A szakítások és kiegyezések évszázada: a Magyar Királyság 17. századi története új megvilágításban

Author(s): Géza Pálffy / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 01/2015

The long 17th century, extending from the Peace of Vienna in 1606 to the Treaty of Szatmár in 1711, occupies a special place within the history of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its interpretation has traditionally been determined by the independentist approach of Hungarian romantic national historiography, which was born in the second half of the 19th century. Consequently, as late as the 1950s and 1970s the 17th century was still regarded as the most decisive period of the Hungarian struggles for independence, while in the 1980s and 1990s its most salient feature was identified in the alleged attempts launched from the Principality of Transylvania at the unification of the Hungarian Kingdom. On the basis of several years of archival research, and following in the footsteps of such historians as Robert Evans from Oxford, Thomas Winkelbauer from Vienna and Jean Bérenger from Paris, the author of the present study rather examines the history of the Hungarian Kingdom in the 17th century as part of a relationship between the Central European Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburg court of Vienna and the Hungarian political elite. Within such a framework, the history of Hungary between 1606 and 1711 can be regarded as the century of ruptures and compromises. For the course of the century was determined by five important compromise-systems (1608: Pozsony/Pressburg, 1622: Sopron/Ödenburg, 1647: Pozsony, 1681: Sopron, 1711: Szatmár), practically all of which were elaborated at the Hungarian diet, and were accompanied by ruler coronations (1608: Hungarian King Matthias II, 1622: Queen Eleonora Gonzaga, 1647: King Ferdinand IV, 1681: Queen Eleonora Magdalena Theresia of Pfalz-Neuburg, 1712: King Charles III). Each of these compromises guaranteed the privileges and liberties of the Hungarian estates, and secured for the Hungarian political elite a decisive role in shaping the domestic politics, local administration and judicial system of Hungary. As a result, among all the constituents of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries Hungary was one of the strongest in terms of sovereignty and estate state formation, and absolutism could not be introduced east of the Leitha river. In the light of recent research the topos which regards the Hungarians as “perennial rebels” should also be nuanced. With regard to the 17th century the term of “perennial compromise-seekers” could be applied to them as well. And, finally, the study draws attention to the fact that the history of the Kingdom of Hungary and that of the Principality of Transylvania in the 17th century, despite the manifold contacts between them, cannot be described within the framework of one and the same model or concept, for whereas the former was an important part of the Central European Habsburg Monarchy, the latter belonged to the sphere of interest of one of the strongest states of the contemporary world, namely the Ottoman Empire.

A szatmári bányavidék Bethlen Gábor uralkodásának első éveiben (1613–1620)

Author(s): Petra Mátyás-Rausch / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 04/2016

In the mid-16th century the mining region of Szatmár found itself squeezed to the borderland between the nascent Transylvanian Principality and the Hungarian Kingdom. Its belonging and position became doubtful once again after the death in 1613 of Gábor Báthory, the last Transylvanian prince from this family. As the area was crucially important to both sides from the perspective of both geopolitics and financial administration, the changes which took place over the mining region were profoundly influenced by contemporary politicomilitary events. Unwilling to give up the mining region on the borders, Matthias II, king of Hungary looked for a tenant to head the mining chamber and mining house of Nagybánya (today Baia Mare, Romania) whose loyalty to the dynasty would be in no doubt. It came quite conveniently for the Habsburgs, thus, that the faithful Herberstein family was restored to their estates in Szatmár at this critical juncture. Consequently, the Court Chamber (Camera Aulica) entrusted the direction of the mining chamber to the head of the family, Felician von Herberstein the Younger. Following in the footsteps of his father, the former lessee of Nagybánya, the younger Felician von Herberstein aimed to introduce several important changes into local mining, but these efforts ran counter to the interests of the urban leadership of Nagybánya. As the conflict between the urban magistracy and the tenant became increasingly envenomed, and the financial position of Herberstein had also catastrophically deteriorated by the late 1610s, his former supporters, among them the new captain of Upper Hungary, András Dóczy, abandoned him, and the count’s situation accordingly became untenable. Although the Court Chamber tried to find a new tenant, the first anti-Habsburg campaign of Gábor Bethlen, prince of Transylvania (1619–1621) decisively influenced the future of the mining region. In the winter of 1619 Bethlen conquered Nagybánya and the surrounding castles, and consequently removed Herberstein from his office. “Warfare” between Herberstein and the magistracy of Nagybánya was by no means a unique phenomenon; similar events were simultaneously acted out in other privileged mining towns as well. While not nationalized, Herberstein behaved in the same way as the contemporary urban nobility. He tried to exploit possibilities offered by urban privileges without submitting himself to the obligations and the jurisdictional consequences attached to urban existence. This obviously excited the magistracy of Nagybánya to act, and they defended the interests of the town with surprising determination.

