HUMAN RIGHTS - Comments and Interpretations. A Symposium edited by UNESCO
HUMAN RIGHTS - Comments and Interpretations. A Symposium edited by UNESCO
Contributor(s): Author Not Specified (Editor)
Subject(s): Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Published by: CEEOL Digital Reproductions / Collections
Summary/Abstract: First published pn 1949 by Allan Wingate (Publishers) Limited 12 Beauchamp Place London SWj //The first group of these essays deals with the general problems of human rights. The others deal in greater detail with such subj’ects as the respect for cultural diversity, the social implications of science, the value of objective information, the right to education and the special position of primitive peoples, dependent peoples, law-breakers, etc.In selecting the texts of the replies which are included in the volume, an attempt has been made to offer a representative sample of the whole range of opinions expressed. In addition, it was thought desirable to give publicity to the opinions of certain thinkers which differed from the final conclusions of unesco, but which were, nevertheless, stimulating in their originality of thought.
Series: CEEOL COLLECTION related to the POLITICAL WORLD
- Page Count: 288
- Publication Year: 1949
- Language: English
Introduction
Introduction
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Jacques Maritain
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:9-18
- No. of Pages:10
- Summary/Abstract:This book is devoted to the rational interpretation and justification of those rights of the individual which society must respect and which it is desirable for our age to strive to enumerate, more fully. Many schools of thought are represented, each of which brings to the whole its particular view and justification of individual rights, leaning in various degrees towards the classical, or the revolutionary, interpretation: it is not the first time that expert witnesses have quarrelled among themselves. The paradox is that such rational justifications are at once indispensable, and yet powerless to bring about agreement between minds.
The Rights of Man
The Rights of Man
(The Rights of Man)
- Author(s):Edward Hallett Carr
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:19-23
- No. of Pages:5
- Summary/Abstract:The conception of the rights of man dates historically from the eighteenth century when it was particularly (though not, of course, exclusively) associated with the American and French revolutions. It was expressed at that time in wholly political terms. The more modern conception of the rights of man may perhaps be associated (though also not exclusively) with the Russian revolution and is economic and social as much as political. It is this modern conception quite as much as the classical tradition which must be considered as having inspired this provision in the Charter.
A Fragment of Thoughts Concerning the Nature and the Fulfilment of Human Rights
A Fragment of Thoughts Concerning the Nature and the Fulfilment of Human Rights
(A Fragment of Thoughts Concerning the Nature and the Fulfilment of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Arnold J. Lien
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:24-30
- No. of Pages:7
- Summary/Abstract:Human rights are universal rights or enabling qualities of human beings as human beings or as individuals of the human race, attaching to the human being wherever he appears, without regard to time, place, colour, sex, parentage or environment. They are really the keystone of the dignity of man. In their quintessence they consist basically of the one all-inclusive right or enabling quality of complete freedom to develop to their fullest possible extent every potential capacity and talent of the individual for his most effective self-management, security and satisfaction.
Human Rights in the World Today
Human Rights in the World Today
(Human Rights in the World Today)
- Author(s):Luc Somerhausen
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:31-34
- No. of Pages:4
- Summary/Abstract:Apart from any question of the relative values of different political systems, the problem is essentially to determine: (a) Whether the rights proclaimed have so far been fully and effectively attained; (b) Whether there are new rights which should be proclaimed; (c) Whether the attainment of the old and new rights is compatible with the maintenance of the present forms of social organisation.
The Philosophic Bases and Material Circumstances of the Rights of Man
The Philosophic Bases and Material Circumstances of the Rights of Man
(The Philosophic Bases and Material Circumstances of the Rights of Man)
- Author(s):Richard McKeon
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Philosophy of Law
- Page Range:35-46
- No. of Pages:12
- Summary/Abstract:The problems faced in framing a declaration of human rights are basically philosophic. The difficulties involved in resolving them may therefore be recognised in the paradox that the resolution of practical problems involves philosophic commitments but agreement concerning actions to be taken need not presuppose philosophic agreement. The philosophers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries prepared the intellectual instruments by means of which bills of rights and declarations of rights were framed and, eventually, written into the constitution of most of the states of the Western World. Yet agreement in the promulgation of those declarations of rights, far from signifying a general agreement on a single basic philosophy, provided a framework within which divergent philosophies, religious, and even economic, social and political theories might be entertained and developed.
Rights of Man or Human Relations ?
Rights of Man or Human Relations ?
(Rights of Man or Human Relations ?)
