Romanya Sözlü Türk Edebiyati Ürünlerinde Mitolojik Sayilar

Author(s): Bayram Durbilmez / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 64/2010

Since mythological times mankind attempted to understand what s/he observed and give meaning to them. As they evaluated the things around, they made use of numbers, and considered some numbers as “sacred”. Mankind who founded many different civilizations used this “sacred number tradition” in literature and passed it onto next generations. Tatar Turks, living in Rumania, has a rich oral tradition that harbours sacred number tradition. This article aims to reveal the sacred numbers in Rumanian oral tradition and their mythological roots and their function in the culture. It has been understood that 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 40 have symbolic meanings in the oral literary products of Tatar Turks living in Rumania. The examination and evaluation of these numbers will contribute to determine the extent to which Turkic culture expands. In addition to revealing the usages that stem from Turkic mythology, revealing some common aspects with universal culture is also within the objective of this paper.

Начинание в пределите на чистата метафизика

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The collection Back to Metaphysics offers a thematic discourse of a tendency, which is even more increasing from the beginning of 21-st century: the problems of contemporary metaphysics are to be discussed and their solutions to be found with the whole existential-dramatic pathos of philosophical questioning. In this turning back, back to the first foundations of pure metaphysics, the appeal in the title is proclaimed, but appeal manifested as a program, which the contemporary philosophers should follow. The first chapter Metaphysical Concepts arises the questions about the absolute, the first grounds, concerning being, knowledge and humanity, as questions to which the nowadays philosophizing must find answers. The second chapter Historico-Philosophical Interpretations develops discussions on the theoretical systems and constructions determining the horizons to the contemporary philosophy, and in such way represents the basis as the returning point from which on to see and to gain the new areas of pure metaphysics. In this search the end of metaphysics is also discussed – in the third chapter Postmetaphysical Destructions of the Metaphysics, but taken in the dimensions of Heidegger’s turn to language as a field for re-finding the meaning of Being.

Безкрайният път към стародавната истина

Author(s): Vassil Rainov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

FROM KANT TO THE PROBLEM OF PHENOMENOLOGICAL METAPHYSICS. IN MEMORY OF LÁSZLÓ TENGELYI

Author(s): Inga Römer / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The article outlines the central lines of László Tengelyi’s intellectual path and hints at some perspectives that could be continued on the basis of his last writings. The first part shows the development of his thought from the first Hungarian works on Kant up to his last book, so as to pose the question of a possible unity in his work. Such a unity can be seen in the diacritical tension, systematically enlarged in each period, between freedom, the story of a told life, expression and the finite projection of a world on the one hand, and guilt as an event of destiny, the region of a wild sense, a wild responsibility and anopen infinite on the other hand. A second part presents the main ideas of «World and Infinit. On the Problem of Phenomenological Metaphysics», especially the programme of a phenomenological answer to the problem of metaphysics. The core of this programme is a metaphysics of facticity in the realm of which a methodological transcendentalism and a metontological transcendentalism become possible. At hird part tries to situate László Tengelyi’s ideas within the context of contemporary «realism». Two of Meillassoux’ central arguments are discussed in order to show how László Tengelyi’s approach provides a phenomenological answer to their challenges.

Kandinskis Bauhause – Orientalististiniai Ir Neklasikiniai Jo Spalvos Teorijos Aspektai

Author(s): Deima Katinaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 90/2017

This article reveals different aspects of the color theory of Wasilly Kandinsky, which was set out in his treatise Über das Geistige in der Kunst: Insbesondere in der Malerei published in 1911. This theory – an ode to spiritual and abstract art – was inspired by non-classical philosophy, W. Worringer and the aesthetic attitudes of Eastern art. It had a strong impact on the Bauhaus design school even before the author of this theory was invited to teach at the Bauhaus in year 1922. The oriental ideas of Kandinsky significantly differed from the ideas of the Bauhaus manifesto, published by Walter Gropius in 1919. His theory encompasses the theme of color along with many other topical issues of the art. One could view this theory as an ontology-based study of the color phenomenon. The problems of art in Kandinsky’s theory have been discussed beyond narrowly-understood aesthetic discourse, along with the philosophical questions of life, death, spirit and matter.

