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Monastic buildings: Questions of function and design from an Anglo-French perspective

Author(s): Eric Fernie / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The paper will begin with an examination of the meanings of the words ‘function’ and ‘design’ and in particular their application to the practical and presentational aspects of buildings. They will be applied first to the monastic church, concentrating on those characteristics which distinguish it from churches for the laity. In this context the English eccentricity of the monastic cathedral will be examined. The pair of opposites will then be used to explore aspects of the claustral buildings. These include the relationship of the chapter house to the main sanctuary of the church and the status and purpose of the sculptural decoration on its façade. The multiple openings on the façades of many chapter houses are assessed for their practical and symbolic value, and the openings are then compared with other entrances in the east walk, namely those into the book-room, the slype, the day stairs, and the parlour, which involves the role of the prior. The round and polygonal chapter houses of Norman England are then introduced, along with their iconography and the question of the extent to which centralised chapter houses are found on the Continent. This part of the investigation will also refer to Villard de Honnecourt’s diagram of a chapter house. With the reredorter, the chief question will concern the large size of some examples, with the refectory it will be its location on the St Gall Plan, while the kitchen will be discussed in terms of the contrast between standard types and the highly sophisticated designs of some examples in western France. In the case of the cloister the arrangement of walkways at Saint-Riquier is considered. The paper concludes with a comparative assessment of the claustral building types and their parallels in secular contexts.

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The early phase of cloister architecture in Central Europe

Author(s): Béla Zsolt Szakács / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The topic of medieval cloisters has been the subject of a number of important conferences (see Gesta 1973, Der mittelalterliche Kreuzgang 2004, and The Journal of the British Archaeological Association 2006). The Hungarian materials have been discussed by Ernő Marosi in 2001. However, the problem has not been investigated in the Central European context.Although the idea of the cloister is clearly manifested in the Sant Gallen Plan, the earliest standing cloisters date from the first half of the eleventh century in Western Europe. Opposed to Western Europe, where cloisters were common in the eleventh through twelfth centuries, monasteries in East Central Europe were usually lacking the cloister before the late twelfth century. The early monasteries were often built with wood (especially in Bohemia and Poland), and later stone constructions did not follow a severe regular plan (see e.g. Feldebrő or Pásztó in Hungary). In many cases the full cloister was built only in the thirteenth century (Mogilno in Poland or St. George Monastery in Prague) or even later (Kladruby, Teplice). Cistercian abbeys were among the first abbeys built with a cloister; however, this is not as regular as was previously supposed and many of the early Cistercian foundations did not have cloisters for a period of time. Thus, they probably had less impact on other monastic buildings than was previously suspected. An important wave of cloister building was the activity of the royal Benedictine abbeys in western Hungary between 1210 and 1240. This can probably be connected to reform movements, although the papal letter of 1225 seems to be too late to be the major inspiration source. In other orders (e.g. Premonstratensians) and other territories, such as Bohemia and northern Hungary, cloisters from a somewhat earlier period cannot be excluded. Bizere might have been one of these early examples. The earliest datable cloisters in Bohemia and Hungary were attached to cathedrals and collegiate churches that might have served as prototypes for the monastic cloister as well. This was just the opposite to the practice of Western Europe where cathedral monasteries were built less frequently and often later than was usual among the monastic orders. This phenomenon may shed some light on the difference between the roles monastic and secular churches played in East Central Europe. We should remember that bishops, members of the royal court, were always incomparably more important figures than any of the abbots; and the size of monastic churches was usually much below the Western standard. It would not be surprising, then, if the secular church played a leading role in cloister architecture, too.

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A Turn to Fratres Minores. The Franciscans in 13th-century Lesser Poland and the patronage of Duke Boleslaus the Chaste

Author(s): Piotr Pajor / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

The time around the middle of the thirteenth century was a period of popularization of the mendicant orders in the whole of Central Europe including Lesser Poland, which was one of the duchies existing after the feudal fragmentation of Poland. The Franciscans in particular, who arrived in Cracow during the apostolic mission led by the Saxon province, were quickly taken under the patronage of Duke Boleslaus the Chaste, who founded a church as his mausoleum in Cracow, although his predecessors were buried in Cracow Cathedral. The duke also founded cloisters in Nowy Korczyn and Zawichost; his sister, Salomea, became the first Polish St. Clara’s nun; his wife, Kunegund of Hungary, as a widow established and joined the convent in Stary Sącz. In this way Franciscans became the most important order, protected by the local ducal family. The same process took place in other Polish provinces and had significant consequences. For instance, in Silesia the local branch of the Piast dynasty was strongly connected with the Cistercians, but Duke Henry the Pious and his heirs of the Wrocław throne were buried in Franciscan churches. This turn to the Mendicants in the Piast dukes’ patronage seems to be much more complex than in, for example, Bohemia. In Lesser Poland this phenomena is even more visible because of some extraordinary examples, such as the central—Greek cross—plan of the Franciscan church in Cracow or the relocation of the first Clarissan cloister from Zawichost to the isolated site near the former castle of Scala. Comparative analysis of the role of the Franciscan cloisters in Boleslaus the Chaste's patronage and propaganda will be the main subject of the paper.

