The Structure of the Uniate Turau‑Pinsk Eparchy in the 17th and 18th Centuries

Author(s): Wojciech Walczak / Language(s): English

The author of the book examined the organizational structure of the Uniate Eparchy of Turov and Pinsk in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He based his works on extensive literature, and above all, on extensive source material. He based his conclusions on the material acquired in archives and libraries in Poland and abroad: Vilnius, St. Petersburg, Minsk, Kiev, Lviv, Vatican City, Rome, London and Stockholm. The paper has been divided by the author into 6 chapters and an introduction.

A gyulafehérvári hiteleshely levélkeresői (1556-1690)

Author(s): Emőke Gálfi / Language(s): Hungarian

After the secularization of the Catholic ecclesiastical institutions in 1556, a new era had begun in the history of the place of authentication of the Chapter of Transylvania, which resided in Alba Iulia. This period has been characterized by a specific and totally different evolution of this institution, which was no more under the control of the Church. For the purposes of conducting its charter issuing activity, lay letter searchers (requisitors) were appointed by the princes, who were also paying these office holders. The majority of the members of the Chapter have left the country together with the bishop Paul Bornemissza (who’s chair remained vacant for a long time), and those who remained in Alba Iulia were converted to Protestantism. They became the office holders of Queen Isabela and, after a while, of his son, prince Ioan Sigismund of Zápolya. The fact that some earlier members of the Chapter continued their work at the place of authentication proves that the state apparatus of the newly born Principality needed these intellectuals who had been previously educated by the Catholic Church. For almost 20 years, the place of authentication and its archives had been given very limited tasks. The institution didn’t dispose of a very important object used in the authentication process of the documents, namely the seal of the Chapter. This object has been probably taken by one of the canons, who left together with bishop Bornemissza. For this reason, the appointed office holders could only transcribe the documents kept in the archives of the Chapter. That’s why they were called requisitores, which means “letter searcher”. The reorganization of this institution took place in 1575, when the requisitors were granted all the previous tasks: a new seal was given to the place of authentication, which was similar to the earlier; the requisitors among transcribing the documents started to issue different charters and to fulfill external activities on the demand of the princes (entering into possessions, boundary inspections, etc.). Starting with 1556, the requisitors were appointed and paid by the princes and the character of the Chapter’s archive has changed as the time passed: not only the documents created by the place of authentication have been kept here, but also the Libri Regii, tax registers and legislative documents. As a result of these changes, the archive became the institution that preserved the most important documents of the Principality and at the same time the reputation of the office holders grew. So, it was natural that during the period of the Principality, the office holders of the place of authentication were chosen very carefully by the princes from the members of the Transylvanian intelligentsia, which had close ties both with the Unitarian Church and the Reformed Church. The first chapter describes the birth of the requisitorial office and the secularization of the Catholic ecclesiastical institutions. This chapter, based on the consulted documents, proves that the ecclesiastical estates (including the lands owned by the Chapter) were already given to Queen Isabela and his son in 1556, and they haven’t been returned to the Catholic Church, as one could suppose from the contradictory laws issued at the end of that year. The volume continues with the description of the period until 1575, when the appointed requisitors’ single task was to search and transcribe documents. The reorganization that took place in 1575, based on a detailed written instruction dated at the end of that year, made the charter issuing activity of the requisitors of this institution comparable with the activity of the Chapter before the secularization. These characteristics remained unchanged until the end of the period of Principality.The second chapter presents a detailed analysis of a group of intellectuals represented by the requisitors of the Chapter of Alba Iulia. The chapter starts with the presentation of this institution’s structure and also discusses both the way the requisitors were appointed by the princes, and their duties and privileges. This chapter emphasizes the fact that the institution needed well-qualified personnel, and the requisitors needed to be well-trained in matters of paleography, Latin and legal issues. Romanian or German language proficiency often constituted an important advantage. It seems to be proven that the majority of the office holders spoke one of these languages.Due to the fact that the prestige of the Chapters archive constantly grew, the requisitors have been entrusted with multiple new duties and responsibilities. In addition to these responsibilities, they were also granted some privileges.As regards the estates and other properties possessed by the requisitors, it became obvious that many of the office holders were given goods and possessions by the clients of the place of authentication, in return for their services. The charters granted property rights of movable assets and real estates, and these rights represented the evidence of ownership in trials. For the clients who were taking part in actions for the ownership of properties it was of great importance to find these documents in the Chapters archive and to obtain their transcripts. The services of the office holders were rewarded with different donations.It’s well-known that during the Middle Ages, the personnel of the places of authentication consisted of clergy members who studied at Western universities or at the chapter or monastic schools attached to the chapters or convents. After 1556, the place of authentication from Alba Iulia was no longer under the jurisdiction of the church, but the society, in which this institution functioned, still remained religious. During the first period after the secularization, the earlier members of the clergy were appointed as requisitors and they have worked there until the reorganization that took place in 1575. After that, the personnel consisted of lay intellectuals, many of them with theological training. We may say that the majority of them have received higher education and have studied at Western European universi ties. A good example is the carrier of the chronicler of the court Gáspár Bojti and the personal librarian of Gabriel Bethlen, Mihály Barsi.In addition to the above mentioned objectives, our purpose was to characterize the social class from which the requisitors originated, to describe their previous career and the time they served as a clerk at the archives. We concluded that before being appointed to this office, the clerks were often notaries of the princely chancellery and sometimes this office constituted a gift for different services rendered on behalf of the princes. It was also proven that every clerk became a noble at the end of his career as a result of his services rendered at the place of authentication on the request of the princes and other clients.The third, longest chapter presents the biographies of 37 requisitors. Among them there were important figures of the Transylvanian cultural history, such as the chronicler István Szamosközy and Gáspár Bojti.The volume presents the members of a group of intellectuals who worked in the probably most important charter-issuer institution during the period of Principality.To reveal the role and importance of these office holders, it is enough to have in mind the character of the Transylvanian society, based on the possession of estates. Nevertheless, the requisitors were members of an intellectual class that continued the heritage of the Medieval Era, they’ve had close ties with the Church, which supported their activity.

