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HUDÂVENDİGÂR VİLÂYETİ’NDE İSKÂN EDİLEN GÖÇMENLERE OSMANLI DEVLETİ TARAFINDAN YAPILAN YARDIMLAR (1878-1900)

Author(s): Nursal KUMAŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 08/2016

After the second half of the 19th century, the immigrants coming from the Caucasus and the Rumelia caused great difficulties for the Ottoman administration. The government transferred the immigrants to temporary housing areas and met their subsistence needs, and made efforts to create permanent housing areas. The immigrants' problems were addressed by the government and tried to be solved by means of immigrant commissions created in the provinces under different names. In this period, the first group of immigrants came to the province of Hudȃvendigȃr in 1878. After this date, the Ottoman Government looked for a solution for various problems of the immigrants by establishing the Immigrant Housing Office in the provincial center of Bursa. The primary problem of the immigrants was the meeting of their need for food. For this purpose, the immigrant commissions provided immigrant families with grain for bread and meal. At the same time, the government seeking to solve these problems of immigrants permanently by allowing them to cultivate, provided immigrant families with seeds in addition to the allocation of land. The second important problem for the immigrants was to meet their housing needs. It was extremely important for the Ottoman administration to keep the immigrants in specific areas and prevent them from scatter around. The only way of achieving this aim was to provide the immigrant families with permanent houses to reside. For this purpose, the government either provided the immigrants with areas suitable for building their houses or preferred to build these houses in person and give them to those in need. Besides providing the immigrants with food and houses by means of local administrations, the government helped them in many ways such as exempting them from various fees, taxes and military service; supplying them with facilities of health, education and transportation expenses; giving them coal or issuing them with tezkire-i Osmaniye (identity card). The government did these aids either for free or on credit or sometimes resorted to aids by the benevolent people of Bursa to lessen the load on it to some extent.

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Казак-алаят на Садък-паша

Author(s): Aleksandar Zlatanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

This article presents the establishment, development and the end of the Christian military units within the Ottoman Empire, which were composed mainly of Bulgarians and Poles. These units were also known as Ottoman Cossacks regiment or Kazak alay. At the same time the article chronicles the life and activities of their founder – the Polish émigré Michal Czajkowski. First, he was a representative and top agent of the Balkans within the powerful Eastern agency, headed by Prince Adam Czartoryski and later on he converted to Islam and was appointed as brigadier general in the Turkish army. The paper also reveals Sadyk Pasha’s connections and influence over the Bulgarian National Revival first as a top agent and later as commander of Ottoman Cossacks regiments, because his activity is exceptionally related with the Bulgarian lands.

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Udział żołnierzy polskich (poborowych z Królestwa Polskiego) w walkach o wyzwolenie Bułgarii i echa wojny rosyjsko-tureckiej 1877–1878 r. na ziemiach polskich

Author(s): Stanisław Wiech,Jacek Legieć / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article provides interesting information on the participation of Polish soldiers mobilized in the Russian army during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. Throughout the conflict the Polish soldiers made almost one-fifth (55,000) of the Russian army – privates and over 1,000 officers, many of whom occupied leading positions. In the naval and land military operations died about 8,000 to 10,000 Polish soldiers. The war had strong repercussions in the Polish society and kindled the hope for gaining more national freedoms, which the Poles associated with a possible Turkish victory. This gave rise to the spread of many and various types of rumors. However, attempts of the Poles to put the Polish question on the agenda of the Berlin Congress remained without success. The negative for them results of the war were followed by deterioration of their situation, which was associated also with the name of General Iosif Gurko who was appointed as Governor-General of Warsaw.