- Author(s):Salvador de Madriaga
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Social Philosophy
- Page Range:47-53
- No. of Pages:7
- Summary/Abstract:No discussion of ‘the rights of man’ can yield fruitful results when the subject is so limited both to the rights and to the individual; and the very form of words is to be avoided. It dates from the era of the French Revolution, which bred a combative, biassed and therefore limited outlook. Historically this attitude was only too natural and even justified. A similar attitude has been fostered by the cruel oppression millions of men and women have suffered in the last two decades. But true constructive work in the field of Social nature can be achieved only if and when the matter be approached objectively and not aggressively. The first result of this change of outlook is that the word and concept of rights is found to be too narrow, for it only represents one aspect of the relations between the individual and the society in which he lives.
On Human Rights
On Human Rights
(On Human Rights)
- Author(s):John Lewis_
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:54-71
- No. of Pages:18
- Summary/Abstract:It is now generally held that the conception of absolute, inherent and imprescriptible rights based on man’s orgins and nature and antecedent to society, is not only a myth but involves a misleading conception of the meaning of human rights. A more satisfactory approach would consider rights as based upon human needs and possibilities and the recognition by members of a society of the conditions necessary in order that they may fulfil their common ends.
On the Philosophy of Human Rights
On the Philosophy of Human Rights
(On the Philosophy of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Jacques Maritain
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Philosophy of Law
- Page Range:72-77
- No. of Pages:6
- Summary/Abstract:The effects of the historic evolution of humanity and of the advance—be it never so precarious—of moral consciousness and reflection, have resulted in men apprehending today more clearly than heretofore, though still very imperfectly, a certain number of practical truths about their life together, on which they can reach agreement, but which, in the thought of the different groups, derive, according to types of mind, philosophic and religious traditions, areas of civilisation and historical experience, from widely different, and even absolutely opposed, theoretical concepts.
Towards a Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Towards a Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(Towards a Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Harold Laski
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:78-92
- No. of Pages:15
- Summary/Abstract:In the light of considerations described in the inroduction, any attempt by the United Nations to formulate a Declaration of Human Rights in individualist terms would quite inevitably fail. It would have little authority in those political societies which are increasingly, both in number and in range of effort, assuming the need to plan their social and economic life. It is, indeed, legitimate to go further and say that if the assumptions behind such a declaration were individualistic, the document would be regarded as a threat to a new way of life by the defenders of historic principles which are now subject to profound challenge. Its effect would be to separate, and not to unify, the groping towards common purposes achieved through common institutions and common standards of behaviour which it is the objective of such a declaration to promote.
The Rights of Man and the present Historical Situation
The Rights of Man and the present Historical Situation
(The Rights of Man and the present Historical Situation)
- Author(s):Benedetto Croce
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Philosophy of Law
- Page Range:93-95
- No. of Pages:3
- Summary/Abstract:By the reinvigoration of the current of liberalism, whose moral superiority, power of thought and persuasion and whose political wisdom and prudence will prevail over the other current? Or will it be through a new world war which will bring victory to one or the other side, according to the fortunes of war, the course of events or Divine Providence? And would the immortal current of liberalism emerge from its opposite, should the latter be temporarily victorious?
Reflections on some Declarations of the Rights of Man
Reflections on some Declarations of the Rights of Man
(Reflections on some Declarations of the Rights of Man)
- Author(s):Jean Haesaerts
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:96-104
- No. of Pages:9
- Summary/Abstract:The Memorandum on Human Rights dated March 27th, 1947 brings out, clearly and completely, the difficulties in the way of any general declaration today. Having as its object ‘to reconcile by some means the various divergent or opposing formulations now in existence,’ it must be not only ‘sufficiently definite to have real significance both as an inspiration and as a guide to practice,’ but also ‘sufficiently general and flexible to apply to all men, and to be capable of modification to suit peoples at different stages of social and political development while yet retaining significance for them and their aspirations.’ Is not this what is called squaring the circle?
Some Reflections on the Rights of Man
Some Reflections on the Rights of Man
(Some Reflections on the Rights of Man)
- Author(s):Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Philosophy of Law
- Page Range:105-107
- No. of Pages:3
- Summary/Abstract:As first expressed, in 1789, the rights of man were mainly an assertion of the desire for individual independence. ‘All for the individual within Society,’ implying that the ‘human species’ was created in order to expand and culminate in a multiplicity of units which would each, in isolation, reach their maximum development. This would seem to have been the principal concern and ideal of the eighteenth century humanitarians.