Az erdélyi Csákyak

Author(s): Klára Papp / Language(s): Hungarian

The monograph gives an overview of the Transylvanian branch of the Csáky family from the mid-seventeenth century up to 1742, the extinction of the male line and examines the efforts of the female line, until the Csákys’ possibilities to preserve their name, rank and landed estates are traceable, that is, the middle of the nineteenth century. The first chapters of the volume discuss the great seventeenth-century predecessors of the Csáky, who moved from Transylvania to the Kingdom of Hungary and established, then strengthened their landed possessions and political authority. Especially, István Csáky, remembered as „Great” in family tradition, who was a General of the Principality of Transylvania and Captainin-Chief of Prince István Bocskai, as well as his sons, two talented politicians, István Csáky, Lord Chief Treasurer and László Csáky, Lord Chief Justice, both belonging to the circle of Lord Palatine Esterházy, who based the prestige of the Kingdom of Hungary branch.The family correspondence describes the relationship of Lord Chief Treasurer as contradictory with his children, of whom he had a good opinion of only the middle son of the same name, István, the elder son, Francis, and the younger, László turned against him. Concerning their political views and relations all the three young gentlemen went off the path set by their father, the two older ones maintained good relations with Miklós Zrínyi, the younger held together with the opponent of the father, György Rákóczi II.The Transylvanian branch marks the third son of István Csáky, Lord Chief Treasurer, László and his descendants, who returned to the Transylvanian lands, and wished to found their future upon farming and their estate revenues. One of the basic tasks of the research was to explore the history of the Transylvanian branch. Historical literature has so far much neglected the denominator László Csáky and his political and military role, furthermore, the fate of the descendants, their functions in Transylvanian political life, and the situation of the family holdings has almost never been seen in historical scholarship. László Csáky could not administer his Transylvanian estates for long since he lost a good part of his holdings because of his role in the Béldiconspiracy against Prince Apafi, and was only able to return from his Turkish captivity through Poland and Vienna during the great anti-Ottoman war of the end of the century, taking on a military task on the side of the Habsburgs. Contemporary diary entries show how deeply he was resented by the Transylvanians, which he was only able to change working hard for long years. István, the son of the Transylvanian László Csáky was appointed Főispán (sheriff) of County Kolozs in 1699, after the death of his father.Together with his younger brother, László he was striving to regain their Transylvanian holdings. It is now unanimous that in the War of Independence led by Francis II Rákóczi the sons of the Transylvanian László Csáky both László (who died in 1708) and István – who had formerly been a follower of Imre Thököly – supported Prince-Governor Rákóczi, from whom they hoped for and did in fact receive landed donations.Of the two Csáky brothers taking part in the War of Independence it was the elder, István who was to strengthen the influence and possessions of the family. The lord, who retained his power and authority even after the War of Independence, had really substantial properties.Beyond the lordships of Almás and Buza in County Doboka he obtained that of Szurdok, moreover, regarding the Bihar County holdings (Köröszszeg and Adorján) ha could come to an agreement with László Csáky of Tata from the Kingdom of Hungary branch.The fate of the two sons of the főispán of Kolozs, Zsigmond and Imre Csáky largely affected the eighteenth-century history of the family. While the son of the late seventeenth-century Lord Chief Justice, István Csáky, Cardinal Imre Csáky was addressed by Ödön Málnási as „Széchenyi of the 18th century”, his name-sake nephew, Imre of the Transylvanian branch was suffering in the captivity of the Gubernium.It is justified by the correspondence and litigation record that Zsigmond Csáky was to made all effort to gain the estates of his brother imprisoned by the Gubernium. The younger Csáky, keeping his household in Szurdok himself gave a handle to take an action against him since he did not administer his estates in a way that could be expected at the time but treated his villein tenants ill which created a general uproar throughout Transylvania. He was condemned by the Gubernium and had him taken into home custody in Kolozsvár as well as had his estates put under the control of Zsigmond Csáky. It was definitely the elder Csáky brother that was concerned to keep the whole of the holdings, of which he also wished to give his two daughters a share. However, in 1735 he unexpectedly died, therefore the Mikola-kindred was able to achieve to set Imre Csáky free.Imre, who died at the 1742 plague, was naturally to make contacts and come on to good terms with the Kingdom of Hungary branch against his own Transylvanian relatives pushing him to the background. He corresponded with Lord Chief Treasurer Zsigmond Csáky and György Csáky, and finally in his will bequeathed all his goods and chattels to them. After the extinction of the male line of the Transylvanian