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Пътепис на Михаил Чайка-Чайковски като документ за населението в Източна Македония

Author(s): Desislava-Devora Atanasova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The paper deals with a little known in Bulgaria but reprinted in Europe text of the Polish émigré revolutionary Michał Czajka-Czajkowski (Sadyk Pasha) for his journey in 1861 in Eastern (Vardar) Macedonia, first published in the third edition of his novel Wernyhora, wieszcz ukraiński (1862). It contains travel notes about settlements of high significance for the Bulgarians, such as Enidzhe Vardar, Voden, Ostrov, Banitsa, Bitola, Prilep, Veles, from where Tchaikovsky continued his journey towards Skopje and Kosovo. This Balkan area with predominantly Bulgarian population is discussed by the active participant in the events on these lands in the second half of the 19th century amid a broad historical, political and cultural anthropological context. The narrative is accompanied by critical comments with references to European history and particularly to the history of the Poles. The politician in exile has managed to find parallels between the situation of the oppressed people in two empires – the Bulgarians who had lost their independence in the Ottoman Empire and his compatriots in the Russian Empire during the division of Poland between three countries.

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Преселването на българите в Дунавските княжества по време на Руско-турската война от 1806–1812 г. в историографията

Author(s): Ivan Duminika / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

The researchers collected a large body of ethnographic and statistical data about Bulgarian migrants during the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. At the same time, historians have developed different views on the reasons for the resettlement of Bulgarians. Several researchers (A. Klaus, W. Konobeev, N. Kazakov, St. Doinov, I. Nistor) noted that the interest of the tsarist government in setting the Bulgarians on state lands was primarily explained by economic challenges: the need for economic development of the region’s most thinly populated and a nationwide market. Appreciating the system of state development activities in South Russia, some of them (E. Belova, G. Dragomir, I. Mescheryuk) illustrate the relationship between of its external and internal aspects that cast tsarism to encourage migrants who passed to the right side of the Danube. Still, a group of historians (K. Veliki, I. Greek and N. Chervenkov) were able to show the interaction of reasons: political - interest of tsarism, the result of wars, economic - lack of land for the Bulgarians, social - persecutions and repressions of religious forms that contributed to the resettlement of the Bulgarians to the north of the Danube. Another group of investigators (S. Arbore, T. Holban, P. Cazacu, L. Boga), set themselves to the task of showing that the migration of Bulgarians in Bessarabia had no effect on the Romanian nature of given territory and, unreasonably, tried to prove that number of Transdanubian migrants was lower than the official statistics show. Finally, it must be said that the subject resettlement of Bulgarians during the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 is not fully displayed in special studies, which should stimulate the historians to research unexplored materials from the Romanian archives, which can lead to reassessment of some old interpretations and formulations.

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Щрихи към историята на Кримската война във Варна и Добруджа. Отношението към войната, чуждата страна и „другия“

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

On the grounds of documental sources and memories of contemporaries the author investigates the different and contradictory attitudes of the main ethnicities, represented in Varna and Dobrudzha (Turks, Bulgarians, Greeks, Tatars, Wallachians), toward the European (chiefly French) soldiers and officers who used to sojourn in the region during the Crimean War (1853-1856). The similarly quite contradictory attitude of the French toward the local people has also been examined in the article. The French introduced to the native population the achievements of the modern civilization. Among them were the newest innovations in the area of the communications (the post, the telegraph), as well as the ideas of the Modern Age, which rejected all kinds of violence on the human personality, the injustice, the Oriental habits. Thus, the initial reticence of the local Christians toward the French gradually turned into sympathy. The Crimean War stimulated important processes in the Bulgaria’s revival society, in its economic, political and cultural development.

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Българското Причерноморие в пътеписа на Лафит-Клаве (1784–1787)

Author(s): Alexander Sereda / Language(s): Bulgarian,Russian Issue: 1/2014

The position of military engineers on the reconstruction fortresses Hodzhabey and Ochakov. A description of the towns and villages of Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Ethnographic notes of Bulgarian traditional culture in the 18th century.

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Илия Цанов и борбата за митрополитския престол в София през 1872 г.