The Rights of Man in Liberalism, Socialism and Communism
The Rights of Man in Liberalism, Socialism and Communism
(The Rights of Man in Liberalism, Socialism and Communism)
- Author(s):Sergei Iosifovich Hessen
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:108-142
- No. of Pages:35
- Summary/Abstract:I agree with the thesis that the unity of the world depends to a great extent on whether it would be possible to elaborate a ‘common set of ideas and principles’ including a ‘common formulation of the rights of man.’ Hence the importance of effecting a reconciliation between the two apparently opposite conceptions of the rights of man—the Liberal and the Communist—in a higher synthesis. May the following reflections contribute to this important task.
Relationship between different Categories of Human Rights
Relationship between different Categories of Human Rights
(Relationship between different Categories of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Quincy Wright
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:143-151
- No. of Pages:9
- Summary/Abstract:Human rights suggest rights which are alike for all human beings. Yet it is recognised that much of human nature is a product of the particular culture in which the individual has developed. Consequently, if all men have something in common which might provide the basis for a universal bill of human rights, it must reside either in common biological, psychological, or spiritual characteristics which persist in spite of cultural differences, or in those common elements of the many cultures which may be regarded as a world culture. The approach to human rights may, therefore, proceed from the analysis of the individual short of all culture, the seventeenth century concept of the ‘state-of-nature,’ or from the analysis of world culture to be found by abstracting those common elements in all cultures.
Comparison of Soviet and Western Democratic Principles, with special reference to Human Rights
Comparison of Soviet and Western Democratic Principles, with special reference to Human Rights
(Comparison of Soviet and Western Democratic Principles, with special reference to Human Rights)
- Author(s):John Somerville
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:152-155
- No. of Pages:4
- Summary/Abstract:The differences between the Soviet and western democratic conceptions are not of principle, but rather of problem-area and method of implementation. On both sides the basic philosophic writings and constitutional documents stress the principle of human rights; that is, that people have inalienable rights in virtue of the fact that they are human beings, irrespective of differences of race, colour, sex or social background. On both sides this stress derives in large part from a common historical source; the general idea of the brotherhood of man, which is, of course, quite old, and the special philosophic and political developments in seventeenth century British and eighteenth century American and French society which produced concrete manifestations of such great historical importance in the area of human rights.
Reflections on Human Rights
Reflections on Human Rights
(Reflections on Human Rights)
- Author(s):Kurt Riezler
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Philosophy of Law
- Page Range:156-157
- No. of Pages:2
- Summary/Abstract:Any bill of rights that makes the rights conditional on duties towards society or the State, however strong its emphasis on human dignity, freedom, God, or whatever else, can be accepted by any kind of totalitarian leader. He will enforce the duties while disregarding the rights.
The Conception of the Rights of Man in the U.S.S.R. based on Official Documents
The Conception of the Rights of Man in the U.S.S.R. based on Official Documents
(The Conception of the Rights of Man in the U.S.S.R. based on Official Documents)
- Author(s):Boris Tchechko
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:158-176
- No. of Pages:19
- Summary/Abstract:The Memorandum on the Rights of Man produced by the Philosophy Section of UNESCO gives, in succinct form, a general survey which is extremely fertile in analytical and constructive ideas; it is most satisfactory to have available such a valuable work of guidance, giving an adequate treatment of one of the greatest problems of contemporary civilisation.
On the Draft Convention and Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man
On the Draft Convention and Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man
(On the Draft Convention and Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man)
- Author(s):Levi Carneiro
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:177-181
- No. of Pages:5
- Summary/Abstract:We must not imagine that all nations have now reached the same degree of perfection in the recognition and guarantee of the rights of man. But the joint declaration will serve as a guide to the legislators of the different countries; it will encourage the expansion and improvement, along the same lines, of national declarations, which are still incomplete or inadequate, raising them to the level which all should attain. It is necessary not merely to make good the omissions in the declaration of each country, but also to try, as far as possible, to eliminate discrepancies due to different, sometimes diametrically opposed, concepts.
Towards a Bill of Rights for the United Nations
Towards a Bill of Rights for the United Nations
(Towards a Bill of Rights for the United Nations)
- Author(s):F. S. C. Northrop
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:182-185
- No. of Pages:4
- Summary/Abstract:A bill of rights for all the nations cannot be based solely upon the traditional values and ideological assumptions of any one of the nations. If it is to capture the aspirations and ideals of all the peoples of the world, it must be rooted in at least some of the accepted institutions and social doctrines of each and every people.