Suma Prieš Pagonis Trečioji Knyga. Apvaizda. 88–91 Skyriai

Author(s): Thomas Aquinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 78/2014

Summa Contra Gentiles. Book III. Providence. Chapters 88–91

Stefana Swieżawskiego interpretacja eschatologii Tomasza z Akwinu. Zagadnienie natychmiastowości zmar-twychwstania ciała po śmierci

Author(s): Michał Czyrnek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The main theme of this work is the question of the resurrection of the body as a problem of the philosophical concept of St. Thomas Aquinas and, more specifically, the way in which interpreted the teachings of Aquinas Stefan Swieżawski, historian of philosophy, a medievalist associated with the so-called Lublin Philosophical School. The problem of eschatology does not seem strictly philosophical field, but in Thomas thought it is deeply rooted in his metaphysics and anthropology, which is why solutions for these disciplines have a bearing on the problem of reunification of the soul and the human body after death. Eschatology is the culmination of his thoughts. You can see the consequences of the earlier developed the science of man and his existential structure, so in the context of this work shown will be the philosophical basis of the concept of the resurrection of the body.

Suma Prieš Pagonis Trečioji Knyga. Apvaizda. 84–85 Skyriai

Author(s): Thomas Aquinas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 76/2013

Summa Contra Gentiles. Book III. Providence. Chapters 84–85

MONADOLOGIE, KRITISCHE PHILOSOPHIE UND PHÄNOMENOLOGIE DES UNSTERBLICHEN ICH (LEIBNIZ, KANT UND HUSSERL)

Author(s): Guillermo Ferrer / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2014

This paper aims to research the different views of Leibniz, Kant and Husserl concerning the immortality of the «I». For this purposeI will read the Monadology from a phenomenological perspective, but taking into account Kants exposition of the Paralogismes inthe Critic of Pure Reason. There he points out the illusion which consists in taking the identical, but finally empty representation of the «I» for the givenness of his real substantiality, even his possible persistency after death. Because of this appearance which arises again and again from our very self-awareness we trend to assert that the «I» could persist indefinitely, besides that he couldn’t be annihilated at all due to internal causes or to an antagonism with circumstances of the external world. But in spite of the force of this critic, we can find in Leibniz‘ Monadology and somehow in Husserls‘ writings drafts of another conception of the self awareness which includes the experience on an organical continuity of the body. In the face of Kants‘ critic, this conception could perhaps raise new phenomenological questions about the relationship of self-awareness, mortality and even immortality of the «I».Thereby I want to show to what extent the question about the giveness or not-giveness of a certain infinity of self-consciousness can contribute to renew the meaning of a phenomenology of the death and the experience of mortality.

Ar Galima Semiotiką Pradėti Nuo Aristotelio? Ženklo Aiškinimas, Grįstas Hilomorfine Esaties Teorija

Author(s): Algirdas Budrevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 74/2013

Sign—the basic idea of semiotics—has been explored by great many philosophers since antiquity; nevertheless, as of now we do not have its ultimate and systematic theory. Peirce proposed an original and philosophically (ontologically) grounded conception of the sign. Could there be a different ontologically based conception of the sign? Could there be developed a different and ontologically based semiotics? The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the fundamentals of semiotics can be developed starting from the ideas of Aristotle. The idea of sign might be grounded on Aristotle’s account of Being and cognition considered in terms of form and matter. Various signs can be treated in terms of form and matter. Pictures, letters are signs of form. A wedding-ring is a material sign-symbol. Many signs can be treated in terms of similarity to the objects they signify: photographs, pictures, sculptures, diagrams, graphical charts, land maps, etc. It is quite natural to treat signs in terms of form and matter. The paper shows how the sign can be defined in terms of form and matter. A concrete model of sign as similarity of form (homomorphism) to the signified object is described. The structurally treated Cartesian system of coordinates is involved for articulation of the modes of Being. Intentionality as directedness of consciousness of the sign perceiver toward the signified object is used in the account of sign.

Akivaizdumas Kaip Tikrovės Pažinimo Principas: Filosofijos, Logikos Ir Dykumos Tėvų Takoskyra?

Author(s): Arūnas Bingelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 70/2012

In both philosophy and science when searching for correspondence between experience and thinking of reality a principle of evidence is employed. I’m interested in possible correlations of the mentioned principle of evidence with another field of its particular validity – a phenomenon of religious experience of ascetics in early Christianity and contemporary successors of tradition. A phenomenologist who invites to return to “the things themselves”, seeks eidetic vision, non-mediated experience and its adequate expression should recognize reality itself as an evident imperative in wasteland. A thirst for evidence which accompanies the Desert Fathers is slaked in a qualitatively different way than in science or philosophy. Here evidence as an attribute and principle of experience and true knowledge is obtained as a Gift of transcendence, although existential decision is a necessary condition in order to accept it. Such experience of the hermits being in the proximity of that which is unconditionally real is witnessed by the pearls of Desert wisdom – apophthegms.