Author(s): Milena Tafrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2014

Extremely interesting, intriguing, exciting and eventful are Iliya Tsanov’s career and life path. He successively held a number of posts, like a clerk in the local Ottoman administration in Vidin, chairman of the Trade Court in Sofia, delegate of the Bulgarian National Parliament, minister of the foreign affairs in the Bulgarian government and last but not least, he was a defender of Botev’s chetniks (soldiers) in the Turkish Court. Iliya Tsanov was born in Vidin, but his life was strongly and deeply connected with Sofia, where he settled down in 1868. There Tsanov built up a reputation as an influential person and became a part of Sofia elite. The high status in the society allowed him to play a major role in the dispute around the Bishop throne in Sofia in 1872. The Bishop issue sharply polarized the opinions among the notables in the city and resumed the old conflicts in the Bulgarian community. Tsanov was among the few Bulgarians, who supported the nomination of Dorotey Sofiyski. The best illustration of Tsanov’s determination and actions are his letters to Dorotey, which were kept in the personal fund of the cleric. Those documents are the basis of the current article.

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„Нищо друго освен правото на покровителство ...“: робската интеграция в Oсманската империя в светлината на отношенията между господари и роби (по материали от Централните Балкани, средата на XVI – началото на XVIII век)

Author(s): Olga Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2016

The centre of this study is the topic of the melting in the Ottoman “cauldron” of those captive aliens who, after their enslavement, filled the ranks of the so-called domestic slaves. In the development of this issue, a more special approach was chosen, with emphasis not on the role of the Ottoman state as a regulator of integration-assimilation processes, but on the slave integration “from below”. The aim is to reveal those specific relationships and interactions between the two sides of the “master-slave” dyad which contributed most to the effective incorporation of the enslaved in the Ottoman society. Regarding the territories included, the study covers the Central Balkan region. It is based on diverse sources, including unpublished Ottoman documents from the Sijiles of the cities of Sofia, Russe and Vidin from the middle of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th century. In the course of her work, the author analyses, in a Central Balkan context, some well-known mechanisms for slave integration (such as Islamization, for example) and a number of others that have been either undeservedly underestimated or completely neglected in specialized studies such as: labour and linguistic integration, marriage, assimilation of the Ottoman style and way of living, creation of a network of contacts in the host society, etc. The socialization of slaves is outlined as a process not only gradual but also lengthy. Starting in the first days of the slave’s stay in Ottoman territory, this process continued to evolve with varying degrees of intensity, defined by a number of factors, including the formal legal status of each individual slave (e.g. mazun, mucatib, mudebber, „ordinary” slave, etc.) The process of socialization was far from ending neither with the Islamization of the slave nor with their emancipation. The article emphasizes the active participation of the slave-owner and his family in all stages of the slave socialization, especially in the post-emancipatory phase when, under Islamic law, the relationship between a former slave and a former master grew into a patron-client relationship. The practical dimensions of these patron-client relationships are revealed through several “case studies”, made on the basis of hereditary inventories of six freed women slaves, died in Sofia in the 1670s.

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Обедняване на населението в Анхиалска каза средата на XVII – 30-те години на XVIII век

Author(s): Dimitar Nitsov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2016

The present study aims to trace the progressive impoverishment of the population in Anhialo and the subsequent stagnation in the economic progress of the region against the backdrop of the social, economic and political processes that took place in the Ottoman Empire in the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century. What we are pursuing in this work is to summarize, compare and complement the research of authors who previously worked on the particular topic.

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Към биографията на епископ Иларион Ловчански

Author(s): Yordan Minchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2016

Ilarion Lovchanski, who was elected the first Bulgarian exarch, was one of the first Bulgarians to be ordained as the Bishop first of Aksiopol and later of Lovech. In 1868 he broke decisively with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, chaired the Church-People’s Council and participated in the Epiphany Action. He is the first and last Exarchic Metropolitan of the Kyustendil Diocese, chairman of the Local Committee „Unity”, and participates in the work of the Constituent Assembly as a deputy „by rights”. The article presents new facts about the ministry of Ilarion in his capacity as a Protosingel of Metropolitan Neophit of Turnovo and as the chairman of the cathedral “St. Apostles Peter and Paul”, responsible for the parish of the newly-built temple of St. Nicolas in Tarnovo; about his ordination as the Bishop of Axiopol - the first bishop Bulgarian after Sofroniy Vrachanski; about his complicated and delicate activity as temporary administrator of the Turnovo Diocese after the Crimean War, as well as about his relations with individual Revival figures in the beginning of the church struggle of the Bulgarians.