Csákys (1742) the members of the Hungarian branch entered into a long lawsuit – lasting up until the third decade of the nineteenth century – to regain the Transylvanian possessions, which resulted in a total victory of the Transylvanian kindred, and they managed to preserve their estate holdings for their own descendants only. In investigating the reasons for the quarrel and the process of the litigation it was not only the motives of the descendants of Lord Chief Justice István Csáky that were important but also the interest relations of the Transylvanian family members. For the female off springs wedded from aristocratic families, having a decisive role in eighteenth-century Transylvanian history – Bornemissza, Haller, Bethlen, Jósika – who gave them a most explicit backing so as to preserve the familiar holdings.After the death of Zsigmond Csáky it was in the first place his widow, Kata Haller and his elder daughter, Mrs. György Haller who managed family affairs. It seems justified that the widow favoured Borbála Csáky, holding the Gorbó lordship, thus the couple gained a considerable influence. After the death of Imre Csáky, upon the order of György Haller his grain and livestock were carried to Kaplony and Oláhfenes, his money and jewelry chests to their Kolozsvár house. In 1759 the Haller couple also obtained the mortgage rights of the Bihar Csáky estates. Lease contracts justify that they took up smaller-bigger loans from many persons at many different places in Transylvania, thus they were consciously striving to regain their Bihar possessions, the reason for which being their high productivity.The sources made it possible to examine the ways of farming efforts of the two sisters, Borbála and Kata to manage, gain and preserve estates. The Transylvanian Csákys successfully kept on maintaining their estates along their seventeenth-century patterns. István Csáky, Főispán of Kolozs took a primary part in regaining lands and reorganizing the estate management. Zsigmond Csáky and his wife had great results in the administration of the substantial Transylvanian and Bihar County lands. His elder daughter, Borbála relied in the first place on his husband’s help in estate management, but the younger one, Kata did it on her own. She endeavoured to have her fully powered commissioners and court judges under close control as well as demanded and did in this way receive regular reports from them. She made inquests upon any complaints into any possible abuse, and rightfully recovered the amounts missing in the accounts embezzled by her bailiffs.The basis for Kata Csáky’s independent management was the landed property inherited from his father, Zsigmond Csáky, which guaranteed to make a living on her own even when she was not provided for by his husband. The survived suit records, agreements and commissions however prove that beyond the estates of Szurdok, Almás and Buza the noblewoman did herself wish to increase her wealth. She got hold of Sajókeresztúr and took steps to redeem a part of Sárfalva, near Branyicska in County Hunyad owned by her grandmother. She bought a house in Kolozsvár in 1775, to which she had the neighbouring merchant house owned by Ábrahám Ábrahám attached, what is more, in the spring of 1780 did even purchase another town house on the northern side of the outer Magyar street. She used the mortgaged vineyards between the Bihar County Lüki and Kohány, near the Érmellék wine-district. The composition of the acquired possessions demonstrate that the countess either added to the ancestral lands raising its value in this way (for instance, taking in pledge and appending and smaller part of another estate and its tenant holders to it), or, bought vineyards particularly in good wine-growing regions producing quality wine, which could increase the profitability of the estates. The profits were thus occasionally much greater, especially in years to come, for the descendants than the amounts paid out for the holdings or put out on loan. Kata Csáky’s efforts to make her own living was strengthened by the fact that her second daughter, Rozália Bethlen was born, and her husband, after their first years of marriage tried to keep her under control even more strictly and rudely. In this situation it seems natural that the young noblewoman – relying on her own landed revenues – did all her best to be able to stand on her own legs, and grounding upon her relations secure good education and envisage favorable marriage for her daughter. The husband became also worn out by the 1773 visit of the Emperor in Szeben, and since Joseph did not form a good opinion of the mental capacities and achievement of Miklós Bethlen. It was to be expected that he would be put out of the way, which did occur in a few years.The couple stayed together mainly because of their common interests. The fate of their daughter, Rozália, the scheme, then the realization of her marriage, serving family concerns, with János Csáky of the Kingdom of Hungary branch brought forward a long-lasting community of interests. Rozália Bethlen had three children, and could rightfully hope that she would be able to preserve the Bethlen and Csáky wealth in Transylvania.The family correspondence makes it clear that both branches wished to make use of the marriage to improve their property positions. The Transylvanian branch, with the aid of the father of Rozália, Miklós Bethlen earned a főispán position in