Human Rights in the Chinese Tradition
Human Rights in the Chinese Tradition
(Human Rights in the Chinese Tradition)
- Author(s):Chung-Shu Lo
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:186-190
- No. of Pages:5
- Summary/Abstract:Before considering the general principles, I would like to point out that the problem of human rights was seldom discussed by Chinese thinkers of the past, at least in the same way as it was in the West. There was no open declaration of human rights in China, either by individual thinkers or by political constitutions, until this conception was introduced from the West. In fact, the early translators of Western political philosophy found it difficult to arrive at a Chinese equivalent for the term ‘rights? The term we use to translate ‘rights’ now is two words ‘Chuan Li,’ which literally means ‘power and interest’ and which, I believe, was first coined by a Japanese writer on Western Public Law in 1868, and later adopted by Chinese writers. This of course does not mean that the Chinese never claimed human rights or enjoyed the basic rights of man. In fact, the idea of human rights developed very early in China, and the right of the people to revolt against oppressive rulers was very early established.
Human Rights: the Islamic Tradition and the Problems of the World Today
Human Rights: the Islamic Tradition and the Problems of the World Today
(Human Rights: the Islamic Tradition and the Problems of the World Today)
- Author(s):Humayun Kabir
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:191-194
- No. of Pages:4
- Summary/Abstract:The first and most significant consideration in framing any charter of human rights today is that it must be on a global scale. In the past, there have been many civilisations but never one world civilisation. Two different conceptions of human rights could and sometimes did subsist side by side and because of lack of communication, could even be unaware of one another. Today such a state of affairs is unimaginable. Whatever happens in one corner of the globe has an almost immediate repercussion on other parts. Days of closed systems of divergent civilisations and, therefore, of divergent conceptions of human rights are gone for good.
The Hindu Concept of Human Rights
The Hindu Concept of Human Rights
(The Hindu Concept of Human Rights)
- Author(s):S. V. Puntambekar
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:195-198
- No. of Pages:4
- Summary/Abstract:The proper study of mankind is man. There is something more in man than is apparent in his ordinary consciousness and behaviour under a given system of environment, something which frames ideals and values of life. There is in him a finer spiritual presence which makes him dissatisfied with merely earthly pursuits. The ordinary condition of man is not his ultimate being. He has in him a deeper self, call it soul or spirit. In each being dwells a light and inspiration which no power can extinguish, which is benign and tolerant, and which is the real man. It is our business to discover him, protect him and see that he is utilised for his own and humanity’s welfare. It is the nature of this man to search for the true, the good and the beautiful in life, to esteem them properly and to strive for them continuously.
The Rights of Man and the Facts of the Human Situation
The Rights of Man and the Facts of the Human Situation
(The Rights of Man and the Facts of the Human Situation)
- Author(s):Aldous Huxley
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:199-204
- No. of Pages:6
- Summary/Abstract:About three-quarters of the 2.2 billion inhabitants of our planet do not have enough to eat. By the end of the present century world population will have increased (if we manage to avoid catastrophe in the interval) to about 3.3 billions. Meanwhile, over vast areas of the earth’s surface, soil erosion is rapidly diminishing the fertility of mankind’s four billion acres of productive land. Moreover, in those countries where industrialism is most highly developed, mineral resources are running low, or have been completely exhausted—and this at a time when a rising population demands an ever increasing quantity of consumer goods and when improved technology is in a position to supply that demand.
The Rights of Man: a Biological Approach
The Rights of Man: a Biological Approach
(The Rights of Man: a Biological Approach)
- Author(s):Ralph W. Gerard
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:205-209
- No. of Pages:5
- Summary/Abstract:Science and Technology have revolutionised the material existence of man and are revolutionising his mental existence. Scientists are the autocatalysts of social evolution, acting on and reacted upon by the society so as to produce accelerating change. Science has created the present milieu in which men must live and interact and it is creating new viewpoints as to how men must live and interact. Biology, especially, dealing with organisms—with systems composed of individual units integrated into a community which is an effective whole—has much to say of the forces operating in such communities of individuals, of the freedoms, duties, controls that must be present, and of regular trends in these over the enormous span of organic evolution.
Rights and Duties concerning Creative Expression, in particular in Science
Rights and Duties concerning Creative Expression, in particular in Science
(Rights and Duties concerning Creative Expression, in particular in Science)
- Author(s):J. M. Burgers
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:210-214
- No. of Pages:5
- Summary/Abstract:There shall be freedom of creative expression, except in so far as harm thereby may be done to other people, or irresponsible or weak people may be seduced to acts which are harmful to themselves or to others. Restrictions for this purpose can be made only by constitutional authorities in consultation with and under the guidance of representative scientific and educational opinion, and must be subjected to periodic revision.
