Коммерческая эргонимия на практике

Author(s): Maciej Szelewski / Language(s): Russian Issue: 117/2007

An image of a company is also created by its name. All the names of companies or other financial structures whose main goal is to make a profit we may call commercial ergonyms. The subjects of the article are the most important onomastical models which can help firm to create an attractive image, such as: transonymisation of anthroponyms (names of the owners mostly); values, tradition, history (archaisms); stereotypical way of thinking of “European/American high quality” (English words and grammar mostly); various onomastical neologisms.

Lindja e Berishës politik - Analizë teksti e artikullit të parë politik të Berishës në gazetën ‘Bashkimi’ të shtatorit 1990

Author(s): Alfred Lela / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 15/2016

This paper tries to analyze the “languages” of one of the most important speeches held by Sali Berisha, in “Bashkimi” newspaper, in 1990. The analysis will be divided in two main parts; 1- old language- referring to the language used by the leadership during communism and that is similar with the concept of newspeak, elaborated by Orwell, or “ the totalitarian Albania, elaborated by Ardian Vehbiu; 2- “new language” – or the western language that brought to use new words such as pluralism, democracy, human rights, private property etc.; 3- “ technical or scientific language”, words that have to do with the profession of the speaker, in this case, medicine and last but not least 4- “ the ideological/ political language, terms referring to the left or the right wing. The aim of the paper is to create a dictionary of words and after a quantitative analysis to define which language is more important than others in the discourse of Dr. Sali Berisha.

Proporcije kategorija asocijata i struktura semantičke memorije

Author(s): Irena Savić,Aleksandar Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a systematic distinction between associate pairs that constitute categories of lexical relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms etc.) and categories of associate pairs that have no obvious lexical relation. Proportion of categories of associates were estimated on 80 nouns from “Associative Dictionary of Serbian Language” (Piper, Dragićević & Stefanović, 2005), while frequencies of associates were estimated from “Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary Serbian Language” (Kostić, Đ., 1999). Categories of associates were divided into two groups: group of categories that included standard lexical relations and group that included idiosyncratic associates. Proportions of categories were analyzed with respect to a) frequency of a noun to which associates were generated and b) whether it was an abstract or concrete noun. Three measures were used to estimate proportion of categories: a) number of associates, b) sum frequency of associates and c) the average frequency per associate. When estimated with respect to number of associates and sum frequency of associates proportion of categories that included standard lexical relations were negligible (6% and 18%), but they become dominant when estimated with respect to the average frequency per associate. Such an outcome suggests that categories that include standard lexical relations are characterized by small number of associates (due to the fact that they are closed classes) with high frequency associates. Distinction between abstract and concrete nouns did not affect number of associates per category, which was not the case when proportions were estimated with respect to sum frequency of associates. Frequency of a noun to which associates were generated has no effect on productivity of associates, nor does it affects sum frequency per category. However, it has significant effect on the average frequency per associate within a given category.

Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk Adlı Eserin Tamamlanmasının 940. Yıldönümü: Şarkiyatçı, Tarihçi, Antropolog Prof. Dr. Tınçtıkbek K. Çorotegin’in Araştırmaları

Author(s): Olcobay Karatayev,Mehmet Serhat Yılmaz,Cevdet Yakuboğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2017

The review of: “Dîvânu Lugâti’t-Türk” by Mahmud Kaşgarî Barskanî.

Some Reflections on Sports English and Serbian in the Global Socio-Linguistic Context

Author(s): Valentina V. Budinčić / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2018

The aim of the paper is to describe the position of English as the international language of sport in the twenty-first century and its impact on Serbian sports terminology. The analysis is focused on the interactions between different socio-linguistic factors which led sport and English to the present-day status of being global phenomena and which, eventually, created English as the international language of sport which strongly influences Serbian sports terminology. Besides, the paper elaborates on latest sports trends and their various current linguistic consequences.