County Kolozs for János Csáky, who took up a – according to the Vienna Court disputable – role in suppressing the Horea-revolt. The deterioration of the marriage however put an end to the hopes of Countess Kata Csáky to bring the suit between the two branches into a standstill by way of her daughter’s marriage.Since Borbála’s son, János Haller died childless, his widow’s, Zsuzsanna Nemes’ inheritance, for the most part after her death, passed on to Kata Csáky’s daughters. The seigneurial and villein tenure farming of the lordships, the conflicts in the practice of service and the possibilities of peasant labour are discussed until the death of the younger daughter of Kata Csáky, Rozália Bethlen, or, the division of landed estates that followed it. It is important to see how women were able to take over the management of farming and administer lordships on their own. It is primarily the efforts of the resolute woman of reason, the grandmother, Kata Csáky and Rozália Csáky Mrs. Jósika following her path that can be traced upon, considering them as very peculiar women.Kata Csáky took responsibility for the running of her lordships and had sound economic programs, which went far beyond contemporary conceptions. She did not only make her stewards aware that she found it important to sow wheat in the seigneurial economy and have a most profoundly designed, purposeful production, providing a survey of wholesale marketing opportunities, but also had an active role in running the economy in a utilitarian way, taking into account productivity.The countess took great responsibility in farming, and did even receive new ideas. Her manor houses everywhere had appurtenant kitchen-gardens and orchards, where she had from time to time planted seeds bought from Vienna or Szeben, and employed several (Romanian, German, Hungarian) gardeners, who raised plants in hotbed. However, the progressivism of her economic methods are not only shown by the orange and lemon trees or the fishponds dug near to her manor houses, but also the rich, high quality wheat crops in Almás, but the so called Turkish wheat of Branyicska reserved for wholesale markets, and the number of cattle, sheep and pig recorded in the „Red Book” inventory for sale.After the 1826–1827 land division the Csáky holdings gradually became incorporated into the lordships of the two branches of the Jósika family, and only a small proportion, that of Nagyalmás remained in the hand of the squandering József Csáky, entangled in loan transactions.Of the descendants of Countess Csáky it was Rozália who unanimously became a landholder woman prepared for economic tasks and capable of running farming in a utilitarian way, who, after 1820 wished to initiate reasonable and progressive changes in her Búza estate. Differently from her brother, József Csáky, who traveled to Paris, Rozália got aware of the reforms that could be utilized for her estates, and what she could, she did put into practice. The social position of the countess was a favorable starting point regarding the establishment of the sugar manufacture and the several other initiatives. The wife of the Transylvanian governing body could discover the possibilities of enterprise so much the more than the majority of her contemporaries, if she had enough openness, common sense, initiative and resilience. It seems the concordance of chances and capabilities furthered the successes of the countess. Her letters also reveal the obstacles of the newly launched enterprise: the lack of credit possibilities, the use of loans traditionally available only from Jewish merchants, the setbacks of Transylvanian conditions like the aversion and incomprehension of the villeins of the lordships, the forces taking effect against cooperation, the difficulties of marketing etc.The efforts to regain, increase and run family estates elevate Borbála, but so much the more Kata Csáky, urging utilitarian economy next to the significant estate-managers of the eighteenth century (István Csáky, főispán of Kolozs, Zsigmond Csáky, Gubernium Councillor). The daughter of Rozália Bethlen, Rozália Csáky, brought up by her grandmother, Kata Csáky followed the traditions of the family. Her education, intelligence and ambitions for reform, mainly through the sugar manufacture ranks her amongst the greatest reformer figures of Transylvania. The noblewoman is rightfully seen as the initiator of social policy in Kolozsvár, since she organized an „Association for Noblewomen” that maintained a nursery school for the poor as well as established a hospital at her Gorbó estate. She had her grandmother’s breviaries, and bequeathed a significant botanical collection and library to her descendants. Despite the fact that the contemporaries did not judge Rozália Bethlen well, yet she left behind much less concrete results and personal achievements than her strict but very active and self-ironical mother, Kata Csáky, who was all her life working hard to regain the family holdings, or, her younger daughter, Rozália Csáky, who acknowledged the guiding role of masculine society but was always constantly aspiring for reform and at the same time wishing to change the role of women.The volume devotes a separate chapter to the villein farming of Transylvanian estates and the changes in villein services. Appendices of source excerpts, lists of measurements, sources and bibliography as well as an index are also provided at the end.

