports journalism, however, are still ongoing and active language interaction at the level of vocabulary and phraseology remains one of the most effective means of enriching the vocabulary of the national language.

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Лексичні засоби позначення дитячого віку в писемних пам’ятках української мови ХVІ–ХVІІІ ст.

Author(s): Oksana Zelіnsʹka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2019

Research devoted to childhood as a social-cultural phenomenon has become more active in present-day science. Scientists study some peculiarities of the perception of child and childhood by society in different historical epochs, try to fix childhood limits and to define age periods within child age, and make a conclusion that in many cases, periods of man’s life are correlated with social roles of people rather than with biological age, and they were formed under the influence of social institutes developing together with the evolution of society. The present paper analyzes lexical means used in written records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th–18th centuries to denote child age and express the concept of an age differentiation of childhood. The written records of the Ukrainian language of different genres in the mentioned period were the sources of the research: e.g. business language records, P. Berynda’s dictionary, religious texts, sermons, and poetic works. Lexical units expressing child age to denote childhood as an age period of man’s life and general names originating from colloquial language and taken from Church Slavonic were used to denote children. Written sources confirm an active use of hypocoristic forms. The lack of a clear classification of childhood into separate age periods is seen in the system of children’s names. Most of the general names denoting children did not represent an age gradation of childhood and only some words were special names of a child expressing an age characteristic: those were the names of a newly-born child and a baby. Some adjectives combination with nouns to denote children indicated a relative age characteristic (little, minor) but the contexts in which phrases with the adjective little were used did not give a reason to distinguish between a little child and a young man. In several sources, a seven-year period was classified as a special stage in a child’s life, first of all, due to religious practice. According to Christian tradition, a child was considered to have no sins until the age of 7 since he or she cannot distinguish between good and bad. After that, he or she had to shrive. In secular practice, the age of 7 became the time when a child would be sent to an educational institution. The texts of pedagogical orientation prove the synonymy of common names denoting children with special names of the individuals who get education. A differentiation according to an age characteristic “adulthood” vs. “minority” can be seen clearly, which is explained by the legal status of an adult and, correspondingly, is expressed by the corresponding lexical denotations. The vocabulary denoting this age period is mostly represented by sources written in business language. One can see that lexical semantics, with help of which child age is marked in records of the Ukrainian language in the 16th–18th centuries, gives a general concept of childhood common for Ukrainian and European social communities of that time.

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О истакнутим асоцијативним истраживањима на Западу у 21. веку и могућностима њихове примене у (домаћој) лингвистици

Author(s): Ana Lj. Petrović Dakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2020

Since local associative research has, so far, been oriented towards the East and Russia, the aim of this paper is to give an overview of lesser-known, but interesting Western research, which could be of use to our linguists in the future. The associative method is used in different branches of the social sciences, but here we will focus on achievements in areas closest to our researchers: the use of this method with corpora, in order to facilitate vocabulary search; the construction of mental lexicon models based on verbal associations; and the use of these associations in the field of applied linguistics, in regard to second language acquisition.

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ПРОТОТИПНИ ФРАНЦУСКИ ПАРАФРАСТИЧНИ КОНЕКТОР "C’EST-À-DIRE" И ЊЕГОВИ СРПСКИ ЕКВИВАЛЕНТИ

Author(s): Anđela D. Vasiljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 69/2019

Les études contrastives des connecteurs textuels constituent un champ d’investigation très vaste et intéressant sur plusieurs points de vue: morphosyntaxique, sémantique, pragmatique et stylistique. Les divers domaines de la linguistique appli- quée, tels que la didactique des langues étrangères et la traductologie peuvent profiter des conclusions précieuses issues des résultats obtenus par ce type de recherches contrastives. En basant notre travail sur la typologie de C. Rossari, membre distinguée de l’École de la pragmatique intégrée, développée à l’Université de Genève, d’après laquelle il existe deux types des opérations de reformulation – paraphrastique et non paraphrastique –, nous avons opté pour l’analyse du connecteur français c’est-à-dire, considéré comme marqueur prototypique de la reformulation paraphrastique. Le but principal d’un tel travail consiste à proposer plusieurs possibilités de traduction du connecteur donné en serbe, tout en signalant ses différentes valeurs sémantiques. Tout d’abord, nous proposons une ouverture théorique portant sur le cadre métho- dologique dans lequel cette étude évolue. Ensuite, la partie appliquée est consacrée à l’analyse des exemples tirés des corpus monolingues et parallèles du français et du serbe. Ce faisant, nous tâchons d’analyser les différents degrés de correspondances existant entre les structures des connecteurs de reformulation en français et en serbe.

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