Odtwarzalność w granicach pary przekładowej

Author(s): Piotr Wierzchoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 124/2008

The article presents a multi-word unit retrieval procedure set against the background of other computer science-based methods for the retrieval of multi-word idiomatic units (methods: T-score, Mutual Information, n-gramming etc. and, on the other hand, observation of structural idiomaticity determinants). In Polish language and contrastive Polish-Russian linguistics major inspirations concerning the description of idiomatic combinations (multiword units, such as przepraszamy za usterki, czwórka z Liverpoolu, lista Wildsteina etc.) were proposed by A. Bogusławski and their extensive development was carried out in W. Chlebda’s group (retrieval, collection, position of multi-word units in cultural contexts, reconstruction of authorship, semantic interpretation and even translation suggestions). Automatic methods can be divided into advanced statistical methods (n-gramming, see Yamamoto, Church 2001, Buczyński 2004) and “infantile” approaches (e.g. so-called quotation retrieval, cf., among others, Wierzchoń 2005). The present article puts forward a new method for the retrieval of idiomatic combinations applied to a specific text, that is, a reverse order index of translation units. The reverse index lists translation pairs made up of Russian and Polish language segments (words, phrases etc.) ordered according to the sequence of the Russian and Polish alphabet, respectively. Reproducibility of their components is searched for within the confinesof those pairs. The retrieval method in question to some extent uses ready (lexicographically compiled) multi-word units, the improvement being, however, the development of their presentation in order to enable relatively uncomplicated observation of the reproducibility of translation pair components.

Recenzja: Zofia Czapiga: Rosyjskie operatory metatekstowe i ich polskie odpowiedniki. Rzeszów 2006, 239 s.

Author(s): Agnieszka Gębczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 118/2007

Review on Zofia Czapiga's book: Rosyjskie operatory metatekstowe i ich polskie odpowiedniki.Rzeszów 2006, 239 s.

Rekursja jako wspólna podstawa procesów umysłowych, komunikacyjnych i językowych

Author(s): Anna Filip,Arkadiusz Białek,Marta Białecka-Pikul / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

For nearly twenty years there has been an ongoing debate in international journals concerning the recursiveness of human mental processes. The main instigator of the debate and at the same time the main exponent of the term “recursion” is Noam Chomsky. According to him, recursion is an exclusive property of the syntax of the so-called “internal language of mind” (I-language). This conclusion has been contested by researchers claiming that recursion can also be observed in: communication, theory of mind, the syntax of complementation, or pragmatics. The article presents some arguments in favor of understanding recursion as a common ground of all the above phenomena as long as they are analyzed from a developmental perspective, with the dynamics and sequentiality of the constantly occurring processes and changes taken into account.

Recursion as a common groung of mental, communicative, and linguistic processes

Author(s): Anna Filip,Arkadiusz Białek,Marta Białecka-Pikul / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

For nearly twenty years there has been an ongoing debate in international journals concerning the recursiveness of human mental processes. The main instigator of the debate and at the same time the main exponent of the term “recursion” is Noam Chomsky. According to him, recursion is an exclusive property of the syntax of the so-called “internal language of mind” (I-language). This conclusion has been contested by researchers claiming that recursion can also be observed in: communication, theory of mind, the syntax of complementation, or pragmatics. The article presents some arguments in favor of understanding recursion as a common ground of all the above phenomena as long as they are analyzed from a developmental perspective, with the dynamics and sequentiality of the constantly occurring processes and changes taken into account.

ЛЕКСИЧКА И СИНТАКСИЧКО-СЕМАНТИЧКА АНАЛИЗА БЛАГОСЛОВА У ОБРЕДУ ЧАРОЈИЦЕ

Author(s): Biljana Savić,Dijana M. Crnjak / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

Language, as a socially-conditioned phenomenon, contributes to the preservation of cultural identity of traditional communities. Analysis of the masquerade ceremony čarojice through the prism of similar ceremonies in the Indo-European regions confirmed that in many cultures the same or similar procedures often repeat as the remnants of the Slavic heritage, and that the differences are caused by the cultural context of the local community. In their historical development, Serbian traditional customs have been gradually dying out, specially if they are not closely connected with the Christian eachings.

