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This article is about the migration and the settling down of Seljuk Turks in the Bulgarian region that received the name Dobrudja after becoming part of the Ottoman empire. Professor Hristo Matanov is following the notion stated in the article and gives arguments concerning its authenticity.
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This article gives information about one of the three figures of intellectuals that surpassed the ideas of their time from the book "Three champions for Christian-Muslim unity". In 15th century Nicholas of Cusa found similarities between the Holy Bible and the Koran. He accomplished that in time when Byzantium was wiped from the world map from the hordes of the rising Ottoman empire and shortly after the fall of Byzantium, Bulgaria too fell under Ottoman rule.
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The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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The presented report in this article is valuable document that presents the true motives for the Russo-Turkish War form 1877.
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The article follows and analyses the policy of the Ottoman rulers regarding the migration movements that took place in the nineteenth century (until 1878) in the territories of the Ottoman Empire inhabited by Bulgarians. The author outlines the main objectives and directions of the migration policy of the Ottoman power in the Bulgarian lands, the means used for their realization and the achieved results. It is noted that the migration policy carried out by the Sublime Porte played an important role not only in the demographic and socio-economic development of the Ottoman Empire but also in the Bulgarian national development during the National Revival period. That is why this policy should receive due attention from the Bulgarian historiography.
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The paper deals with the preparations for the Vidin uprising, conducted mainly in March and April of 1850. The background and role of Jovan Teodorović, organizer and planner of the insurgency, are explained, as well as his arrest by the Serbian authorities. Teodorović’s detailed war plan and list of his fellow conspirators are presented. It is shown that preparations for the uprising continued after his removal, led by village chieftains from the Vidin, Belogradčik and Lom kazas and monks of the Rakovica Monastery. Serbian policy towards the insurgency is discussed and certain indications about possible Russian involvement are stated. The paper is based on previously unused documents of Serbian origin.
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The article follows the development of the church-national movement of the Bulgarians in the Vidin Diocese in the period of its highest activity on the eve of the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate. The author presents the main accents of the involvement of local communities in the national initiatives – the participation in the Easter action in the spring of 1860, the resistance to the partial settlement of the dispute with the Patriarchate of 1867 and 1868, the commitment to the initia¬tives on the proclaiming of the Firman for the establishment of the Exarchate of February 27, 1870. On the basis of various sources, the opposition actions against the two Patriarchal Metropolitans, Paisiy and Antim, were traced. A conclusion is made about the important role of the border diocese for the whole course of the struggle for ecclesiastical and national sovereignty during the Revival period.
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The Liberation War of 1877–1878 is often described as a string of combat and diplomatic games. This paper presents a slightly different face of that war – the ideological-cultural one.The author examines a concrete example of engaging Russian society and state with the cause of the conflict and their commitment to the soldiers. How did a Czech travelogue from the end of the 16th century and its translation become part of the Russian-Turkish war? For what reasons was that writing chosen to help soldiers’ destiny? Clarifying the questions asked will unravel a less familiar perspective of events that happened 140 years ago. It helps us to understand that the history of Christian-Ottoman communication and its understanding in the nineteenth century had its role in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
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Ponovno smo na tragovima franjevaca u Bosni. Svoje traganje ovoga puta počinjemo pojavom Turaka i njihovim osvajanjem Bosne 1463. godine, ali ćemo se posebice zadržati kod franjevaca u Fojnici.
