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Platon twórcą klasycznej koncepcji prawdy

Author(s): Dariusz Piętka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2009

The article presents Plato’s views on an epistemologic notions of truth and false. A three periods consist of Athenian’s work. Plato gave in every of its some distinct definitions of the truth. This papers takes all definitions out and then subjects them to a semantical analisys. There was choise the semantical method in order to better understanding nature of truth in Plato’s epistemology. In a context issue of truth the author of dialogs contended with many semantical problems in reference to a concept of false. It has turned out that Plato’s concept of truth and falls was a base for the Aristotelian definitions of truth and falls. From epistemology point of view we can talk, that according to Plato, statement “p” is truth only iff p. A discovery of relational nature of truth which is understood as concordance a thought and reality orders accept Plato is author classical concept of truth.

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Peirce’s Pragmatic Maxim as a Logical Consequence of Semiotic Idealism.

Author(s): Sergiusz Tokariew / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (102)/2018

The purpose of this paper is to show that the pragmatic maxim can be construed as a logical consequence of semiotic idealism. Peirce proposed his semiotic idealism in the 1860s and based it on two premises: first, that we could know only symbols and, second, that the only things that exist are those that could be known. From these premises, he concluded that only symbols exist. This conception was meant to refute the distinction between the substance and its phenomenal manifestations. If semiotic idealism implies the pragmatic maxim, then it becomes clear why the pragmatic maxim says that the conception of the effects of the object is the conception of the object: it is because Peirce thought that the effects are the object. Furthermore, the close link between these conceptions may account for Peirce’s prolonged silence about pragmatism.

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Kuidas internaliseerida müüti?

Author(s): Martin Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 14/2017

Alljärgnevas jagan mõned algaja õppejõu tähelepanekud semiootika rakendamisest mütoloogia õpetamisel. Lisaks teen katse mõtestada õpetamise ja õppimise protsessi läbi internaliseerimise mõiste, seda ennekõike Lev Võgotski tähenduses.

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Cultural Ethos Constructed in Press Titles and Their Translation

Author(s): Maria Antoniou / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The present study explores, from a contrastive point of view, the conditions that rule the political discourse in terms of linguistic politeness. By contrasting the data (examples drawn from press titles, mainly the French journal Le Monde Diplomatique and its’ translations into Greek), we will be able to discover the underlying operations and constraints that regulate the use of such markers and to reach conclusions about the existence or not of symmetrical uses of our two languages. The theoretical framework followed is that of Brown and Levinson and the one of the Theory of Enunciation.In the case of press titles translation, despite the possibility of using symmetrical structures in source text as well as in target text, different structures are mostly preferred. This discrepancy leads to hypothesis about different linguistic attitudes of each linguistic community reflected explicitly by the use of different syntactic/lexical markers. It is this awareness that enabled Brown and Levinson (1987: 248) to consider cross-cultural variation and recognise that some societies may be oriented towards one or the other type of politeness (i.e. negative or positive)», formulating the so called cultural ethos of each linguistic community.

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Left/Right Polarity in Gestures and Politics

Author(s): Nicolae Sorin Drăgan / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In this article we investigate how political actors involved in TV debates during the 2009 and 2014 presidential elections in Romania manage the relationship between handedness (left/right polarity in hand gestures) and political orientation (left/right polarity in politics),. For this purpose we developed a multimodal analysis for some relevant sequences during these debates. The practice of integrating the meanings of different semiotic resources allows a better understanding of the meaning of verbal discourse, actions and behavior of political actors involved in a particular communication situation. In addition, the Multimodal Professional Analysis Tool, ELAN, allows the annotation and dynamic analysis of the semiotic behavior of the political actors involved in the analyzed sequences.

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Radykalne projekty florenckiej grupy UFO w kontekście partyzantki semiologicznej Umberto Eco

Author(s): Agata Knapik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

In my research project I begin to address the relationship between the radical activity of the Fiorentine UFO group and the semiology of Umberto Eco. The result of my analysis aims to demonstrate the great impact that Umberto Eco gave his students during his professorship at the faculty of architecture in Florence. His influence is noted not only in their close realtions, but also in their common interests for popular culture, comics stripes and mass media; not only in the similar approach to architecture as a sign, but also in their guerilla activity. On one hand, architectural and urban guerilla of UFO, on the other semiological guerilla of Umberto Eco.

