Садашње вријеме – форма и значење у старословенском језику и македонској рецензији црквенословенског језика
Translated from Macedonian to Serbian by Biljana Babić.
More...We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Translated from Macedonian to Serbian by Biljana Babić.
More...
In the teaching of Serbian as foreign language, spelling is taught at the elementary and middle level of knowledge, so that a student at an advanced level is able to use all spelling rules. The topic of this work is spelling materials in printed textbooks of Serbian as foreign language at an advanced level. Textbooks used in this work are printed during the 21st century, so later ones. The goal is to check and present spelling contents in textbooks for the students who study Serbian as a foreign language at an advanced level, as well as to get recommendations for the authors of future textbooks. It can be expected that: a) in university textbooks for advanced level there are activities to systematize knowledge acquired at an elementary and intermediate level, as well as compound tasks which combine more spelling rules; b) spelling contents in the textbooks for special courses are methodologically constructed in order to contribute undertoning and expanding of particular parts of knowledge. The analysis has shown that the latest textbook production pays attention to spell- ing and gives direction for the future authors. It can be inferred that: a) due to the lack of spelling instructions for foreigners only, it is necessary to introduce spelling exercises in textbooks (in accordance with textbook conception); b) in activities intended for improving ortography competence, spelling rules should be related to other competences.
More...
One of the topical issues of modern linguistics is the study of the axiological and functional aspects of Russian linguistic units used in in media texts as modern linguocultural units with sacred semantics and with an increased index of stylistic expression. The object of the research is the linguistic unit idol, while the subject is the process of its linguistic sacralization. The article presents a spectrum of sacred meanings of the empirical material with the word idol in media texts. The word idol is investigated in its synchronous and diachronous aspects: from the interpretation of its meaning in the Old Testament texts with desacred semantics to the active use of the transformed linguistic unit with sacred meaning by the authors of media texts. The aim of the article is to study the process of sacralization of the lexeme idol from the name for a pagan artifact to the name for objects idealized by modern young people. The linguistic life of the Soviet society largely determined the semantics of the studied unit (idol), its role in speech and in the value state of the literary language of the modern logosphere through popularization of the images of outstanding and unique personalities.Thus, fixation of dictionary definitions in lexicographic sources showed that secularized literature and later the media space deliberately determined the vector for the formation of quasi-cultural values – modern idols focusing on egocentric needs. The research material observantly illustrates the active processes of language development and the formation of the language taste of the epoch.
More...
This study examines the idiolect of Сашко – a hyper-multilingual global nomad whose language repertoire draws on forty languages, ten of which he speaks with native or native-like proficiency. By analyzing grammatical and lexical features typifying Сашко’s translanguaging practices (code-switches, code-borrowings, and code-mixes), as documented in the corpus of reflexive notes that span the last twenty-five years, the author designs Сашко’s translanguaged grammar. Instead of being a passive additive pluralization of separated, autonomous, and static monolects, Сашко’s grammar emerges as a deeply orchestrated, unitary, and dynamic strategy. From Сашко’s perspective, this grammar constitutes a tool to express his rebellious and defiant identity; a tool that – while aiming to combat Western mono-culturalisms, compartmented multilingualisms, and nationalisms – ultimately leads to Сашко’s linguistic and cultural homelessness. This paper – the first in the series of three articles – is dedicated to methodological issues: the frameworks that are adopted in the different parts of the study, the method with which the description and analysis of Сашко’s idiolect is developed, and the corpus that underlies the empirical research of Сашко-lect.
More...