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Some remarks on fragmentary capitals from the monastery of Bizere

Author(s): Ernő Marosi / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2015

This paper is the first to deal with a collection of carved fragments discovered during archaeological research at Bizere monastery. It is mainly about fragments of zoomorphic capitals probably originating from the most important area of the monastery: the main church and cloister. The author tries to find European stylistic connections and has dated them to the first half of the thirteenth century.

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Incintele estice ale Palatului principilor din Alba Iulia. Cercetări de parament din anii 2014-2017

Author(s): Ileana Burnichioiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2017

The so-called “Princely Palace” building complex consists of two-level buildings forming two approximately rectangle-shaped, unequally sized courtyards. However, these buildings make up around two-thirds of what was once the residence of the Princes of Transylvania, built mainly on previous constructions of the Bishopric of Transylvania, the Provostry, and some houses of the Catholic clergy. At its peak in the 17th century, during the rule of Princes Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629) and George Rákóczi I (1630-1648), the palace had three interconnected courtyards. This extensive shape was partly reflected in Giovanni Morando Visconti’s plans from 1711 and 1714. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Habsburgs changed the function of the palace. The western courtyard and the cathedral were returned to the Catholics, thus becoming the Roman Catholic Episcopal Palace, and the eastern courtyards were passed over to the Arsenal and the Artillery Barracks. The two eastern courtyards had maintained their usage as military headquarters for around 300 years, although the armies occupying it had repeatedly changed during that time (from the Habsburg army to the Austro-Hungarian and Romanian ones (1867-1919). Finally, the most part of this ensemble passed on to the administration of the Alba Iulia Mayor’s Office. Some years later, the new administrator provided the financial support for a number of preliminary studies to yield a primary set of data for a research project and later for a preservation and restoration project to rethink the future of the monument. The first wall investigations in the eastern courtyards of the former princely residence were undertaken at the beginning of 2014 and continued intermittently through 2015 and 2017, depending on the availability of financial resources and the requirements of the preservation and restoration project. As a preamble to detailed reports and surveys on some parts of the wings of the ensemble included in this volume, the paper presents the architecture of the ensemble and the main wall discoveries from 2014-2017, with some working hypotheses and final conclusions on the construction stages (marked on the plans). One of the major findings was that all the interventions made by the armies during the 18th-20th centuries have dramatically altered the coherence of the buildings and decorations in the eastern parts of the former princely palace and has seriously affected the previous heritage of the site rich in valuable Roman, medieval, and Renaissance remains. These changes have raised major problems of identification in the field, even for the main parts of the residence described in 17th-century chronicles and inventories. Primarily, this is the case of the “F” wing (closed to the cathedral), but also the case hall of the Diet and the hall of the Supreme Court (1643), which have completely lost their shape and they can only very vaguely be located in the middle of the first floor of wing E.

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Как найти дом Достоевских? (Заметки по поводу несостоявшейся сенсации)

Author(s): Albina Stanislavovna Bessonova,Vladimir Aleksandrovich Viktorovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