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BAZI PSİKANALİSTLERE GÖRE RÜYANIN İNSAN HAYATINDAKİ ROLÜ

Author(s): Abdulvahit İmamoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2010

Dreams have always been a psychological phenomenon in human life. Dreams are human expressions that reflect the inner world through its own particular symbol and explanation. In addition, dreams have explicitly given direction to individuals from time to time in daily life or indirectly have had an effect on people. In this study, we have evaluated the effects dreams have on the inner world and the reflection it has on the outer world for people according to the views of psychoanalysts.

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The Effectiveness of Representations in Mathematics

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The Effectiveness of Representations in Mathematics

Author(s): Jessica Carter / Language(s): English Issue: 58/2020

This article focuses on particular ways in which visual representations contribute to the development of mathematical knowledge. I give examples of diagrammatic representations that enable one to observe new properties and cases where representations contribute to classification. I propose that fruitful representations in mathematics are iconic representations that involve conventional or symbolic elements, that is, iconic metaphors. In the last part of the article, I explain what these are and how they apply in the considered examples.

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Batıl İnançların Korku Sinemasındaki Yansımaları

Author(s): Cumhur Okay Özgör / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 9/2020

Since the existence of mankind’s fears, helplessness, despair, loneliness has led to various superstitions. Superstitions continue their adventures even from modern times to the present day by being fed by the helplessness of human beings against nature. Outside human nature, society; heretic culture, pagan beliefs, folklore, tradition / tradition, rituals, mythology; Christianity, which is influenced by male hegemony, the dominant power in the Middle Ages, the Puritan consciousness and superstitions. While various superstitions such as black cat, evil eye and ladder reach universal dimensions, human psychology and historical events can be given as examples of the factors shaping superstitions. Psychology and psychiatry, as well as the historical origins of superstitions, have been guiding in explaining these beliefs; it will be the art that makes superstitious beliefs easier to grasp, making them immortal images. Visual arts, such as painting and cinema, are among the most important artistic productions directed towards symbolic, metaphoric expressions. This study examines the relationship between visual arts such as cinema and painting and phenomena such as rituals, mythology and superstitions. In particular, superstitions in horror cinema will be researched.

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Metaforik Bir Deneyim Olarak ‘Ölümden Uyanmak’: Kieślowski’nin ‘Mavi’si

Author(s): Çağrı Barış Kasap / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 9/2020

Kieślowski’s Three Colours: Blue (1993) is the first film of the director’s trilogy relying upon the colors of the French flag. The film narrates the story of Julie who loses her family after a traffic accident and her attempts to construct herself a new life. So far, the articles written on the subject of the film concentrate too densely on the usage of the blue color as a symbol of freedom for Julie and the trauma and the mourning that she experiences as the protagonist of the film. This article discusses that Kieślowski’s portraiture of mourning is related neither with the artificial usage of colour in the film nor with sharing Julie’s innermost personality. In addition, the usage of the blue color is thought to have a closer relationship with Julie’s condition and is rather related with a chromatic and semiotic experience of language and what Deleuze and Guattari define as a series of ‘becoming’s. As a result, it wil be defended that the usage of blue does not have a fixed meaning as a representation of the principle of freedom, mourning or sadness as the symbolized themes of the film but rather with the fact of Julie’s attempt to create a materialist language with a ryhthm and a ‘becoming’ attached to that language, after the traumatic accident experienced.