Catalogul documentelor Țării Românești din Arhivele Naționale. Vol. IX, 1657-1659

Author(s): Mirela Comănescu,Laura Niculescu,Ileana Dincă / Language(s): Romanian

The IXth volume of the Catalog of Documents of Wallachia includes the summaries of a number of 847 acts concerning the years 1657-1659, of which 583 are originals (561 in Romanian, 18 in Slavonic, 3 in Hungarian and 1 in Greek) . As for the support of the documents used, of the 583 original documents, 24 are written on parchment, while the rest are written on paper. The documents are found in Romania, in the fonds and collections of the Directorate of Central Historical Archives and in the departmental archives of Bistriţa-Năsăud, Braşov, Dolj, Gorj, Prahova and Vâlcea. The collection also includes 4 microfilmed documents and a photocopy identified in the Foreign Archives. The working method was similar to that used for the previous volume. The documents included in this volume contain information that reflects the development of Wallachia in the middle of the 17th century, the end of the reign of Constantine Şerban, the reign of Mihnea the 3rd Radu and the beginning of the reign of Grigorie Ghica. The stories speak of different social categories, their relations and various economic activities: agriculture (the main occupation of the inhabitants of the country), apple growing, viticulture, livestock breeding, beekeeping, trade. We also find information on the functioning of feudal institutions: legal activity, military organization, taxation. There are also many documents that highlight the concern of the voivodes for granting different privileges to monasteries. The collection highlights many documents that highlight the economic and diplomatic ties of Wallachia with Transylvania (especially with Prince Gheorghe Rakóczi and the city of Braşov). It should be noted the continuation of the process of consolidation of the Rumanian writing in spite of Slavonic and the diffusion of this one. This is a reality demonstrated by the large number of acts issued in Wallachia, 14 written in Romanian, also written in chancelleries only by private persons. The book could also arouse the interest of specialists in the fields of the auxiliary sciences of history thanks to the sigillographic, genealogical details, to those preoccupied by the art of the miniature and the watermark, the diplomatic, the onomastic, the toponymy contained in the documents.

Hivatalnok értelmiség a kora újkori Erdélyben

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian

This volume contains the texts of the papers presented at the conference "Officialdom in Early Modern Transylvania" held in October 2015 in Cluj (Kolozsvár). Written on the basis of archival sources the essays particularly deal with the lives, careers and competences of the clerks of the central government of the Transylvanian Principality.

Antytrynitaryzm w Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w kontekście europejskim. Źródła – rozwój – oddziaływanie. Tom X

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The authors present the complex relations between the Polish antitrinitarians (Polish brothers called Arians or Socinians) and representatives of other denominations functioning in the 16th and 17th centuries in the territory of the First Polish Republic. They attempt to place this community in the context of debates and disputes taking place in Europe then. The texts focus on the axiological issues present in the discourse of the representatives of the Polish Brethren and contacts with the European thought.

Od wrogości do przyjaźni. Habsburgowie austriaccy wobec Polski w latach 1587–1592

Author(s): Aleksandra Barwicka-Makula / Language(s): Polish

This work presents Habsburg-Polish relations during 1587–1592 in the most exhaustive and comprehensive possible way. Its new approach toward diplomatic relations of the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs with Sisigmund III Vasa and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is founded on the previously unused sources and a deeper analysis of archival materials, mainly from Vienna’s Haus-, Hof-, and Staatsarchiv, which enabled a reconsideration of a broad range of prevailing assessments and views in historiography.These issues are discussed in four chapters. Chapter one serves as an introduction to the topic. It concerns the main directions and goals of the House of Austria’s foreign policy in the second half of the 16th century and shows the organizational structure and methods of operation of the Habsburg diplomatic service. It also presents Austrian attempts to gain the Polish crown from the 1560s to 1586.Chapter two begins with a characterization of Rudolph II’s reign. Historiographic assessments of the emperor’s engagement in the affairs of countries under Habsburg rule (the Austrian branch) and his activity in the field of diplomacy were recounted. Next, the attempts of the four archdukes: Ferdinand, Ernest, Matthias, and Maximilian to gain the Commonwealth’s throne were presented, as well as their mutual rivalry during the interregnum following Stephen Báthory’s death. This part also highlighted the changing perception of the Swedish prince by the Prague court and its impact on Habsburg diplomacy. Moreover, the course of Archduke Maximilian’s military expedition for the Polish crown, as well as the causes of the election fiasco and the defeat at Byczyna were pointed out.Chapter three presents diplomatic measures undertaken by Rudolph II to free his brother Maximilian and the House of Austria’s stance on the archduke’s imprisonment along with their preferred resolution to the conflict with the Commonwealth. It also raises the issue of Sigismund III’s lack of political independence during the first years of his reign. In this part, a different approach from the one established in source literature to both papal mediation and Cardinal-Legate Ippolit Aldobarndini’s contribution to the peace process was shown. Based on the previously unused record of the Bytom–Będzin parley, which is part of the number 982 manuscript from the Kórnik Library collection, and the correspondence of Austrian commissaries with Rudolph II, barely known to Polish historians, an exact course of the peace talks has been reconstructed.The chapter is concluded with a discussion of the terms of agreement and reaction of the two parties to the news of a peace settlement, analyzed through the prism of ratification procedures.The final part of the book discusses the impact that Maximilian’s refusal to pledge the Treaty of Będzin and Bytom had on Habsburg-Polish relations and personal contacts of Sigismund III with the House of Austria. Moreover, it confronts young Vasa’s offer regarding the succession to the Commonwealth throne made to Archduke Ernst with the plans of the Emperor’s court to gain the Polish crown. The king’s negotiations with the Habsburgs during 1589–1592 are viewed as his attempt to step out of the shade, free himself from Zamoyski’s counsel, and take the initiative and the helm of the Polish-Lithuanian state’s foreign policy. The author sees Sigismund III Vasa’s pro-Austrian stance as a tool to build his own political camp based on the former supporters of the Habsburg candidacy. Chapter four ends with a description of actions of both parties leading to the Polish king’s marriage to Archduchess Anna of Austria, daughter of Charles II of Austria and Maria of Bavaria.This book should inspire further research on Habsburg-Polish relations in the modern era and discussions about the place and role of the Commonwealth on the political map of Europe at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries.