This article considers how children’s neuropsychological development, in particular executive functions, influences their speech acquisition. The study involved 71 students of the second grade (average age 8.8 years, standard deviation 0.29) in one of the lyceums in Moscow. The children were asked to do tasks based on a battery of neuropsychological methods, including making up a story using a series of pictures “Garbage”. The results of the neuropsychological tests were used to calculate the following parameters: firstly, the index of the executive functions (3.1) and the index of serial organization (3.2); secondly, the auditory information processing index (2.2) and the left hemispheric index (L); and, thirdly, the visuospatial information processing index (2.4) and the right hemispheric index (R). According to these indices, strong and weak groups were formed 1) for executive functions, 2) for left hemisphere, and 3) for right hemisphere functions. The stories created by the children were used to analyze their speech production ability, as well as both general textual and syntactic parameters. The data obtained revealed that, depending on the level of development of executive functions, children’s stories differ in a number of parameters. The latter include general text features (semantic completeness, semantic adequacy (the presence of incompleteness and distortions), the construction of the semantic program of the story, the number of words in the story) and syntactic and grammatical features (the number of simple and complex sentences, the average sentence length, etc.).
More...
This study features an alignment system in Kazym Khanty. Several facts including accusative marking of personal pronouns, verbal agreement with S/A and a strong tendency towards the clause-initial position of S/A suggest treating Kazym Khanty alignment as accusative. Meanwhile field and text data on the distribution of the active and passive voice as well as subject and subject-object agreement forms reveal several hierarchical coding effects. These include sensitivity of active/passive distinction to animacy and referentiality of the core participants and definiteness requirement of both participants for subject-object agreement. In sum, these facts suggest that Kazym Khanty can be considered an intermediate case of an alignment system combining certain surface properties of an accusative alignment with underlying hierarchical distribution patterns resembling some hierarchical coding systems of Algonquian and TibetoBurman languages.
More...
The phenomenon of so-called secondary imperfectivization of the Russian verb has become the subject of recent interest of aspectology. The semantic characteristics of the secondary imperfective determine its specific distribution, which coincides with the distribution of the primary imperfective verb and partly with the distribution of the perfective verb. Secondary imperfectivization of Russian verb has been analyzed on the results of a survey on a group of respondents (participants of the XLII International Philological Conference on the Philological Faculty of Saint-Petersburg State University — 11–16th March 2013). The results show the impact of aspectual semantic properties of secondary imperfective on its distribution considering the communication preferences of native-speakers.
More...
The aim of the paper is to present and critically evaluate two distinct tendencies in pragmatics studies – inferential pragmatics and form-function pragmatics. The goal of inferential pragmatics is to explicate the semantics-pragmatics distinction, whereas the form-function pragmatics proposes a wider understanding of pragmatics – the interface between syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Arguments are provided for the advantages and disadvantages of both tendencies.
More...
The purpose of the article is to study and systematize formal -grammatical features of etiquette greetings and to implement their syntactic typology. The relevance of the work is determined by the importance of the subject of study and lack of clear etiquette greetings’ syntactic typology in modern Ukrainian linguistics. The scientific novelty of the study is the improvement of syntactic structural schemes typology of etiquette greetings. Research methods: the historical, logical, structural, cognitive, scientific methods were used in the work. Conclusions. The implemented syntactic typology of etiquette greetings confirms the diversity of their structure. The most productive forms of their implementation are nominative one-member sentences and verbal (one-member as well as two-member) ones. According to the semantics and communicative purpose, we can identify two types of nominal greetings structures: nominative narrative (declarative) sentences) and nominative imperative-optative ones. Nominative imperative – optative greetings are full of emotional content. Nominative and imperative – optative meanings are combined in their semantics e.g. “Myr domu Vashomy!” (Peace to your house!), “Khl’ib ta sil’!” (Bread and salt!). In the fixed one-member verbal sentences the main member is performed by a certain conjugation e.g. “Vinshuiu!” (Congratulations!)", “Biu cholom” (I bow to you), “Bozhe pomozhy” (God, help (us)). Fixed two-member etiquette greetings have different stylistic tinge of “politeness”, so they are not used in all the language genres. They are mainly used in informal and belletristic language styles.
More...
The paper considers the specifics of discourse-text relations of concession and causality. The composition and functions of argumentative constructions eliminating incoherence in concessive statements are revealed. The conditionality of concessions and reasons by the contextual-situational component and mental-perceptual characteristics of the subject of verbal and cogitative activity is determined.