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СЕМІОТИЧНІ ДОМІНАНТИ ІНІЦІАЦІЙНОЇ ТІЛЕСНОСТІ

Author(s): Olga P. Kostiuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of the article is to investigate the semiotic dominants of physicality in initiation practices, conditioned by both external and internal representations of human beings. The methodology is based on the use of psychoanalytic, structural-semiotic, philosophical-anthropological, and cultural-historical methods. Scientific novelty. The application of the structural-semiotic approach allows us to reconstruct the symbolic system of physicality as a text having an internal structure and to suggest ways of deciphering this text. The semiotic dominants of initiation physicality on the example of hair, hairstyle, mask, and various manipulations with the body are considered, characteristics of their filling are given. Conclusions. Examples of the semiotic dominants of initiation physicality prove that initiation is represented through the prism of a semiotic process in which physicality is a sign and the context and conditions of its expression are initiations. This theory of sign systems provides an opportunity to interpret the human experience as an interpretive structure in which the way a person uses a sign or acts through initiation practices determines the approach to a perfect image. Models of modern man's behavior are based primarily on the attainment of bodily perfection with the help of hairstyle, makeup, tattooing, piercing, aesthetic methods of surgery, etc. This process is an unconscious means of copying the actions of an archaic person who has used tattoos, scarring, and other manipulations of the body in rituals and rituals of initiation. A promising direction for further research is the detailed study of initiation physicality in contemporary cultural space as an appropriate model of positioning the individual in a society, which proclaims the requirements for manipulation and transformation in order to conform to the image of the body formed by that society.

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МОДА В КОНТЕКСТІ СИМВОЛІЧНОГО ПРОСТОРУ КУЛЬТУРИ

Author(s): Iryna Vitalievna Kushchyk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The purpose of the article is to form a base for researching fashion in Ukrainian culturological science and to complete a culturological analysis of fashion and fashion tendencies in the symbolic space of culture. The methodology of research is defined by the necessity of application of specific culturological methods for analysis – diachronic and synchronic methods, comparative historical method, semiotic method. The scientific novelty includes making of culturological analysis of fashion phenomenon and fashion tendencies, completing semiotic analysis of the fashion industry, and revealing features of fashion functionality in the context of symbolic space of culture. Conclusions. For culturological research, the most important things are primary semiotic principles, which accompany creating and research of costume in the communication process and, in a way, connect the language of fashion with other natural languages. Communication and fashion are connected. From one side, communication intertwines through all fashion practices, is tightly connected with the history of costume, and is one of the main elements of it. On the other side, clothes and costumes have a special place as elements of nonverbal communication in the communication system.

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Gödel’s Philosophical Challenge (to Turing)

Author(s): Wilfried Sieg / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The incompleteness theorems constitute the mathematical core of Gödel’s philosophical challenge. They are given in their “most satisfactory form”, as Gödel saw it, when the formality of theories to which they apply is characterized via Turing machines. These machines codify human mechanical procedures that can be carried out without appealing to higher cognitive capacities. The question naturally arises, whether the theorems justify the claim that the human mind has mathematical abilities that are not shared by any machine. Turing admits that non-mechanical steps of intuition are needed to transcend particular formal theories. Thus, there is a substantive point in comparing Turing’s views with Gödel’s that is expressed by the assertion, “The human mind infinitely surpasses any finite machine”. The parallelisms and tensions between their views are taken as an inspiration for beginning to explore, computationally, the capacities of the human mathematical mind.

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A Note on the Lucas Argument

Author(s): Rudy Rucker / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

We’re talking about J. Anthony Lucas’s classic argument that Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem rules out man-machine equivalence. This is an argument that Penrose revived and popularized in the 1990s. This fallacious argument is a thoroughly dead horse. But I’ll give it another beating here. Do note that the Lucas-Penrose argument is a completely distinct issue from PenroseHameroff speculation that the brain can act as a coherent quantum computer. It’s to Penrose’s credit that he’s associated with multiple controversial ideas!

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The Problematic Nature of Gödel’s Disjunctions and Lucas-Penrose’s Theses

Author(s): Arnon Avron / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

We show that the name “Lucas-Penrose thesis” encompasses several different theses. All these theses refer to extremely vague concepts, and so are either practically meaningless, or obviously false. The arguments for the various theses, in turn, are based on confusions with regard to the meaning(s) of these vague notions, and on unjustified hidden assumptions concerning them. All these observations are true also for all interesting versions of the much weaker (and by far more widely accepted) thesis known as “Gö- del disjunction”. Our main conclusions are that pure mathematical theorems cannot decide alone any question which is not purely mathematical, and that an argument that cannot be fully formalized cannot be taken as a mathematical proof.

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Using Kreisel’s Way Out to Refute Lucas-Penrose-Putnam Anti-Functionalist Arguments

Author(s): Jeff Buechner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Georg Kreisel (1972) suggested various ways out of the Gödel incompleteness theorems. His remarks on ways out were somewhat parenthetical, and suggestive. He did not develop them in subsequent papers. One aim of this paper is not to develop those remarks, but to show how the basic idea that they express can be used to reason about the Lucas-Penrose-Putnam arguments that human minds are not (entirely) finitary computational machines. Another aim is to show how one of Putnam’s two anti-functionalist arguments (that use the Gödel incompleteness theorems) avoids the logical error in the Lucas-Penrose arguments, extends those arguments, but succumbs to an absurdity. A third aim is to provide a categorization of the Lucas-Penrose-Putnam anti-functionalist arguments.