The article presents the facts that contradict A. S. Syrovatko’s statement, which claims that the current territory of the Museum is not related to the Dostoevsky estate (The Unknown Dostoevsky. 2021. Vol. 8. No. 4). When studied objectively, the objects found during the excavations do not contradict the presence of “traces of Dostoevsky.” The so-called memorial period of estate ownership by the writer’s parents, which lasted only seven years, was unable to leave too many traces, and the objects found by archaeologists in the 18th — early 19th centuries could have been used by the Dostoevsky family up to 1830s. Additional arguments are introduced to resolve the dispute: the result of the dendrological examination and written sources (previously known and recently discovered), namely, boundary plans, memoirs and diaries of A. M. Dostoevsky, family correspondence. The proposed comprehensive approach and a comparison of all the currently available sources, allows us to attribute the location of the Dostoevsky manor house to the preserved wing where the museum was recently opened. In connection with the problem of identification of the museum house, the hypotheses of other authors are considered (T. N. Dementieva and L. A. Tarasova, L. A. Voronkina) about the cardinal changes that took place in the architecture of the manor Darovoe at different times. Sources indicate, on the contrary, a certain continuity in the development of the estate under all three of its owners: the Khotyaintsev, Dostoevsky and Ivanov families. The key factor is the location of two “mounds” under the lime trees as “green canteens” tied to the manor house, and on the other side, the border between the landowner’s estate and peasant homesteads remained unchanged (as confirmed by archival documents and the boundary wall and moat preserved). Conservative localization is characteristic of the life in a noble estate, once and forever inscribed in the surrounding landscape. Taking into account the experience of their predecessors, the Dostoevskys and Ivanovs did not make radical changes to the space inhabited before them, and their house did not change its location.

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“Don’t Tell Me It Cannot Be Done; We Must Reach an Acceptable Solution!” Politics, Professionals, and Architectural Debates in Socialist Romania

Author(s): Liliana Iuga / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

In September 2009, architect Eugeniu Pănescu addressed an invitation to his fellow colleagues from the Chamber of Romanian Architects in Cluj. Following a grant obtained from the Union of Romanian Architects to document the professional activity in the city, Pănescu asked his colleagues to prepare materials regarding architectural projects they had developed between 1960 and 2010, regardless whether these had been built or not. He advertised it as a unique opportunity that should not be missed: “We are still alive,” wrote Pănescu in the post-scriptum of his letter. “Let’s not allow others to ‘analyze’ what we did.”

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Modern Architecture as an Agency of Political Competition: The Case of Iran and Pakistan

Author(s): Niloofar Amini / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

Jacques Rancière in Dis-agreement Politics and Philosophy, states that “[Politics] is the art of the local and singular construction of cases of universality.” In his approach, politics is essentially defined as the adaptation of local values to the universal, rationalist project of political modernity. This local adaptation - itself implying a political position - shows many varieties throughout history. From the 1950’ onwards, this is certainly true for the Middle East, where such adaptations occurred as an either direct or indirect effect of the American interest to support traditional political regimes, while encouraging them towards moderate reforms.

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1870-2018. Russia and the Balkans. The Case of the Unbuilt Orthodox Church in Cetinje, Montenegro

Author(s): Miloš Stanković / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

The process of the creation of the national states in the Balkans in the 19th century was followed by the political reforms and revitalization of church life, that had been suppressed in the Ottoman period. During the 19th century, Serbs, Greeks and Bulgarians, in different periods, have staged uprisings, waged independence wars, gained autonomy, then sovereignty, and were internationally recognized. During their liberation fight, these countries have been supported by the great European powers, above all by Russia, whose assistance was particularly directed towards Bulgaria, the Principality of Serbia and the Principality of Montenegro, aiming to emancipate the Balkan Christians. Following the 1876 – 1878 wars, the 1878 San Stefano Treaty and the Berlin Treaty, the Balkan countries were recognized as fully sovereign states.

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Irina Calotă Beyond the Center. Housing Policies in Bucharest (1910-1944)

Author(s): Bogdan Suditu / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2018

Review of: Irina Calotă Beyond the Center. Housing Policies in Bucharest (1910-1944) Bucharest: Editura Ozalid, 2017, 408 pages, including illustrations, ISBN 978-606-93327-3-3

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Martin Kohlrausch Brokers of Modernity. East Central Europe and The Rise of Modernist Architects, 1910-1950

Author(s): Ilinca Pop / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2019

Martin Kohlrausch “Brokers of Modernity. East Central Europe and The Rise of Modernist Architects”, 1910-1950 Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2019, 400 pages, including illustrations, ISBN 978-94-6270-172-4.

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Designing Under the Impact of the Land Issue – from Sitte to Bernoulli

Author(s): Franziska Kramer / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2020

Since the latest price increase for housing, the land issue is once again in the public attention. The demand for affordable housing is a recurring topic in the daily news and the need for new strategies in social housing has hence come into focus yet again. Under the pressure of these occurences, architects resume the exploration of new ideas for cooperative housing models and developers start their own respective initiatives in order to shape a new idea of community life.