More...
The paper studies the semantics of a paratactic construction on the basis of comparison between Slavonic and Romance languages. Thus, in Bulgarian and Russian the auxiliary verb take expresses unexpectedness (surprise) with regard to the action of the main verb, whereas in Romance languages the whole construction explicates the aspectual meaning of globality of the marked grammeme. As for its type, the above mentioned construction has a complementary function in all compared languages. In Slavonic languages it complements the perfective grammeme and in Romance ones it complements the category of tense, respectively. As far as its origin is concerned, according to E. Coseriu, the construction originates from an Ancient Greek model.
More...
Verba Cogitandi i Verba Sentiendi
This article presents the results of an extensive study entitled “Syntactic properties of verbs as a basis for their integrated lexicographic analysis (in the Polish-Bulgarian-Russian comparative perspective)”. Three Slavic languages were examined for verbs of the mental and emotional types. Besides illustrating mutual influence between the semantic plane and the syntactic plane of sentences, containing verbs belonging to the mental and emotive classes, the core of which are the verbs of the analyzed classes, the main assumptions of two dictionaries containing semantic and syntactic characteristics of verbs are also presented.
More...
The article is devoted to the analysis of the use of impersonal constructions with the pronouns il and ça in French. The difference in their use, as well as their general characteristics, are considered. The use of the pronouns il and ça is considered on the example of works on fiction, as well as scientific works on linguistics and exact sciences. The specifics of the theme predisposed application of comprehensive approach to the research methodologies, among which there should be mentioned such as: descriptive-empirical method allowed to establish the formal, genetic, semantic and functional characteristics of pronouns, in particular the difference in the use of pronouns cela and ça. Using the method of comparative historical analysis, the origin of these pronominal units is established. Methods of functional and contextual analysis are used to determine the components of the semantic structure of impersonal pronouns, their pragmatic potential and their actualisation in speech. The statistical method made it possible to carry out a correlation analysis of the use of impersonal structures in different genre works. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the use of impersonal constructions in the fiction and scientific literature is considered and their frequency is calculated. The hypothesis about the ambiguity of the term "person" is put forward.
More...
The article shows the necessity for integrating grammatical variants based on both semantic and stylistic features resulting from their differentiation. It provides the semantic and stylistic typology of Russian grammatical variants. In addition, judicial concepts of imperativeness and dispositiveness, as well as lexical and semantic categories of synonyms and antonyms are used. The study considers the correlation between the data of the typology created and the tendencies for development of the Russian grammar.
More...
The paper considers constructions «sensation predicative + infinitive» and «emotion predicative + infinitive». The infinitives of the movement, position and some others are typical for sensation predicative: Kholodno stoyat’ / ekhat’ ‘It’s cold to stand / to drive’; Temno idti / chitat’ ‘It’s dark to go / to read’. Such an infinitive occupies an intermediate position between a valency and an adjunct. In the infinitive construction, sensitives undergo a semantic shift: they are shifted to the zone of emotional evaluations (Mne dushno ezdit’ letom v metro ‘It’s stuffy for me to ride the subway in the summer’) or to the zone of modal predicates (Uzhe temno chitat’ ‘It’s dark to read’).
More...
This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно(The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus.The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the outside world and to construct in formational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно (The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus. The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the otuside world and to construct informational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.
More...