ДИЈAХРОНО-СИНХРОНA ПEРСПEКТИВA ЛЕКСЕМЕ СРЦЕ У РЕЛИГИЈСКОМ ДИСКУРСУ

Author(s): Gordana R. Štasni,Nataša Ž. Dragin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

Bearing in mind the lasting and universal character of the concept investigated on the one hand, and the historic continuity and diversity of religious discourse genres on the other, the authors conducted the analysis on the works of three great Serbian men of letters and culture from different periods — Saint Sava (1175—1235), Gavril Stefa- nović Venclović (ca. 1680 — ca. 1749) and Saint Nikolaj Velimirović (1881 —1956). In the selected texts the authors investigate the realization of the lexeme heart in different contexts in order to determine the conceptual values in the extralinguistic reality, as well as in a specific discourse type, the lexeme heart relates to. Throughout the analysis the focus is on identifying the ways — syntactic and semantic, discourse and communicative — in which the conceptualization process is realized.

Kognitivna obrada prideva

Author(s): Dušica Filipović-Đurđević,Aleksandar Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2003

Processing of inflected Serbian verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. Specifically, the following issues were addressed: a. does the adjectival system contain syntactic functions and meanings, and b. are adjectival gender and case cognitively relevant properties. Each of the above issues could be expressed in terms of alternative equations that generate the amount of information carried by inflected form of an adjective. The informational values were correlated with mean reaction time to inflected adjectival forms. The outcome of the two experiments indicated that number of syntactic functions/meanings is the obligatory term in the equation that generates the amount of information carried by an adjectival inflected form. However, unlike nouns, where the amount information was specified in terms of ratio between a. sum of frequencies of inflected cases encompassed by a given inflected form and b. sum of its functions/ meanings, equation for adjectives includes sum of frequency by number of syntactic functions/meanings ratios for cases encompassed by a given inflected adjectival form. This, on the other hand, suggests that cognitive system when processing inflected adjectives is to some extent sensitive to adjectival case. It was also demonstrated that cognitive system is not sensitive to adjective gender.

Zapamćenja fra Grge Martića - pogled u Bosnu na fratarski način

Author(s): Martina Pađan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 8/2011

Dr. Ivo Pilar donosi nam u svome članku prikaz konteksta nastanka “Zapamćenja”. On se poziva na predgovor profesora Ferde Šišića, u kojemu stoji da “se u augustu 1901. potporom hrv. književnog društva zaputio pok. profesor dubrovačke gimnazije Janko Koharić u bosanski franjevački samostan Kreševo, da ondje zabilježi kazivanje fra Grge Martića.”

Analiza grešaka u pisanom izražavanju - Negramatične rečenice u komunikaciji u jeziku L2 (studija slučaja)

Author(s): Bernes Aljukić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

This case study analyzes written assignments by a student A. H., twenty one year-old Jordanian who was one of the nineteen students of Bosnian language course for foreigners. Considering that the written language shows specificities in relation to the use of spoken language, the most successful student has been chosen for detailed analyses of errors he made in graphics, phonetics, morphosyntax and semantics. The results are used as guidelines for future teachers and students of this or similar course. The three topics he wrote about supposed to show in what way Ahmad uses sentences in L2 language with the reference that Ahmad’s language ability is quite enough to express thoughts and feelings even in the “damaged” sentences, which leads us to Kauffman’s (2003) principle “focus of meaning” as a remarkably useful guideline for more complete and more substantial language learning. The study is split in two parts- theoretical (includes specificities of processing while learning second language and pointing the differences between communication ability and traditional teaching of second language) and the second part analyses Ahmad’s work in detail with the results and conclusion.