ŠEJH HASAN KAIMIJA - Sin vremena -

Author(s): Mubina Moker / Language(s): Bosnian

Šejh Hasan Kaimija poznat kao Kaimi Baba jedan je od istaknutih bosanskih šejhova XVII st., koji je iza sebe ostavio hvalevrijedan poetski opus. Bio je osoba koja je duhovnošću obilježila svoje vrijeme. Premda vezan za tekiju Kaimija je bio dobro upoznat sa političkim prilikama i stanjem običnog čovjeka. Njegova duhovnost nije bila duhovnost odvojena od problema čovjeka i kao jedan učenjak-intelektualac smatrao je svojom dužnošću baviti se i ekonomsko-političkim pitanjima. Kaimi Babino protjerivanje iz Sarajeva u Zvornik nakon što je protestvovao pred vlastima zbog enormnog poskupljenja hljeba veoma zorno pokazuje njegovu društvenu angažiranost kao kaderijskoga šejha i pročelnika Hadži-Sinanove tekije.

WSPÓŁTWÓRCY ATLANTYCKIEGO ŚWIATA. Nowi chrześcijanie i Żydzi w gospodarce kolonialnej Ameryki Łacińskiej XVI–XVII wieku. Zarys problematyki

Author(s): Henryk Szlajfer / Language(s): Polish

W części zasadniczej nowatorska praca Henryka Szlajfera opiera się na źródłach drukowanych (wizytacje, sprawozdania, dzienniki podróży, rzadziej pamiętniki) oraz światowej literaturze przedmiotu.Czytelnik otrzymuje potężną dawkę mało znanych faktów i ciekawych interpretacji zdecydowanie poszerzających wiedzę nie tylko na temat bezpośrednich konsekwencji wielkich odkryć geograficznych, lecz także losów Żydów wygnanych pod koniec XV wieku z Hiszpanii i Portugalii. Książka niewątpliwie stanowi znaczący wkład w rozwój światowej historiografii i współczesnych dyskusji międzynarodowych.dr hab. Daniel Grinberg, prof. Uniwersytetu w BiałymstokuPrzedkładana Czytelnikowi książka jest odpowiedzią na fałszujące historię uproszczenia i przemilczenia - uzupełnia i w wielu aspektach koryguje obraz pierwszych wieków Ameryki Łacińskiej.Za wyjątkowe osiągnięcie prezentowanej pracy uznać należy m.in. części poświęcone niewolnictwu. Uderza w nich powaga i rzetelność w podejściu do tematu, a przede wszystkim jasne postawienie problemu odpowiedzialności Europejczyków, zarówno chrześcijan, jak i Żydów, za ten barbarzyński epizod w naszej wspólnej historii. W moim przekonaniu ustalenia Henryka Szlajfera wejdą na stałe do literatury przedmiotu i będą nieodzownym punktem wyjścia dla dalszych badań nad obecnością Żydów w procesach cywilizacyjnych Nowego Świata u progu nowoczesności. Skłaniają też do rewizji stereotypowego myślenia o Europie, zwłaszcza o europejskim chrześcijaństwie jako istotnym i pozytywnym wkładzie w kulturę uniwersalną.prof. zw. dr hab. Stanisław ObirekHenryk Szlajfer - emerytowany profesor w Ośrodku Studiów Amerykańskich Instytutu Ameryk i Europy Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego oraz w Instytucie Studiów Politycznych PAN. Visiting fellow i wykładowca na uniwersytetach w Oksfordzie, Genewie, Rochester (USA) i Dar es Salaam (Tanzania). Opublikował m.in.: The Faltering Economy. The Problem of Accumulation under Monopoly Capitalism (współautor wstępu i wyboru John B. Foster; New York 1984), Modernizacja zależności. Kapitalizm i rozwój w Ameryce Łacińskiej (Wrocław 1984), Polacy i Żydzi: zderzenie stereotypów (Warszawa 2003), Western Europe, Eastern Europe and World Development 13th-18th Centuries. Collection of Essays of Marian Małowist (współautor wstępu i wyboru Jean Batou; Leiden-Boston 2010) oraz Economic Nationalism and Globalization. Lessons from Latin America and Central Europe (Leiden-Boston 2012).