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Імпульси дизайну України в умовах поступу та соціокультурних трансформацій проєктної культури ХІХ – початку ХХІ століть

Author(s): Stanislav Mygal,Olha Borysenko,Ruslan Skrynkovskyy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 01/2022

The article studies the features and patterns of progress in the design of Ukraine in terms of socio-cultural integration transformations in the context of the formation and development of project culture. The research is based on transdisciplinary methodology, a post-classical paradigm of scientific knowledge, principles of determinism, conformity and complementarity, analysis of sociohistorical and socio-cultural preconditions, integration and development of design in Ukraine as a whole fragment of reality, formation of project culture objects in European context progress design. The impulses and peculiarities of the progress of design in Ukraine in the conditions of socio-historical and socio-cultural integration transformations as a phenomenon of project culture and a component of the national and European cultural space are presented. A set of socio-cultural preconditions, impulses of formation and periodization of design progress in Ukraine, dualistic direction and introduction of professional education in design, translation of European values and national traditions of material and spiritual culture in the environment of project activities, which determined the specific path of its development are revealed.

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The Pursuit of Low Cost and Good Quality. The Changing Judgement of Pre-Designed Family Houses in Hungary

Author(s): Mariann Simon / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2021

“The primordial instinct of every human being is to assure himself of a shelter” - stated Le Corbusier in 1923, as he proposed to solve the problem with mass-produced houses to avoid revolution. Although the master’s prototype was a family house, he was thinking of multifamily housing buildings on an urban scale, and the majority of modern architects professed this view. However, family houses have not disappeared to this day, while especially after World War II they seemed outdated for the newly formed socialist-state countries in Eastern Europe. This paper will summarize the seventy years history of standard family house design in Hungary. I analyze the situation from the perspective of politicians, architects, and builders who were the main participants to this process. How did the communist (later socialist) party judge the topic? How did the architects’ opinion change? Which were the arguments for standardization? How can the situation be followed through the changing name of pre-designed single-family houses: standard, recommended, model?

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ORTA ÇAĞ’DA BİR KALE ŞEHİR: RAHBE VE TARİHİ

Author(s): Ahmet Kütük / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2021

At the present time there are many settlements which founded as a fortification city in the early Islamic period that only ruins survived. Among these Rahba, which is located within the borders of Syria today, is one of the important castle cities whose name is frequently mentioned in the medieval sources. Due to its strategic position on the banks of the Euphrates and especially with its sheltered castle built with double walls, Rahba became a city enviously desired by many rulers from the first period when it was founded by Muslims in the 9th century. Rahba gained more importance as a castle-city after the Crusaders and Mongols came to this region in the 12th and 13th centuries. It has frequently changed owners among many local rulers as a result of the power struggles. The city, which lost its previous importance after the Ottoman domination, is a settlement that has only ruins belonging to the castle. In this article will be given information about the foundation of Rahba, its historical geography, political, geographical, economic, social and architectural situation in the consideration of various medieval sources.

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KIRSAL ESTETİK BAĞLAMINDA HABİTUS VE MEKÂN KÜLTÜRÜ SENTEZİ: ORMANA DÜĞMELİ EVLER ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Arzu Yilmaz Aslantürk / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 37/2022

The place, which tries to accurately describe the character of the countryside from past to present, is the product of geography. Considering the geographical and climatic characteristics of Anatolia, the local architecture and traditional housing texture form the cultural pattern of the place. Rural settlements, shaped by the physical environment and their unique lifestyle, reflect the cultural mosaic of Anatolia. The settlements, which differ from region to region and even from village to village in the same region, are shaped by topographic structure, physical and cultural conditions. In the rural life, which represents an area that is compatible with cultural values, where natural conditions are evident, the concept of habitus, which is fed by the relationship that people establish with place, appears. The word habitus has many conceptual meanings, factual content and effects, including sociological, economic and cultural, which are very closely related to social life. Bourdieu's concept of habitus expresses the basic stock of knowledge that people have in their minds as a result of belonging to certain cultures and adopting the values of that culture. In this context, the culture of space nourished by historical details and common memory creates habitus with common belonging, architectural texture and cultural identity. In the light of the information given, the aim of the study is to evaluate the cultural adaptation of the house in the context of rural aesthetics in the synthesis of habitus and space of Ormana district located in Akseki-İbradı Basin. In this context, in the study, the boundaries of habitus were drawn in the sociological theme of the countryside and it was concluded that cultural heritage had an effect on traditional house architecture.