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Темата за Руско-турската освободителна война (1877–1878 г.) в творчеството на руския историк-емигрант А. В. Флоровски

Author(s): Aleksandra Trifonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/2016

The aim of this text is to present briefly the works of the well-known Russian historian- émigré Anthony Vassilievitch Florovsky (1884–1968) that have to do with the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 and the first years of restored Bulgaria. These works not only enrich the historiography on different problems associated with that important period of Bulgaria’s new history, but also extend the ideas of the development and of the image of Russian émigrés’ historical thought, and also show Florovsky’s purely human, friendly feelings towards the people of Bulgaria.

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L’idée de la richesse et de la pauvreté que se faisaient les paysans non musulmans, sujets du Sultan, reflétée dans la Chronique de Papasynadinos de la première moitié du 17e siècle

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2016

This study aims to shed light on ideas and notions of wealth and poverty, shared by the non-Muslim peasants of the region of Serres, as reflected in the Chronicle of the Greek priest Synadinos. He speaks in his manuscript of himself and of what happened in the lives of the people of the town of Serres and of those of the surrounding villages in the first half of the 17th century. The people that Synadinos describes carried fragments of the real life, of the ideas of wealth and poverty, of getting rich and being impoverished in the everyday life of medieval people. The study reveals that the Christian moral code, which people should respect in their daily behaviour, as well as their personal qualities and choices in life, played a major role in the formation of these ideas. And finally, one should mention the role of the Empire policy with its decisions and actions and their impact on the Ottoman subjects.

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Русско-турецкая война 1877–1878 гг. и российское общество (по материалам Пензенского региона)

Author(s): Larisa Aleksandrovna Koroleva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2016

In article forms of participation of the population of the Penza province in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878 are considered. During military operations in the region reception and treatment of wounded soldiers which were organized with assistance of local authorities by the Penza management of Society of care about wounded and sick soldiers were carried out. In the province the temporary hospital has been created, in hospitals special extra beds, etc. were put. At hospital the senior doctor V.D. Vladimirov has opened 6-week courses on training of nurses. As a rule, the medical personnel worked gratuitously. Natives of the Penza province actively endowed means in fund of hospital, in favor of wounded soldiers and to their families, etc. Practically all estates of the province, including peasants did charity work. Not only money, but also warm clothes, a blanket, etc. endowed. The church has also made the contribution to collecting small donations. Money in favor of families of soldiers arrived, mainly, from the organizations (The Penza City Council, the Insarsky zemstvo, etc.). Professional actors and amateur theater-goers put charitable performances, carried out literary musicales, etc. from which means went for support of wounded, slav brothers, etc. The newspaper “Penzenskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti” published numerous materials about the Russian-Turkish war, awakening a patriotic spirit of local population. Natives took part in the voluntary movement, battled at the front (the 121st infantry Penza regiment, the 40th infantry division, the 64th reserve infantry battalion, the 160th infantry Abkhazian regiment, etc.).

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1893 Chicago Exposition and Ottoman Navy

Author(s): İskender Tunaboylu / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2016

International expositions having been started in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century have shifted to the continent of America from the end of this century. All countries, including Ottoman Empire, have been invited to the expositions held in Chicago for the 400th anniversary of discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. Ottoman Empire defined as the sick man of the Europe has spread on effort to be able to be a member of the developing world by presenting a modern Ottoman look in Chicago Exposition. Turkish participators having shown the Ottoman culture and products in Chicago with their mosque, fountain, and hippodrome have been rewarded with forty five medals by Chicago Exposition Commission. Ottoman administrators have exhibited the technological development of the country with the products manufactured in Tersane-i Amire and Telegraph Surveillance Factory in the Chicago Exposition. The fleet which have been locked in the Golden Horn after ascending of Sultan Abdülhamid have been awarded with five medals. These rewards having contrasted with the existing condition of the navy are the result of the success of Tersane-i Amire in fine processing. Despite its success in the fair, the navy having left to corrode and of which culture have been destroyed was not to be able to fulfil the duties given for defending the homeland in the following period and Ottoman Empire was to pay a heavy price for the negligence. In preparation of the subject, Ottoman Archive documents of the Prime Ministry are benefited from as well as Naval Museum Archive documents.