Загадка одного портрета: Мария Владимировна Старицкая или Мария (Лупу) Радзивилл?

Author(s): Lilia Zabolotnaia / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The main objective of this study is an attempt to identify one of the portraits of Maria (Lupu) Radziwill, lost more than 300 years ago. The original of the portrait was found by the author in 2019, in the Rosenborg Castle (Copenhagen, Denmark). A copy of the portrait is kept in the State Historical Museum (Moscow). Both in Rosenborg and in Moscow, until now, the portrait was considered a portrait of Maria Vladimirovna Staritskaya. The author, based on comparative and retrospective methods of historical research, in terms of chronology and typology compared already known, attributed images and systematized the data for constructing the arguments. The basis for the refutation of the existing attribution of the portrait was the mismatch of the costume of the depicted lady with the Russian style, era, etc. According to the author of the study, it is the costume of the portrait’s heroine that irrefutably indicates that this is not Maria Vladimirovna Staritskaya, but Maria (Lupu) Radziwill, since it reflects her national origin.

Fin de l’Indépendance Bohême. Vol II. Les premiers Habsbourgs, La Défenestration de Prague

Author(s): Ernest Denis / Language(s): French

LA BOHÊME DEPUIS LA MONTAGNE-BLANCHE. Vol I. Le Triomphe de l’Église. Le Centralisme.

Author(s): Ernest Denis / Language(s): French

I intended to write a book in good faith. I always said what I believed to be the truth, even when I knew she would upset my dear friends; I have tried to judge without injustice the men who are most hateful to me. As for the serene indifference that a certain school claims to claim from historians, I do not believe it and I have never encountered it. Between executioners and martyrs, between tyrants and victims, it is not possible for me to remain neutral; I hate oppression in all its forms, I believe in the triumph of justice, and that is why the cause of Bohemia is dear to me. If she succumbs, which seems impossible to me, the share of inequity, already so great in the world, would be increased. // I did not cover up any of the mistakes of the Czech patriots; I still believe they wrote one of the most beautiful pages in human history. When the day comes when the nations, disillusioned with dreams of false glory, understand that the common interest requires respect for all freedoms, when enlightened consciences have broken the altars of false gods, we will place in the first row of evocative of the new world the Dobrovsky, the Havlíček and the Palacký. They taught us the power of law and the power of dedication; to triumph over the belated hatreds which persist in contesting a victory which is now certain, the Czechs have only to draw inspiration from their lessons. For me, I am convinced that by spreading their names and their doctrines, I will have contributed to uplift the souls of all who will read me and to free them from the prejudices of hatred and pride.

LA BOHÊME DEPUIS LA MONTAGNE-BLANCHE. Vol II. La Renaissance Tchèque. Vers le Fédéralisme.

Author(s): Ernest Denis / Language(s): French

I intended to write a book in good faith. I always said what I believed to be the truth, even when I knew she would upset my dear friends; I have tried to judge without injustice the men who are most hateful to me. As for the serene indifference that a certain school claims to claim from historians, I do not believe it and I have never encountered it. Between executioners and martyrs, between tyrants and victims, it is not possible for me to remain neutral; I hate oppression in all its forms, I believe in the triumph of justice, and that is why the cause of Bohemia is dear to me. If she succumbs, which seems impossible to me, the share of inequity, already so great in the world, would be increased. // I did not cover up any of the mistakes of the Czech patriots; I still believe they wrote one of the most beautiful pages in human history. When the day comes when the nations, disillusioned with dreams of false glory, understand that the common interest requires respect for all freedoms, when enlightened consciences have broken the altars of false gods, we will place in the first row of evocative of the new world the Dobrovsky, the Havlíček and the Palacký. They taught us the power of law and the power of dedication; to triumph over the belated hatreds which persist in contesting a victory which is now certain, the Czechs have only to draw inspiration from their lessons. For me, I am convinced that by spreading their names and their doctrines, I will have contributed to uplift the souls of all who will read me and to free them from the prejudices of hatred and pride.

Relacje między Hiszpanią a Polską w XVI wieku

Author(s): Felipe Ruiz Martín / Language(s): Polish

Taking "Neapolitan sums" as the point of departure for his work, the author discusses the role and place of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Europe through the eyes of Charles V and Philip II. He shows a complicated international game of European rulers to win land in southern Italy. The Jagiellonians play it together with the State of the Church, Habsburg Spain, the emperor, the French monarchs and the Italian princes.