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Familia Prošek şi contribuţia ei la modernizarea capitalei Bulgariei

Author(s): Anca Irina Ionescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2011

The five members of the Prošek family − the brothers Jiří (Gheorghi), Bogdan and Jozef, and their cousins Jiří, Teodor şi Václav, architects and engineers, had a major contribution to the modern aspect of the Bulgarian Capital City. They came to Bulgaria before and immediately its liberation from the Turkish yoke and put their services and knowledge to the service of the young state, in an attempt to help it turn into a modern European civilisation. The first of them to come, Jiří, had also a major contribution to the War, when the delayed the Turkish army and helped the Russians and Bulgarians to win a battle. The Prošek contributed to the building of emblematic monument of Sofia, such as Orlov Most and Lăvov Most, as well as the Monument to Levski. They also started the modern Bulgarian beer industry and Jiří, in his capacity of chief architect endorsed the main urban planning design of Sofia.

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ARŞİV BELGELERİYLE 19-20. YÜZYIL EDİRNE VİLAYETİNİN EĞİTİM TARİHİ VE YAPILARI ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Author(s): Merve Arslan Çinko,Zeynep Eres / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2022

In the 19th century, when modernization began in the Ottoman Empire, education became one of the most important issues in which innovations were applied. In addition to legal and administrative changes, modern educational institution started to open throughout the country. Although modern schools were opened mostly in central settlements, many schools were opened in the central and rural settlements of the Edirne province which is adjacent to the capital Istanbul. In this article, it is aimed to analyze the development of modern education in Edirne province and the educational institutions which were opened in the 19th-20th century. Based on archive documents, the existing and opened new schools were identified, and the quality of education and the physical condition of the schools were revealed. In addition, the educational buildings that have survived to the present day from Edirne, Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, and Gallipoli Peninsula, which are within the borders of today's Turkey and were included in the Edirne province in the 19th century, were determined through the field studies. Another aim of this study is to reveal the changes in buildings and evaluate their architectural style.

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XVII. YÜZYIL SONLARINDA KÖSTENDİL (ILICA), RADOMİR VE SİRİŞNİK KAZALARINDA İDARE, NÜFUS VE YERLEŞİM

Author(s): Musa Sezer / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2022

Kyustendil is a city in southwestern Bulgaria today. Bulgaria is located at the intersection of Serbia and Macedonia. Kyustendil was a Balkan city captured by Sultan Murad the First in 1372 without entering into war. Konstantin, who declared his allegiance to the Ottomans, ruled the location. Shortly after he died in 1395, the city became starboard of Rumelia. The 15th century was when Kyustendil started to gain its identity as a Turkish-Islamic city. Significant developments in architecture and public works took place in this century. This situation was influential in the city’s population growth as understood from the cadastral record books of the 15th century. By the end of the 16th century, the cadastral record books were replaced by the extraordinary tax record books. Although these record books do not provide as much descriptive data on the demographical and settlement characteristics as the cadastral record books for historical research, they give light to the present time in these areas by their various qualities such as exquisiteness and conciseness. In this study, the villages and neighborhoods connected to Kyustendil (Ilıca), Radomir, and Sirisnik counties under the Kyustendil Starboard in 1695 will be evaluated in terms of population-based on extra-ordinary tax record books. These record books will be compared with the book dated 1668, later found to be the previous extraordinary tax record book. Muslim and non-Muslim populations living in the neighborhoods and villages connected to the city center will be identified, and a comparative ratio will be specified between these two items. In this way, the religious structure of the population will be outlined. Civil and military people of residential areas will be identified and their rate in the city’s total population will be analyzed.

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Shelter City

Author(s): Rusu Anca Oana,Enache Cristina Iuliana / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The reality that invades us, unpredictable and until yesterday seemingly improbable, proves that history continues to be written according to the same rules that seemed obsolete. From an anthropological point of view, looking at our lives, the pursuit of resources together with the lack of empathy and education is a generating mixture for conflicts. The consequences of the immediate war neighborhood are being felt more and more strongly in the urban environment, through the influx of refugees who need shelter. However, some of Romania's cities should soon solve the excess of existing shelter capacity. Initiating a strategy to establish the optimal process for shaping new poles dedicated to the construction of shelters will be able to prevent a possible major imbalance at urban, social, economic level. The paper aims to formulate criteria for the integration within a city of optimal locations for temporary shelters for refugees, as well as the necessary stages of preparing the population for acceptance and involvement. The originality of the study is due on the one hand to the previously unaddressed topic due to the unique moment we are in - end of the pandemic, beginning of the war, and on the other hand to the identified social peculiarities - people to whom the spaces are addressed: uprooted partial families, consisting only of children and women, traveling with or without pets. It is the opportune moment that, in a multidisciplinary architectural-urbanistic vision, the city to explore its panacea capabilities, through an empathic approach.

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