Kontrastivna analiza frazema sa komponentom “eye”/ “oko”

Author(s): Marija Jokić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2011

Cilj ovoga rada je analiza skupine frazema koji sadrže komponentu “eye”/”oko” u svojoj strukturi kako bi se kroz kontrastivni pogled uočile sličnosti ili promjene u značenju između tih frazema u engleskom i u b/h/s jeziku. Kako bismo pravilno analizirali datu skupinu, razmatrat će se definicija frazeologije i njen historijski razvoj, kao i sami pojam frazema. Fokus će biti stavljen i na osobine frazema. “Frazeologija je razina jezika na kojoj je vjerojatno najočitiji način na koji se metaforičkim prijenosom značenja stvara jezična slika svijeta.” (Hrnjak, 2009, 197) Frazem možemo definirati na sljedeći način: “Frazem je višečlana jezička jedinica koja se u govoru uvijek koristi kao cjelina (grč. phrasis=izraz), tj. na isti način, uvijek isti sastav leksema (riječi). “ (sstk.skole.t-com.hr/tin/Predmeti/Hrvatski/jezik4.doc) Jezik je kompleksna cjelina u kojem je igra riječi nepresušni izvor mašte pa time i uvijek novih kreacija. U radu ćemo vidjeti koliko su leksemi bitni i koliko bi i najmanje promjene mogle dovesti do potpuno novoga značenja ili jednostavno pobiti već postojano. Frazeološka disciplina predstavlja umjetnost kombiniranja riječi, sličnost ili različitost dva jezika, a možemo reći kako umjetnost leži i u tehnikama i spretnosti kombiniranja.

Milijun milijuna

Author(s): Branka Tafra / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2007

U jeziku postoji dosta primjera koji se na prvi pogled zbog svoga jednakoga ili sličnoga izraza često svrstavaju pod isto, pod jedno. Ovdje ćemo pokazati ilustracije radi poneki primjer na različitim jezičnim razinama da se vidi o čem je riječ. Hrvatski govornici često miješaju pridjeve papirni i papirnat, mesni i mesnat, a elektronski i elektronički da i ne spominjemo. U Anića je samo jedna natuknica što, iako je riječ o dvjema rijeima, zamjenici i vezniku, promjenljivoj i nepromjenljivoj riječi. U Rjčeniku LZ–ŠK homonimi 1 ključ i 2 ključ te 1 list i 2 list obrađeni su kao višeznačnice pod jednom natuknicom (ključ i list) samo zato što imaju jednake izraze. Premda se ne mora znati da 1 list i 2 list imaju različite etimone, dakle ne treba ići u dijakroniju, na osnovi semantike analize očito je da list na nozi (stražnji mišićni dio potkoljenice) nema sličnosti ni s listom na drveću ni s listom papira i drugim listovima koje sve veže jednak izgled, svi su plosnati.

Analysing Dangerous Emotions: Pragmatics of Jealousy in Othello’s Speech

Author(s): Alina Ielisieieva / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

To achieve its cathartic effect tragedy must communicate and elicit emotions. Any dramatic utterance, treated as an act of communication within the represented world, rests on the interaction of two inseparable, accordant, and interrelated systems – language and emotions. Language can name and verbalize emotions in order to construct them in the dramatic world, but to create a linguistic image of a believable emotional utterance the language a character speaks must appear to be infl uenced and shaped by emotions. Further, that mimetic representation of emotion through language must be understood by the audience. To achieve this, dramatic language must either rely on conventional linguistic means used to express emotions or create its own code that will be decoded by the audience. The audience will vicariously experience the characters’ emotions by recognizing them in their language and actions. The emotionally dynamic image of Othello, one of the most passionate men of Elizabethan drama, is created primarily by the language he uses. To follow the changes in the syntax and the semantics of his language as the action of the play develops is to observe the transformation of the character from a loving and caring husband into a jealous beast that knows no mercy. The article will offer an analysis of the pragmalinguistic representation of jealousy in Othello’s language and show how his discourse changes in the text. The analysis will rely on basic pragmatic categories and consider Othello’s use of directives, assertives, expressives, etc. The emotional change in Othello will also be illustrated by a brief study of the change in his syntax and his vocabulary: from balanced rhetorics and sophisticated words to erratic speech and expletive swearwords.