The Right to Information and the Right to the Expression of Opinion
The Right to Information and the Right to the Expression of Opinion
(The Right to Information and the Right to the Expression of Opinion)
- Author(s):René Maheu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:218-222
- No. of Pages:5
- Summary/Abstract:It is an error to continue to regard freedom of information as an extension of freedom of expression, the latter itself proceeding from freedom of thought. The individualist concept implicit in this classical sequence, contemporaneous with a press organised on more or less artisan lines, not merely lags behind the concepts of modern political sociology; the economic and technical realities of today clearly involve the adoption of an entirely different viewpoint.
Education and Human Rights
Education and Human Rights
(Education and Human Rights)
- Author(s):Isaac Leon Kandel
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Education, International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:223-225
- No. of Pages:3
- Summary/Abstract:A study of recent statements on human rights reveals the curious paradox that the one condition which is essential to their realisation and proper use is hardly ever mentioned. Perhaps the omission of any reference to education can be explained on the assumption that it is taken for granted as a human right and as the essential foundation for the enjoyment of human rights. The history of education, however, provides ample evidence that education has not been regarded as a human right nor has it been used as an instrument for developing an appreciation of the importance of human rights for the fullest development of each individual as a human being.
The Rights of Man in Primitive Society
The Rights of Man in Primitive Society
(The Rights of Man in Primitive Society)
- Author(s):Adolphus Peter Elkin
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:226-249
- No. of Pages:16
- Summary/Abstract:In this contribution, I confine myself to man in primitive society, drawing in particular on my knowledge of, and work amongst and for, non-self-governing peoples, usually referred to as primitive peoples, in Australia and the adjacent islands of the South-West and South Pacific.
APPENDIX I: Memorandum and Questionnaire circulated by UNESCO on the theoretical bases of the Rights of Man
APPENDIX I: Memorandum and Questionnaire circulated by UNESCO on the theoretical bases of the Rights of Man
(APPENDIX I: Memorandum and Questionnaire circulated by UNESCO on the theoretical bases of the Rights of Man)
- Author(s):Author Not Specified
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:251-257
- No. of Pages:7
APPENDIX II: The Grounds of an international Declaration of Human Rights
APPENDIX II: The Grounds of an international Declaration of Human Rights
(APPENDIX II: The Grounds of an international Declaration of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Author Not Specified
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:258-272
- No. of Pages:15
- Summary/Abstract:Signed in Paris, July 1947 by the UNESCO Committee on the theoretical bases of Human Rights
APPENDIX III: UNIVERSAL Declaration of Human Rights
APPENDIX III: UNIVERSAL Declaration of Human Rights
(APPENDIX III: UNIVERSAL Declaration of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Author Not Specified
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:273-280
- No. of Pages:8
- Summary/Abstract:COMPLETE TEXT ADOPTED ON DECEMBER 10th, 1948 BY GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF UNITED NATIONS AT THE PALAIS DE CHAILLOT, PARIS. The reader will find on the following pages the complete official text of the Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. This document, which was finally accepted on December 10th, 1948, at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris will permit the reader to situate in their proper context the preceding analyses of the problem of Human Rights written in their personal capacity by those philosophers and writers who were consulted by UNESCO during the summer of 1947.
APPENDIX IV: Index of contributors and members of the UNESCO Committee on the philosophic bases of Human Rights
APPENDIX IV: Index of contributors and members of the UNESCO Committee on the philosophic bases of Human Rights
(APPENDIX IV: Index of contributors and members of the UNESCO Committee on the philosophic bases of Human Rights)
- Author(s):Author Not Specified
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:281-288
- No. of Pages:8
Science and the Rights of Man
Science and the Rights of Man
(Science and the Rights of Man)
- Author(s):W. A. Noyes
- Language:English
- Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:215-217
- No. of Pages:3
- Summary/Abstract:The conflict between nationalistic aspirations and the real need for a broader outlook is not one which can be resolved in a few months or years. It is evident, however, that certain rights of scientists and consequently certain rights of man will necessarily be curtailed for the common good. The really important question is whether this curtailment will lead to such a decrease in happiness and to such an invasion of privacy that life would cease to have any real meaning. Freedom to travel, to impart information, and even to engage in certain forms of livelihood will be so intertwined with the political sphere that the greatest caution must be exercised in plotting a course for the future.