ZAPOŻYCZENIA LEKSYKALNE W ROZPRAWACH LITERACKICH MAURYCEGO MOCHNACKIEGO

Author(s): Milena Wojtyńska-Nowotka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2018

This paper is a continuation of a cycle dedicated to the description of the share of borrowings in the vocabulary of Rozprawy literackie (Literary treaties) by M. Mochnacki. The author discusses the issue of influences of other foreign languages (mainly from: English, Czech, Russian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Italian) by, among others, indicating the methods of adaptation of the discussed borrowings to Polish, confi rming their occurrence in lexicographic sources of the epoch, and carrying out a semantic analysis of the vocabulary with the use of lexical and semantic fields. Based on the presented material, the researcher ascertains that, in the diachronic profi le, the presented material illustrates two periods of acquiring new lexical units to the Polish language: until the end of the 18th c. and the turn and the beginning of the 19th c. Moreover, the author states that the discussed lexical resource is not innovative as the lexemes derived from the enumerated languages, which are used by M. Mochnacki, belong to the standard variant of the 19th-century Polish language. The conducted analysis falls into the stream of research dedicated to the lexis of the 19th-century language.

İRAN (AZERBAYCAN) AĞIZLARINDA BELİRTME DURUM EKLERİ

Author(s): Meltem Gül / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 08/2013

Iran is a very important region in terms of Turkish language and culture. Today, there are some areas where the Ottoman and Azeri Turkish, which are branches of western Turkish, are spoken in Iran region. There are pronunciation and phonetic differences among them and Turkey-Turkish. The morphological differences are negligible. Studies in Turkey on determination of these differences are insufficient at the moment. A few master and doctoral theses have been written on Azerbaijan dialects in Turkey. Old Oghuz sound and shape properties live in Iran dialects. Therefore, the different grammatical structures appear in spoken languages in a remarkable way. In Turkey Turkish designator suffix is created by using + I for vowels and using + sI for constants. In Iran's Azerbaijan dialects the different uses of this suffix is seen. In this study, the accusative case suffixes created by + I, + n, + nI in Iran’s Hamedan and Salmas regions presented. In addition, this study also put forward similar and differing aspects of the accusative case suffixes with Turkey Turkish. Therefore, firstly the accusative case suffixes in Azerbaijan dialects were examined and exemplified. Similar uses and the different uses were specified and exemplified. Studies on Azerbaijan dialects in Iran will be a very important step for the studies on Oghuz. Studies in this field will contribute Turkish Language. This study will contribute the studies on the Comparative Turkish Grammar and will provide important contributions to the lexicon of Turkish tribes’ dialects.

Fragmenty jazykového obrazu Ruska na Slovensku

Author(s): Nikoleta Mertová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 21-22/2015

Kognitivna obrada prideva

Author(s): Dušica Filipović-Đurđević,Aleksandar Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2003

Processing of inflected Serbian verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. Specifically, the following issues were addressed: a. does the adjectival system contain syntactic functions and meanings, and b. are adjectival gender and case cognitively relevant properties. Each of the above issues could be expressed in terms of alternative equations that generate the amount of information carried by inflected form of an adjective. The informational values were correlated with mean reaction time to inflected adjectival forms. The outcome of the two experiments indicated that number of syntactic functions/meanings is the obligatory term in the equation that generates the amount of information carried by an adjectival inflected form. However, unlike nouns, where the amount information was specified in terms of ratio between a. sum of frequencies of inflected cases encompassed by a given inflected form and b. sum of its functions/ meanings, equation for adjectives includes sum of frequency by number of syntactic functions/meanings ratios for cases encompassed by a given inflected adjectival form. This, on the other hand, suggests that cognitive system when processing inflected adjectives is to some extent sensitive to adjectival case. It was also demonstrated that cognitive system is not sensitive to adjective gender.

Processing of verb tense

Author(s): Aleksandar Kostić,Jelena Havelka / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2002

Processing of Serbian inflected verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. In the first experiment subjects were presented with five forms of future tense, while in the second experiment the same verbs were presented in three forms of present and future tense. The outcome of the first experiment indicates that processing of inflected verb is determined by the amount of information derived from the average probability per congruent personal pronoun of a particular verb form. This implies that the cognitive system is not sensitive to verb person per se, nor to the gender of congruent personal pronoun. Results of the second experiment show that for verb forms of different tenses, presented in the same experiment, the amount of information has to be additionally modulated by tense probability. Such an outcome speaks in favor of cognitive relevance of verb tense.