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Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem and the Anti-Mechanist Argument: Revisited

Author(s): Yong Cheng / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This is a paper for a special issue of Semiotic Studies devoted to Stanislaw Krajewski’s paper (2020). This paper gives some supplementary notes to Krajewski’s (2020) on the Anti-Mechanist Arguments based on Gödel’s incompleteness theorem. In Section 3, we give some additional explanations to Section 4–6 in Krajewski’s (2020) and classify some misunderstandings of Gödel’s incompleteness theorem related to AntiMechanist Arguments. In Section 4 and 5, we give a more detailed discussion of Gödel’s Disjunctive Thesis, Gödel’s Undemonstrability of Consistency Thesis and the definability of natural numbers as in Section 7–8 in Krajewski’s (2020), describing how recent advances bear on these issues.

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Understanding, Expression and Unwelcome Logic

Author(s): Štěpán Holub / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In this paper I will attempt to explain why the controversy surrounding the alleged refutation of Mechanism by Gödel’s theorem is continuing even after its unanimous refutation by logicians. I will argue that the philosophical point its proponents want to establish is a necessary gap between the intended meaning and its formulation. Such a gap is the main tenet of philosophical hermeneutics. While Gödel’s theorem does not disprove Mechanism, it is nevertheless an important illustration of the hermeneutic principle. The ongoing misunderstanding is therefore based in a distinction between a metalogical illustration of a crucial feature of human understanding, and a logically precise, but wrong claim. The main reason for the confusion is the fact that in order to make the claim logically precise, it must be transformed in a way which destroys its informal value. Part of this transformation is a clear distinction between the Turing Machine as a mathematical object and a machine as a physical device.

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Diagonal Anti-Mechanist Arguments

Author(s): David Kashtan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem is sometimes said to refute mechanism about the mind. §1 contains a discussion of mechanism. We look into its origins, motivations and commitments, both in general and with regard to the human mind, and ask about the place of modern computers and modern cognitive science within the general mechanistic paradigm. In §2 we give a sharp formulation of a mechanistic thesis about the mind in terms of the mathematical notion of computability. We present the argument from Gödel’s theorem against mechanism in terms of this formulation and raise two objections, one of which is known but is here given a more precise formulation, and the other is new and based on the discussion in §1.

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On Martin-Löf’s Constructive Optimism

Author(s): Vincent Peluce / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

In his 1951 Gibbs Memorial Lecture, Kurt Gödel put forth his famous disjunction that either the power of the mind outstrips that of any machine or there are absolutely unsolvable problems. The view that there are no absolutely unsolvable problems is optimism, the view that there are such problems is pessimism. In his 1995—and, revised in 2013—Verificationism Then and Now, Per Martin-Löf presents an illustrative argument for a constructivist form of optimism. In response to that argument, Solomon Feferman points out that Martin-Löf’s reasoning relies upon constructive understandings of key philosophical notions. In the vein of Feferman’s analysis, one might be object to Martin-Löf’s argument for either its reliance upon constructivist (as opposed to classical) considerations, or for its appeal to non-unproblematically mathematical premises. We argue that both of these responses fall short. On one hand, to be critical of Martin-Löf’s reasoning for its constructiveness is to reject what would otherwise be a scientific advance on the basis of the assumption of constructivism’s falsehood or implausibility, which is of course uncharitable at best. On the other hand, to object to the argument for its use of non-unproblematically mathematical premises is to assume that there is some philosophically neutral mathematics, which is implausible. Martin-Löf’s argument relies upon his third law, the claim that from the impossibility of a proof of a proposition we can construct a proof of its negation. We close with a discussion of some ways in which this claim can be criticized from the constructive point of view. Specifically, we contend that Martin-Löf’s third law is incompatible with what has been called “Poincaré’s Principle of Epistemic Conservation”, the thesis that genuine increase in mathematical knowledge requires subject-specific insight.

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