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Registers of travel permits for Bulgarians, issued by the Ruse Municipality, stored in the Ruse State Archive, contain unpublished reports of alleged two short visits of Levski to Ruse in early September and mid-October 1869. These documents, despite the fragmentary information, contain invaluable information about not yet sufficiently studied aspects of the everyday life of the Bulgarian society during the Revival period, specific information about the genealogy research and reconstruction of the past regarding the intensity of trips of Bulgarians through Ruse and their ultimate goal. It is assumed that the Vasil Ivanov, registered on September 10, 1869, was Levski, who visited Ruse to meet a Polish emigrant, Rachkovsky (that is the name mentioned in the cited document, but probably it is Mr. Rovinski). The second visit is in the middle of October when Levski made an unsuccessful attempt to build a secret channel, Ruse – Giurgiu, to carry the revolutionary correspondence (the revolutionary channel Bucharest – Giurgiu – Ruse began functioning in the second half of 1871)
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This study is dedicated to one of the most critical periods in the life of Vassil Levsky. Based on survived records and documents as well as on the survey of the achievements of the medicine at that time an attempt is made to reveal his disease at the beginning of 1868 and the surgical intervention that followed. The critical evaluation of the scarce information points to the diagnosis of tuberculosis which caused chronic mesoadenitis combined with local abscess and a long lasting fistula was formed following the surgical manipulation. Appendicitis as well as actinomycosis is also discussed as possible alternatives.
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The article presents in original and translation an unpublished source, stored in the Istanbul Ottoman Archives, which refers to the early history of the BRCC. The documentary tells of two meetings of the Bulgarian Central Revolutionary Committee (BRCC) held in Bucharest late 1869 – early 1870 and provides valuable information about Vasil Levski’s participation in the meetings. The author of the report speaks of the revolutionary preparations of the Bulgarians in Bucharest and describes the meeting of the conspirators who discussed the idea of a revolt in the Bulgarian lands in the spring of 1870. The source characterizes Levski as “one of the most active and energetic agitators … very famous.”
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The study is dedicated to the various factors which prevented the successful integration of some domestic slaves and ex-slaves into the Ottoman society as well as to the two main forms of slaves’ societal self-exclusion – slave fugitivism and slave criminality. An attempt was made to delineate some characteristic features of these phenomena. Slave integration and slave exclusion are viewed as a reverberation of the very ambivalent essence of pre-modern Islamic slavery that regarded slaves as both things and persons. The porous boundaries between integration and exclusion are illustrated with several examples of fugitive slaves or slaves involved in heavy crimes who despite acting in violation of the law appeared to be well incorporated in the (marginal) segments of the Ottoman society. The text is based on multiple sources but mostly on documents derived from the kadi registers.
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First prison in cities was established in 1555 and quickly, became widespread in the European continent. The prisons that were first setup in Europe then in America in 1773, have developed new forms in limiting freedoms. Before the modern prisons, Ottomans have imposed fines to mild to moderate crimes while, heavy offences were punished by rowing in the empire’s galleys or by being confined to a fortress. During the Ottoman period, the other form of punishment was shackling. This was defined in the documents of the Ottoman Archives with a phrase “confinement to iron” and it has been noted that this punishment was also imposed in the late Ottoman period. In general, the research informs about the prison establishment as one of the the Westernization attempts of the Empire. Karesi Prison was singled out as an example to illuminate the escapes, bribery and corruption that prevailed under the light of the documents of the archives.
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The purpose of this study is to determining the pros and cons of the ladder and double sided recording method and to reveal the effects and contributions of the methods to the state accounting development. The study was completed by literature review and document review. In this work, from the foundation of the Ottoman State to the day,ladder method and double sided recording method have been examined two methods used in government accounting. In the development process of the methods, the books used in the state accounting and the changes contributions of the methods to the state accounting development. As a result of the study, from the establishment of the Ottomans to the day, the development of two methods for many years can be considered as the success and stability of state accounting. Since the ladder method is designed for state accounting according to the requirements of that day, progressively, private sector became ineffective over time with its activation and growth. Together with the private sector, profitability became important, and the double sided registration method was introduced in Tanzimat period.The location of the ladder method taken from the east, has received a double-sided registration method from the west. Together with the Tanzimat period, under the influence of the new method, both accounting books and accounting organization have been changed. This change is continuing with the application of E-book which is a new application with the effect of technology today.