In addition to the valency of the experiencer, e.g. (Мне холодно / страшно / стыдно (I’m cold / I’m afraid / I’m ashamed), in Russian a predicative may have a propositional valency P (stimulus-content). The propositional valency is expressed by a dependent clause, as in Приятно, что они до сих пор меня помнят (It’s nice that they still remember me) or a dependent infinitive (, e.g. Приятно засыпать под шум дождя (It’s nice to fall asleep to the sound of rain). The possibility for combining a predicative with an infinitive depends on the semantics of the predicative. Modal predicatives can subordinate the infinitive, e.g. Необходимо закончить работу в пятницу (It is necessary to finish the work on Friday), while perceptual predicatives do not: *Мне видно читать (I can see to read). Predicatives with physiological state semantics subordinate the infinitive, which represents the situation V (the channel for the stimulus’s influence), cf. Было сладко есть 280 ягоды (It was sweet to eat berries) or the situation R (the situation describing the stimulus affecting the implementation of R), cf. Темно читать (It is dark to read). Predicatives describing emotional states can subordinate the infinitive. This construction has three subtypes: (1) the infinitive P corresponds to the valency P of the predicative (stimulus-content): Грустно покидать родной дом (It’s sad to leave home); (2) the infinitive T (transfer) represents an intermediate situation between the experiencer and the stimulus: Страшно открывать дверь (I’m afraid to open the door); (3) the infinitive V is the link between the predicative and its valency P (the channel for the stimulus’s influence; V≠ P): Грустно думать, что мы больше никогда не увидимся ≈ Грустно, что мы больше никогда не увидимся (It’s sad to think that we will never see each other again ≈ It’s sad that we will never see each other again). Predicatives with the semantics of interpretation subordinate the infinitive P (with the semantic restriction that P must be an action (a controlled situation) for which a person is responsible): Неприлично подслушивать чужие разговоры (It’s indecent to eavesdrop on other people’s conversations) (the interpretative semantics is often represented by an adjective, cf. неэтичный (unethical), неприличный (indecent), неуместный (inappropriate), and by same-root adverbs; as same-root verbs do not exist, the corresponding predicatives are used). During the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the number of interpretative predicatives found in this construction has been on the increase.
More...
У поређењу с пјесмама Старца Милије и Тешана Подруговића
The paper deals with syntactic-semantic and stylistic value of the imperfect represented in decasyllable epic anthology of folk songs written by Njegoš - Ogledalo srpsko in comparison to the poems of famous poet-singers living in the period of Vuk Karadžić - Starac Milija and Tešan Podrugovića. The researched material shows that the most common imperfect is that of the verb biti, govoriti and htjeti, except for the fact that the latter is usually found in a function of constituent of a modal structure, stylistically marked, since it belongs to the category of dialecticism. The basic meaning of the imperfect does not differ from the one that can be found in the literary language in which it particularly denotes a past action concurrent with another past action. The main characteristics of imperfect and its modal structures in terms of style, except for the formal and archaic tones that are given to the narrative one, is the following: they, in the chosen folk songs, indicate actions perceived only in the poetic imagination, while in the colloquial speech of origin folk singers, usually reflect actions that the speaker (or the addressee) witnessed.
More...
The article proposes a description of the semantics and properties of the main semantic relation – hypernymy, between noun synonym sets in Wordnet (lexical-semantic network in which words are linked with the semantic relations between concepts to which they refer). The relation instance hypernymy is also presented, connecting proper noun synonym sets and synonym sets denoting classes, which describe a given named object. In this article the multiple hypernymy cases are analysed. Based on the hypothesis that one synonym set cannot be related to more than one hypernym, other semantic relations are defined in the scope of multiple hypernymy: origin, form and function, as well as the relation true hypernymy. Tests for the identification of new relations are presented together with some examples. The overall conclusion is that multiple hypernymy embraces several semantic relations which, in turn, are only partially shown within the Wordnet structure.
More...
This article considers the phenomenon of will in the naive worldview of Belarusian and English native speakers. On the basis of collected factual material, the author distinguishes syntactic models, studies lexical collocations and the semantic environment of will/воля and explores ways of metaphorization and categorization in both languages. By comparing the singled-out features, the author identifies allomorphic and isomorphic traits in the conceptualization of will in Belarusian and English. Among other common characteristics are the location of will in the zone between ration and emotions, its belonging to the sphere of morality and ethics, the image of will as some physical power or system that is possible to train, etc.
More...