A Half-Formed Thing, a Fully Formed Style. Repetition in Eimear McBride’s A Girl Is a Half-Formed Thing

Author(s): Katarzyna Bazarnik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article begins with addressing alleged similarities between Eimear McBride’s debut novel A Girl Is a Half-Formed Thing and James Joyce’s works to suggest that they cannot be systematically sustained. Her much praised, experimental style relies on the opposite of Joycean richness. Limited vocabulary, jumbled word order, and lexical and phrasal repetitions are one of the most salient features of her style. McBride applies rhetorical variants of conduplicatio to create an emotionally powerful idiom to narrate an anti-Bildungsroman about a loving sister and her dying brother, her sexual abuse by an uncle and final suicide. So despite some thematic parallels, and linguistic experimentation, A Girl bears only superficial resemblance to the modernist master, which is additionally evidenced by stylometric findings.

Zu syntaktischen Aspekten der deutschen Rechtssprache im Vergleich mit der polnischen Rechtssprache

Author(s): Malgorzata Osiewicz-Maternowska / Language(s): German Issue: 27/2018

The paper contains an analysis of syntactic aspects of German legal language and a comparison with its Polish counterpart. The object of detailed examination are parallel texts in both languages: the analysis concerns chapters pertinent to general partnerships in commercial law in codification of both legal systems. Since the institution of general partnership is regulated by German and Polish law in a similar way, a comparison was possible at the syntactic level. The results of the study revealed that the syntax of legal texts in the German language can be characterized by the presence of complex sentences, which often contain inserted parenthetical relative clauses. Abundant are also nominal forms and passive voice or passive voice equivalents, as well as infinitival sentences with “zu”. In the Polish legal language we can observe dominance of longer simple sentences, and complex sentences often – like in the German legal language – contain inserted parenthetical relative clauses and impersonal forms. The presented analysis shows that both legal languages, German and Polish, reveal the use of similar syntactic structures.

Jeta dhe pozicioni i paskajores në gjuhën shqipe. Shtegtimi mes fakteve gjuhësore dhe domeneve kulturore

Author(s): Ledi Shamku - Shkreli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

From a typological point of view, Albanian language is part of the Balkan Language League and this is already a known fact, at least by the Romanian linguist Alexandru Rosetti, who determined that the common linguistic features in grammar, syntax, lexic and phonology give the languages Balkans a special status of "League". One of the common characteristics of the languages involved here is the reduction (or disappearance) of the infinitive verbal. When referring to Albania, the international scientific sources cite the absence of the descendants, expressing the following: complete disappearance in the Tosk dialect and its reduction in that gag. The same sources suggest that the main factor in the collapse or disappearance seems to be the influence of Greek as a high cultural prestige language in the area, also the frank language of the Orthodox liturgy - the dominant religion of the communities that formed the Balkan League again.For our own, these considerations are fair, they may prove inadequate if compared to recent studies on the distribution and factual power of the Albanian language.The publication of the Dialectological Atlas of Albanian Language, a detailed description of the subdivision grammar systems in the Albanian speaking areas, the latest studies of urban dialectology together with sociolinguistic studies that take into account the Albanian and Usus sub-standard, the philological publications of many manuscripts old Arbëresh but also statistical studies on the current state of Arbëresh's speeches have enabled the look of another scenario, much more detailed and concrete about the dynamics and position of the Albanian language in the Albanian language.At this stage, we believe that the description of the Albanian language as the central language of the Balkan Language League raises some questions:1. A less uniform scenario, does it lead to the theory of multiples fonts, which is based on the hypothesis that not all Balkanisms originate from the same source? In these statements, rather than the internal (lingual) elements of the system, is it appropriate to examine in parallel the external elements as well as the cultural and religious influences?2. Being Arbëresh in itself a "fractal" of the Tosk dialect, what does the presence of the infinitive mean to it? Does this presence require the diachronic re-examination of the Greek influence itself? Which Greek, how, when, where and on what language community?3. A more detailed view of the post-Albanian position in the Albanian language would then influence the "Balkanization Index" sketched by Jouko Lindstedt, who gives each Balkan language a particular location on the link, depending on the number of the common features that these languages share?These questions and other issues related to them will also be the focus of our essay.