Avempace: Arabų Laisvamanio Laiptai Į Dangų

Author(s): Gintautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2011

The article presents the 12th century Arab philosopher, scientist, poet and physician Ibn Bajja (Avempace) to the Lithuanian reading community; for he significantly influenced not only the development of Arab and Jewish philosophy but also that of the West. Nevertheless, as the survey of the Lithuanian philosophical literature shows, in Lithuania this philosopher is hardly known: mentioned only in one monograph on early medieval philosophy. In order to fill in the gap, the article proposes some concise information concerning Ibn Bajja’s life and philosophy. Starting with his political philosophy of Platonic origin it turns to his Peripatetic metaphysics and epistemology which constitutes the basis for eudemonistic ethics. In it Ibn Bajja teaches that living even in a bad state, the philosopher is able to reach genuine happiness by ascending the staircases of spiritual forms, or essences, up to the divine actual intellect and uniting with it. The article ends with some critical approaches to Ibn Bajja’s theory and prospect for some further inquiry.

Metafizikos Onus Probandi

Author(s): Gintautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 61/2009

In the second article the second way of proving God’s existence is considered. The logical form of this way is the copy of the first one but the content is quite new, for it proves not the existence of the first unmoved mover but the existence of the first absolutely immutable maker. In the frameworks of Aristotelian picture of the world (but not in the Christian one) it is quite possible to claim that the first unmoved mover moves as final cause but perhaps there is no such Weltanschauung which would accept the claim that the first efficient cause causes its effects in a same manner as the final cause moves. But the immutability principle inherited from pagan Greek philosophy (Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle) and incorporated in Christian philosophy demands that God would create and recreate the world while remaining absolutely immutable. Even more than that, it demands to preserve absolute divine immutability of descending, incarnating, living, dying, resurrecting, ascending and promising to come again God. This is too much for elementary logic and common sense. Therefore the first two ways to prove Gods existence taken together have to be recognized as the corruption of Christianity by pagan philosophical principle of immutability.

Apsilankymai Pas Pasaulio Karalių: Joinville’is, Thomas De Cantimpré, Ossendowskis, Hiltonas, Roerichas ir Čiurlionis

Author(s): Charles Ridoux / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 61/2009

The article considers the fantastic idea of some mythological king of the world and its presentation in medieval and modern literature and modern visual art. The medieval literature is represented by the treatises of Thomas de Cantimpré and Joinville; the books by Ferdinand Ossendowski, Roerich, and James Hilton represent modernity. The movie by Frank Capra and Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis‘s painting Rex represent the examples of modern visualization of the idea.

Max Blecher, a canon of interwar modernity

Author(s): Nicoleta Hristu (Hurmuzache) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2016

This article aims to trace out the diagram of the insight into Max Blecher’s work, an atypical author and a marginal figure of tragic experience, who succeeds in imposing himself on the Romanian literature through his peculiar and problematic writing, subsequently integrating himself in the canon of the interwar modernity. From the perspective of the critical receptiveness in the diachronic and synchronic sense, there will be highlighted several temporal sequences between 1934 and 2015, in which Blecher’s work is subjected to the value and typological criterion, and there will be made both just, enthusiastic appreciations, and subjective, sometimes controversial and blameable ones. The analytical process will also emphasise the clichés of the author’s receptiveness and the underlying elements that give Blecher’s work two distinct directions: on the one hand, the psychological analysis, the experimental and confessional literature and on the other, the metaphysics through the elements of the absurd, oneiric visionariness and ontological crisis. Thus, the delayed canonisation of this author explains itself through the syncope in the evolution of receptiveness and the arguments that place this author in a totally different cultural context: psychologism, expressionism, surrealism, existentialism.

Hugonas Senviktorietis: Nuo Septynių Menų Kontempliacijos Link

Author(s): Juozas Žilionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 56/2008

My article considers the treatises by Hugo of Saint Victor: The Seven Books of Erudition or Didascalion (Eruditionis didascalicae libri septem) and About Meditation (De meditatione). The first of these treatises explicates the model of scholastic teaching and learning prevalent at those ancient times and systematizes the arts and theological sciences. In step by step manner it introduces a reader into the trivium and quadrivium and explains their philosophical grounds and places in the harmonious structure of the world. Hugo of Saint Victor associated the seven liberal arts with theology and mysticism. He believed that this association helps his disciples to understand the Sacred Doctrine. The seven nonliberal arts, including mechanics, were treated by him as practical knowledge indispensable for the productive human activity. He based the cognition of reality on psychological mechanisms such as internal experience, freedom of the choice and contemplation. In the second treatise he defined the concept of meditation, enumerated its species and explained the peculiarities of their functioning.