Filip Orlik (1672–1742) i jego Diariusz

Author(s): / Language(s): French,Polish,Ukrainian,Latin

The original of Pylyp Orlyk’s Diary, written in 1720-1732, is deposited in the Diplomatic Archives of the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. The present edition, based on the part of the manuscript encompassing the years 1725 and 1726, is the first Polish presentation of this interesting historical source. Readers of the diary can observe the culture in which the Hetman operated and follow the paths he took in his fight for the freedom of Ukraine, where he is revered as a great national hero. For modern Poles, in turn, Pylyp Orlyk is an in many ways exceptional representative of the First Republic elite.

„Okruchy”. Studia o wierszach odnalezionych w rękopisach XVII wieku

Author(s): Maria Barłowska / Language(s): Polish

Tempus edax rerum – this truth also refers to texts, especially those (what is crucial and characteristic of the 17th-century Polish culture) written only in manuscripts. "The Crumbs…" is a collection of studies presenting discovered in silva rerum, completely unknown, or lost poems (edited texts in annexes). Their diversity and curiosity (as here are nobel erotics, Arian religion poetry, poems created during Moscow captivity, and clock ekphrases) not only attracts attention but also enriches image of the Polish old literature. They, due to details, highlight important patterns of the tradition and mentality of Polish baroque.

INSTRUKCE A ITINERÁŘ PRO CESTU A ŘÍMSKÝ STUDIJNÍ POBYT FRANTIŠKA ANTONÍNA Z DITRICHŠTEJNA V LETECH 1662–1666. POKYNY PRO HOFMISTRA A JEHO SVĚŘENCE – IDEÁL VS. REALITA

Author(s): Zuzana Orálková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Der Artikel stellt die Reisenstruktionen und den Reiseitinerar für Franz Anton von Dietrichstein, Wilhelm von Leslie und ihren Hofmeister Joseph Seim nach Rom vor, wo sie in den Jahren 1662–1666 das Theologiestudium auf dem Collegium Romanum absolvierten und zuletzt in den Jesuitenorden eintraten. Über dieser Studienreise berichtet uns die zahlreiche Korrespondenz des Hofmeisters an den Fürst Ferdinand von Dietrichstein, der als Stiefbruder und Vormund Franz Antons auch der Hauptorganisator dieser Reise war. Trotz ihrer geistlichen Orientierung ähnelte sich diese Reise in vielen Richtungen den damaligen Kavalierstouren – unter anderen geht es auch um die Form und den Inhalt der Reiseinstruktionen und des Reiseitinerars. Ferdinand von Dietrichstein war auch der Autor beider Instruktionen. Ihre Struktur und auch ihrer Inhalt erweisen nach der Komparation mit den bisherigen historiographischen Erkentnissen eine beträchtliche Ähnlichkeit mit den Reiseinstruktionen für die Kavalierstouren. Die einzelnen Punkte der Instruktion werden im vorgelegten Artikel auch im Bezug auf den tatsächlichen Vorgang der Reise präsentiert, wie er in der Korrespondenz kennen zu lernen ist. Ähnlich wird auch der Reiseitinerar behandelt, der auch viele beliebten Destinationen der Kavalierstouren beinhaltet. Dieser Itinerar wurde jedoch aus praktischen Gründen nicht konsequent realisiert, wie der Artikel wieder mithilfe der Belege aus der Korrespondenz zeigt.

Latviešu brāļu draudze dzimtbūšanas laikos

Author(s): L. Adamоvičs / Language(s): Latvian Publication Year: 0

Mißbräuche, Laster und Hochmut. Sitten und Bräuche der Bergbewohner im Spiegel der geistlichen Visitationsberichte aus Albanien

Author(s): Peter BARTL / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Das Siedlungsgebiet der Albaner lag nach kirchlichem Sprachgebrauch „in partibus in-fidelium“, war also Missionsgebiet und als solches der Fürsorge und Kontrolle der 1622 gegründeten „Sacra Congregazione ‚de Propaganda Fide’“ anvertraut. Die Kongregation verlangte von den im Missionsgebiet tätigen kirchlichen Würdenträgern in regel-mäßigen Abständen Berichte über die Situation in ihrem Amtsbereich. Diese Berichte, denen in der Regel eine Visitation voranging, sind von unterschiedlichem historischen Quellenwert.

KAPCSOLATOK A TÖRTÉNETÍRÁSBAN A 18. SZÁZAD HAJNALÁN. Lakatos István és Bzenszky Rudolf

Author(s): Levente Pap / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The integration of the Transylvanian Principality into the Habsburg Empire led to an increased interest in Catholic confessional historiography. This interest was not only of historical nature but also had a topical political function: to put the Catholic confession – which had been marginalized during the reign of the Principality – in a new light in the newly emerging political situation. Under these circumstances, two works on Transylvanian history were written almost simultaneously by Rudolf Bzenszky (1699) and István Lakatos (1702). The two authors not only knew but also influenced each other, and the direction and nature of this is partly known to researchers. The aim of our paper is to provide further data supporting this intercultural relationship.