E folmja e Skraparit në dritën e të dhënave të Atlasit dialektologjik të gjuhës shqipe (ADGJSH)

Author(s): Idriz Metani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 35/2017

Skrapar is a mountainous region that is located about 50 km southeast of Berat and bordered by the East with Oparin and Vithkuq of Korca, from the North with Gramsh of Elbasan, from the West with Nahije of Berat, South West with Këlcyra and the Dangëllinë of Përmet.Skrapar’s variety belongs to the group of North Tosk Albanian varieties. It has become object of study for the first time by prof. Jorgji Gjinari in the article with the same title, published nearly 60 years ago, in which he intends to give, as he writes in its introduction "a view of Skrapar's variety". Whereas our paper intends to give a fuller profile of Skrapar's variety based on the data provided by the Albanian Dialectal Atlas (further ADGJSH), cosidering the place that occupies this language variety in the phonetic, lexical and grammaical isoglosses of this important work of Albanian linguistics.

С. Банова. Езиково усвояване: вариации в параметрите при морфосинтактични реализации в междинния български език

Author(s): Yuliana Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2018

Possessive pronouns as oblique DPs: Linkers and affix stacking

Author(s): M. Rita Manzini / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In many familiar European languages, e.g. German or Italian, possessive pro-nouns agree in φ-features with their head noun. We argue that they are genitive pronouns, endowed with an extra φ-features set. As such, they are part of a range of phenomena including case stacking and linkers unified under the historical-typological label of Suffixaufnahme. We express the formal basis for this unification as the Stacking Generalization (Section 1). We then apply our analysis to the narrower domain of facts involving possessive pronouns, specifically in Balkan and Romance languages. We further find that 1/2P pro-nouns present a richer stacking structure than their 3P counterparts (Section 2). We examine this latter fact in the context of a more general phenomenon, whereby the 1/2P vs 3P Person split not only tends to correlate with different case and agreement alignments – but seems to govern the morphological expression of case and agreement itself, in terms of richer vs poorer content (Section 3).

Postverbal-only focus as evidence for biclausal structure in Hungarian

Author(s): Krisztina Szécsényi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In Hungarian, focused constituents appear in a preverbal position. Postverbal focus is possible, but only in multiple focus constructions, in the presence of a preverbal focus. The present paper discusses constructions with only post-verbal focus and argues that what seem to be monoclausal patterns are bi-clausal underlyingly, where the postverbal focus is actually in the preverbal position in a non-finite clause. The biclausal analysis is supported by the ob-ligatory modal interpretation of such sentences. The embedded verb is claimed to undergo movement to the matrix clause to support a bound zero modal with the postverbal position reflecting the scope properties of the sen-tence. This analysis makes it possible to account for other constructions with covert modal meanings in a more principled manner as well.

Semantic restrictions on modal auxiliary combinations: Evidence from Croatian double modal constructions

Author(s): Ana Werkmann Horvat / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Even though single modal auxiliaries have often been the main and only focus of literature on modality, Croatian data shows that modal auxiliaries show in-teresting restrictions when they occur in layered constructions. This paper ex-amines double modal constructions in Croatian and their semantic restrictions. The result of the study is a hierarchical analysis, which regards modal force and flavour as the crucial factors behind semantic restrictions under which modal auxiliaries combine. Croatian data shows that epistemics can embed non-epistemics, but not vice versa. Within the non-epistemic group, the priority flavour scopes over the circumstantial group, within which pure possibility scopes over ability and disposition. On the other hand, regarding the modal force, data shows that necessity scopes over possibility, but only in combinations of modals conveying the same flavour. This analysis also challenges some of the traditional assumptions on modal flavours.