Krikščioniškosios Tiesos Universalumas Justino Kankinio Raštuose

Author(s): Mindaugas Kubilius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 56/2008

In order to communicate Christ’s truth to intelelectuals of Antiquity, it became indispensible for Christians to prove its universality in philosophical terms. Following already an established tradition of kerygmatic preaching to Greeks, Justin Martyr attempts to demonstrate how the truth of one God incarnated, Logos-Christ, is anticipated in thought of various Greek philosophers. Justin transforms the Stoic concept of logos spermatikos into a concept of the innate cognitive capacity to know the universal Logos who revealed himself as Christ. According to his view, all humanity by virtue of the innate capacity participates in the Logos-Christ. By virtue of grace, the Logos-Christ revealed himself fully to all humankind. Thus, the universal truth can be known only by virtue of faith into the very fact of the Incarnated Logos.

Tuštumos Problematika Heideggerio Filosofijoje: Komparatyvistiné Analizé

Author(s): Agnieška Juzefovič / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 56/2008

This article deals with the question of emptiness in Heidegger’s philosophy, examining topics such as non finito, un-thought, silence, and ambiguity, which became particularly important in Heidegger's later works. Special attention is paid to the question of interfaces between Heidegger’s and Chinese, particularly Daoist, conceptions of emptiness. My aim is to argue that, particularly in his later period, Heidegger had a sincere interest in Eastern thought, particularly in Daoism and Zen Buddhism, where he found some ideas that were close to his own way of thought - for example, emptiness, nothingness, and non-action. The question of influence‘ of Eastern thought on Heidegger’s work - while interesting, is of secondary significance in comparison with the independent congruence of ideas. So, this essay isn’t devoted exclusively to a comparative analysis of Heidegger’s philosophy and Asian thought. Rather, the author is interested in Heidegger’s interpretation of emptiness, which she found particularly original and insightful. The author shows that the emptiness found in Heidegger’s thought can have different faces - to be for example empty of possibilities or the emptiness of a thing (vessel). The emptiness discussed in Heidegger’s thought could arise as an opening or be the result of appropriation, as well as letting-be or releasement.

Problemi metodologije u interpretaciji umjetničkog djela

Author(s): Jure Zovko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2014

The basic intention of Gadamer's Truth and methods is to argumently show how experience and understanding of the truth in the spiritual sciences are significantly different from method and methodology of natural and technical sciences. According to Gadamer's understanding the subject of study and research in humanistic sciences is not something abstract and foreign to us, it is something what necessarily belongs to us as for the being that creates culture. This is about culture and thought tradition which comes as the result of realization of the human spirit with whom, in the process of understanding, we enter into dialogue. The primary purpose and task of hermeneutics is to achieve a reliable and responsible interpretation in the field of all forms of the creativity of human spirit, especially in the art and culture. The Hermeneutic question is not only focussed on the interpretation and explanation of the existing objectification of human spirit, but also considers and evaluates the possibilities of new forms of artistic and cultural creativity, seeking for thoughtful answers to the challenges of modern times, as well as acceptable solutions to the complex problems of modern society. Hermeneutic reflection, as Hans-Georg Gadamer puts it, asks questions that relate "to the whole human experience of the world and life practice. It asks, Kantian said, how understanding is possible.'' One of the burning problems and main defects of Gadamer's hermeneutics is the question if the correctness of interpretation has been pushed to the fore. Gadamer received critics about his relativistic point, especially where he explained that we understand and expose works differently from the way author understood it. With such attitude,the hermeneutical reconstruction of the original intent of the author, was seriously brought into question. The task of the critics of Gadamer's theory of the interpretation is to check hermeneutically the adequacy of the offered interpretations, and do they correspond to the original intent of the author. The principle of "different understanding" is conditioned by our temporality, by the spirit of the time in which we live and by our hermeneutical expectations which, in rule, are different from those in which author of the works we interpret, lived. The unpredictability of the reception in the process of understanding is particularly an important segment that Gadamer does not want to drop out of sight.

Uległość Michela Houellebecqa – Marsz Przez Instytucje Na Opak

Author(s): Agnieszka Gralewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

This article examines the philosophical affiliation of Submission by M. Houellebecq – a literary reflection of the cultural war being fought between the dwindling supporters of metaphysical rebellion (atheistic humanism) and increasing numbers of supporters of metaphysical submission (Islam). According to M. Houellebecq, who coincides with T.S. Eliot’s earlier views, only religious narration provides an effective tool of social control. The article attempts to explain why in the 21st century thesis put forward by Houellebecq (in opposition to the Eliot’s 20th century vision), it is Islam, not Christianity, that is to become the guiding principle for organizing life of Western society