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DER ADLER DER GESCHICHTE MOTIVE ZUM KULTURELLEN GEDÄCHTNIS DER ARMENIER

Author(s): Jürgen Gispert / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2011

Monuments serve to compress events and inform us about the way a culture deals with its past, as reflected in the Genocide Monument in Armenia’s capital, which was built in memory of the 1.5 million Armenians murdered in 1915. The associated museum displays documents from countries that have thus far acknowledged the Genocide. Each of these documents presents an inherent problem internationally, however, which is intensified by the very absence of some, namely those of Turkey and the USA. The present decision-making process around a European Union-wide law, concerning genocide denial, embraces the dimension of political memory. The current discourse on Genocide recognition must therefore be identified as bipartisan. In the first part, I will contrast the Brussels’ legal petition, attempting indirectly to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, with the EU-centred policy of cultural memory. The motives underlying the Armenian submission can be explored in another way on behalf of Armenian culture. These motives become more apparent in my discussion of the background to a memorial tablet on the Sardarapat monument, which was built in memory of the Armenian battle against Ottoman invaders in 1918.

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CANNIBALISM AS HIGHLIGHTED BY A CASE FROM THE OTTOMAN LAW COURT OF SOFIA, 1027/1618

Author(s): Recep Çiğdem / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2011

This is a study of cannibalism in the light of a case from the Ottoman law court of Sofia. To give the reader a historical background, first a short history of cannibalism will be given, then the approach of the Muslim jurists to the relation between the sanctity of human flesh and its consumption during the condition of dire necessity will be investigated. This article will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the rare case of cannibalism in Islamic environment.

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THE INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE AND TOBACCO TO THE MID-WEST BALKANS

Author(s): Aleksandar Fotić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

Based on many sources, the paper makes an attempt to identify the social effects produced by the rising use of coffee and tobacco in the Balkans, and to mark out similarities and differences with respect to associated developments in other parts of the Ottoman Empire and in the European countries. The Balkans was a very interesting contact zone where influences of two civilisations intermingled and where all developments were largely dependent on the attitude of the majority population, the non-Muslim Ottoman subjects.

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ВМОРО и надзора над стопанския живот в Македония и Одринско (до навечерието на Балканските войни)

Author(s): Elena Aleksandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2017

The article explores the economic policy of the IMARO (Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization) in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace in the period to the Balkan wars, illustrating its effect on the local population. The mechanisms through which IMARO entered the economic everyday life of both areas and the results of these actions are presented. On the basis of rich source material the concrete interventions in the sphere of agriculture, urban economic life and the tax system are highlighted. Tracing of the elements of this economic policy, known as ‘disciplinary process’, the importance of the change in the economy in both areas for both the Organization itself and the population is clarified. It is shown how with its concrete activities of social control over the everyday life IMARO managed to fulfill its program maximum in the field of economy in the villages and cities of Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. As a result, a process of disintegration of the Ottoman agrarian system began in both areas, and the tax revenues to the treasury were shifted to the organizational funds as a serious revenue. To a lesser extent, unlike agriculture, the Organization was able to set foot on urban markets as well.

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TWO FIRMANS OF MUSTAFÄ II ON THE REORGANIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN COURIER SYSTEM (1108/1696)

Author(s): Colin Heywood / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2001

The present article publishes text and translation of two firmans of Mustafa II, dated 1108 (1696), taken from copies in the cadi registers (sicill) of Thessaloniki, regulating the reform of the Ottoman state courier and post-station (ulak/menzilhdne) network with regard to the Rumelian sol kol (Via Egnatia). The firman texts are designed to be studied in conjunction with the commentary in the author’s study of the Rumelian sol kol in E. Zachariadou, The Via Egnatia under Ottoman Rule (1380-1699) (Rethymnon 1996), pp. 129-144.

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