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This paper analyses the attitudes toward the Armenian Diaspora in early modern Polish society through a close examination of the issues viewed as burning by the contemporaries. The paper is focused on three such burning topics – a) the ‘price revolution’ and, in connection therewith, mercantilism; b) the growing level of consumption (“redundant luxury” – zbytek nierozmyślny) and the fears of social disorder aroused by it; and c) the Ottoman threat (real and imagined). The paper argues that there were a variety of discourses on the Armenians because the discourses were influenced by the different answers to the challenging issues presented by the representatives of various social estates – noblemen (szlachta), clergymen (duchowieństwo) and burghers (mieszczaństwo). Therefore, the attitudes to the Monophysite Armenians in Polish society were mostly shaped not as part of the Counter-Reformation agenda (as was the case with respect to Protestants and the GreekOrthodox), but rather within the framework of economic (mercantilism), social (consumption), and psychological/political (fears of the Ottoman threat) issues.
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It is assumed in the history of language that the main phase of infl uences of the Turkish-Tatar languages is the 16th and 17th centuries. They were caused by linguistic and cultural contacts the background of which was largely political and military. The infl uences are indirect borrowings (through the medium of the Ruthenian languages, the Hungarian language, and the German language) or direct ones. An example of the latter is the Turkicism sandżak ‘an administrator of a district in the Ottoman Empire, a military commander’, which – as a result of adaptation processes – was equated with the original Polish form sędziak, constituting an interesting example of lexical heterogenic homonymy.
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The article analyzes the information on the socio-economic situation of the falconers from the groups of the shahin and cakir falconers, according to the information of two Ottoman registers of 1560. The falconers who served for the inner courtyard falconry service, such as the cakir and shahin falconers from Sofia and Vidin’s sanjak, were among the most privileged. They were exempt from ispence, tithes, and taxes on sheep and beehives. The falconers of the Nikopol and Silistra sanjaks, as well as those of Philibe and Pazardjik kazas, despite of having their office-lands, they paid taxes on sheep and bee hives, and in cases where their plots were in the Doganci-basi timars, they were also taxed with ispence and tithes. When they did not fulfil their service and did not obtain the required certificates, the falconers had to pay the equivalent of the rayet taxes, a large part of which included the fee for a dead bird (falcon) – murde beha. Falconers’ office-lands included fields for planting cereals, vines and meadows. The plots were not very large, but since they were not taxed, in most cases they were enough to feed a household. A group of falconers served only to be exempt from state extraordinary taxes and services. These people were obliged to pay ispence and cizye (jizya), taxes on sheep, pigs and beehives. In most cases these are newly registered falconers or brothers and sons of falconers from old falconers’ families. Despite the differences in status, falconers of all categories had the potential to become an economically active and wealthy social bracket. The exemption from the various components of state extraordinary taxes and services over time became an essential privilege that benefited even falconers without office-lands and taxed with cizye.
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In the National Library in Sofia under the signature of Rц ХVІІ.2 a Russian Prayer printed book from the 17th century is preserved. On pages added later there are three groups of notes written by priest Hristo. The third group of notes from 1760 have the character of a short chronicle. The first nine notes indicate the number of years passed between important Biblical events. The following eight notes are dedicated to historical events from the creating of the Slavonic alphabet to the capture of Constantinople in 1453. Probably the source of the evidence is a Serbian short chronicle. Priest Hristo is one of the last writers who follow the medieval model of describing history.
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Based on published and newly discovered unpublished sources, as well as the existing historical research on the topic, the author reconstructs the church-national struggle in Sofia in the years after the end of the Crimean War (1856). The events in Sofia are discussed in the context of the national struggle for an independent Bulgarian church and in comparison with the similar activities in Plovdiv at the same time. Two main moments in the church movement in Sofia attract the attention and form the cores around which the source material is focused: the reaction in the city after the secession from the Patriarchate of Constantinople on 3 April 1860 in the Bulgarian church „St. Stefan“ in Constantinople – two months later Sofia’s Bulgarians also renounced the Patriarchate and reinforced this with relevant changes in the municipal self-government; the dramatic events in Sofia in 1861 when the citizens of Sofia defended their previously stated position on the church issue by refusing to accept the patriarchal bishop – Bulgarian Dorotheos.
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