Engleski frazemi vezani za posao, rad i uspjeh u karijeri i njihovi ekvivalenti u B/H/S jeziku

Author(s): Mirela Fazlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

Kada ljudi govore, njihov jezik je mješavina već poznatih fraza i onih novih koje oni izmisle kao korisnici jezika. Poznate, gotove fraze kao bread and butter (hljeb i puter) i pozdrav how are you? (kako je?) su kao frazemi, također i drugi izrazi kao catch a bus/train (uhvatiti bus/voz), take a holiday (otići na odmor), a Merry Christmas (Čestit Božić), Happy New Year (Sretna Nova godina). Iako su ovi fiksni izrazi (catch a train) napravljeni po istom sintaksičkom principu kao npr. catch a ball (uhvatiti loptu), oni se ipak razlikuju. Roos (Idioms:216) prvu skupinu izraza naziva fiksnim, a drugu slobodnim skupinama riječi.

Kontrastivna analiza frazema sa komponentom “eye”/ “oko”

Author(s): Marija Jokić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

Cilj ovoga rada je analiza skupine frazema koji sadrže komponentu “eye”/”oko” u svojoj strukturi kako bi se kroz kontrastivni pogled uočile sličnosti ili promjene u značenju između tih frazema u engleskom i u b/h/s jeziku. Kako bismo pravilno analizirali datu skupinu, razmatrat će se definicija frazeologije i njen historijski razvoj, kao i sami pojam frazema. Fokus će biti stavljen i na osobine frazema. “Frazeologija je razina jezika na kojoj je vjerojatno najočitiji način na koji se metaforičkim prijenosom značenja stvara jezična slika svijeta.” (Hrnjak, 2009, 197) Frazem možemo definirati na sljedeći način: “Frazem je višečlana jezička jedinica koja se u govoru uvijek koristi kao cjelina (grč. phrasis=izraz), tj. na isti način, uvijek isti sastav leksema (riječi). “ (sstk.skole.t-com.hr/tin/Predmeti/Hrvatski/jezik4.doc) Jezik je kompleksna cjelina u kojem je igra riječi nepresušni izvor mašte pa time i uvijek novih kreacija. U radu ćemo vidjeti koliko su leksemi bitni i koliko bi i najmanje promjene mogle dovesti do potpuno novoga značenja ili jednostavno pobiti već postojano. Frazeološka disciplina predstavlja umjetnost kombiniranja riječi, sličnost ili različitost dva jezika, a možemo reći kako umjetnost leži i u tehnikama i spretnosti kombiniranja.

Vlastito ime kao obeležje etničke pripadnosti kod bosanskih Hrvata i Srba

Author(s): Aleksandra Rewolińska / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2007

U antroponimiji se održava često i verska i nacionalna pripadnost. Proučavanje bosanskohercegovačkog onomastikona pruža velike mogućnosti jezikih istraživanja, a jedno od njih je da se odgovori na pitanje da li ime ili prezime funkcioniše kao posetnica etnike odnosno verske pripadnosti kod stanovništva Bosne i Hercegovine, da li bi se našlo prezime ili ime za koje bi se moglo reći da je isključivo hrvatsko, muslimansko/bošnjačko ili srpsko. Ideja proučavanja ovog problema postala je prilikom susreta autorke i njezinog prijatelja Hrvata – izbeglice iz Travnika. On je tokom razgovora zaključio da ime Aleksandra (grčkog porekla) zvuči previše srpsko. Dao je i više primera imena koja su po njegovom mišljenju vezana za veru i nacionalnu pripadnost.

Guglajte kako biste progooglali!

Author(s): Jelena Ilić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2006

U radu se razmatra problematika upotrebe stranih riječi u bosanskom jeziku, posebice stranih riječi engleskoga porijekla i to na polju jednog od novijih medija, Internetu, odnosno na forumu Tuzlarije. Utvrđuje se da je upotreba stranih riječi suviše česta, ako ne i pretjerana, kao što pokazuje analizirana jezična građa, iako se adaptacija nekih engleskih riječi izvršila i prije tri desetljeća. Također, novi problem nastaje zbog enormnog “uvoza” novih riječi u bosanski jezik, pretežno zbog znanstveno-tehnološkoga bujanja, kao i procesa globalizacije. Takve se riječi trenutačno pišu u svom izvornom, engleskom obliku, i kao takve mnogi (najčešće odrasli) ih smatraju doista stranim, te bi ovaj rad bio mali poticaj da se ozbiljno radi na njihovoj adaptaciji ili pak da se nađe bosanski naziv za njih.

Заимствованные слова – один из источников обозначений нюансов цвета в латышском языке

Author(s): Anitra Roze / Language(s): Russian Issue: 78/2018

Besides modifying colour names with such adverbs as gaiši, tumši, koši, bāli, etc. which express the intensity of colour, the Latvian language also employs a wide range of terms borrowed from other languages to denote various colour shades and nuances. The article discusses three groups of borrowed colour names in Latvian. The characteristic features of each group as well as the semantics of each of these words are provided by also including their first mention in lexicographic publications or other sources (mostly mass media).

Kūrybinių industrijų terminai: aprėptis ir tvarkyba

Author(s): Rasuolė Vladarskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

The 21st century is a century of creative work; a creative economy is being created by a creative society. ‘Creative industries’ is a very broad concept connecting business, communication, technologies, culture and art. This is a new concept and a new term, arising from the widened understanding of creative work which covers not only artistic and scientific activities but also any other activity requiring creative solutions. Representatives of creative industries are seeking economic profit on the basis of creativity. The diversity of the field predetermines the lack of uniformity in its terminology. Terms of creative industries vary. Some terms are also used in other fields and are standardized, included in dictionaries and terminological databases and are rooted in usage. For some concepts appropriate forms of naming haven’t yet been found; frequently quotations (borrowings which aren’t adapted either orthographically or morphologically) and morphologically adapted borrowed words are used instead of terms in unedited texts and internet dictionaries; quite frequently the English equivalent is given in the text next to a Lithuanian term. All this is characteristic to the initial stage of terminology development.

21-oji tarptautinė specialiosios kalbos konferencija „Tarpdalykinių žinių kūrimas: specialiosios kalbos tyrimų iššūkiai“

Author(s): Asta Mitkevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai

Author(s): / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 24/2017

Eine mehrsprachige Website zur Grammatik der litauischen Sprache

Author(s): Daiva Šveikauskienė,ARŪNAS RIBIKAUSKAS,Vytautas ŠVEIKAUSKAS / Language(s): German Issue: 77/2017

The project was started in the Institute of Lithuanian language in 2016. It aims at presenting detailed data about the grammatical features of Lithuanian words. The goal is to make those data freely accessible to any user on the Internet. The preliminary version covering the words with the root “bėg/run” was published in March 2017. The database contains around 25,000 entries. We are trying to avoid drawbacks that are specific to the works done in the field of computational linguistics. It includes word coverage, grammatical data comprehensiveness, clarity and clearness of presented information etc. Grammatical information about the word in question is presented from three aspects: word structure, morphological data, and morphemic data. It is the first website in Lithuania providing morphemic types. One can get an inflection table for each word the database contains. Usage examples are given for some words. The information on the website is available in seven languages – Lithuanian, English, German, French, Italian, Russian, and Japanese – so foreigners interested in Lithuanian language can use it as well.

JACOB GRIMM UND DIE LITAUISCHE SPRACHE – II . ETYMOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNG IM DEUTSCHEN WÖRTERBUCH

Author(s): Philip Kraut / Language(s): German Issue: 18/2016

Jacob Grimm’s Lithuanian studies culminated in his work on the German Dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch; DWB) in the 1850s and 60s. The principles of Grimm’s etymological research differ from today’s linguistics in various ways. In the first part of my article, I explain Grimm’s basic idea of an original sensual or concrete meaning (sinnliche Bedeutung), which he contrasted with more recent abstract meaning(s) (abgezogene Bedeutung[en]) of words. Identifying the sensual meaning of words in the history of (Indo-)European languages, Grimm established proto-concepts (Urbegriffe) that structured the basic semantic fields of word families. Using the example of the German Berg ‘mountain’ and the Gothic verb bairgan ‘to protect’, Grimm reconstructed the proto-concept ‘protecting place’ for German Berg ‘mountain’. The Baltic languages also helped Grimm to find Urbegriffe in his fields of research, including folk literature, mythology, and legal history. This paper also includes statistics on the use of the Lithuanian, Latvian, and Old Prussian languages in the DWB articles written by the Brothers Grimm and in an appendix that registers all the Baltic words and phrases cited by the Brothers Grimm in the DWB. The brothers wrote more than 51,000 dictionary entries. References to Lithuanian can be found in 226 entries, to Latvian in 90 entries and to Old Prussian in only 5 entries. My paper tries to make clear the form and function of these Baltic references in the DWB and it introduces the main baltistic sources the Brothers Grimm used during their work.