A SZEGEDI VÁR ÉS GÓTIKUS VÁRTEMPLOMÁNAK RÉGÉSZETI KUTATÁSA 1999 ÉS 2010 KÖZÖTT

Author(s): Ferenc Horváth,Ottó Fogas / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2011

Die Studie überblickt die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Erforschung der Burg in Szeged mittels der Zusammenfassung sowohl der historischen Quellen als auch der früheren archäologischen Beobachtungen. Danach gibt sie die wichtigeren Ergebnisse der im vergangenen Jahrzehnt als geplante Grabung begonnenen Forschungen bekannt und fasst schließlich die bisherigen und aus den neuesten Erkenntnissen zu ziehenden Folgerungen zusammen. Die Freilegung der Burgkirche, die das Rückgrat des Forschungsprogramms bildete, hat grundsätzlich neue Ergebnisse erbracht. Denn es hat sich erwiesen, dass die gotische Kirche irgendwann zwischen dem Ende des 13. und der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts erbaut wurde. Im 15. Jahrhundert wurde sie erheblich umgebaut. An ihrer Südseite wurde eine Seitenkapelle errichtet, deren gotisches Sterngewölbe in der Türkenzeit herabstürzte. Aus den an Ort und Stelle entdeckten Rippensteinen konnte das gotische Gewölbesystem rekonstruiert werden. Vor der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts erfuhr die Kirche noch einen weiteren Umbau und am Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde sie abgerissen. Der Chor der Kirche reicht unter das im 18. Jahrhundert darauf errichtete Tor der Kasemattenreihe (Maria Theresia-Tor), in dem derzeit das Burgmuseum untergebracht ist, so dass die vollständige Freilegung auf weitere Schwierigkeiten stößt.

A székelyudvarhelyi Jézus-kápolna

Author(s): András Sófalvi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: VIII/2013

The Jesus Chapel is located at the south entrance of the town Odorheiu Secuiesc. This ecclesiastical building belongs to the group of four-lobe chapels with analogies in the west and north of the Carpatian-basin and Transylvania. Traditional belief dated the building of the Jesus Chapel to the 13th century. The chapel was mentioned in the written sources for the first time in 1602. There are no carved stone elements in its structure. The special technical components of its altar date from the end of the 17th century – beginning of the 18th century. The central picture of the altar, representing Jesus with His bleeding heart and the lamb, are strongly connected with the Jesuit order which appeared in Odorhei at the end of the 16th century. The painted wood ceiling was made in 1677, originally the chapel was probably vaulted. The archaeological researches made in 1973 and 2011 have also given postmedieval dating. Stratigraphical data proved the building of the chapel post quem the middle of the 15th century. The stone and brick crypts discovered in the centre of the building are directly linked to the foundation of the chapel, which was probably a miraculous healing. Although it has been used later as a burial chapel, there are no written documents concerning the founder’s person or their family. The chapels in Gheorgheni (Szent Anna/Saint Anne Chapel) and Sânzieni (Szent István/Saint Stephen Chapel) are in Szeklerland the closest architectural analogies of the Jesus Chapel. Their newest research dated them to the 17th century and marked them as being votive or private chapels.

A Szentszék és a magyar választófejedelemség gondolata a 17. század végén

Author(s): Mihalik Béla Vilmos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2016

The anti-Ottoman war of reconquista conducted in Hungary (1683–1699) was also supported by the Protestant Principality of Brunswick-Lüneburg, several members of the princely family personally participating to the war. In return for the military support, Duke Ernst-August wanted to gain an electoral status, and his efforts were backed by the Prince-Elector of Brandenburg. Negotiations already started in 1689, when archduke Joseph, the son of emperor and Hungarian king Leopold I, was elected King of the Romans. The Catholic Electors followed the events with worry, especially from 1691, when the discussions between Ernst-August and the Viennese court started in earnest. The elector treaty (Kurtraktat), which was concluded on 22 March 1692, elicited more considerable resistance from the Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire, who feared both that the equilibrium between the confessions would be disrupted, and that the balance of power between the electoral and the princely colleges would be changed. The Catholic princes, and especially the bishoprics in the vicinity of Brunswick-Lüneburg, expected support from the Holy See. But the Holy See was unwilling to interfere with internal disputes within the Empire, especially with regard to the broader European situation, overshadowed by the Nine Years’ War. Yet it did maintain contacts with the Catholic imperial estates through the nuncios of Cologne and Vienna. It may have been from there that the idea of creating a new Catholic Electorate emerged. The idea, relating concretely to the Kingdom of Hungary, was first raised in the spring of 1692. A year later, in April 1693, Viennese nuncio Sebastiano Antonio Tanara came forward with this possibility once again. Parallelly, however, the restoration of rights carried by the Bohemian electoral vote was also proposed. One and a half decades later, during the War of the Spanish Succession, this latter solution was in fact adopted, although in a different political situation. But the very idea of a Hungarian Electorate shows that, after securing the hereditary succession of the Habsburg dynasty in Hungary (1687), the idea of connecting the Kingdom of Hungary to the Holy Roman Empire by elevating it to electoral status was also considered in Viennese court circles. The Hungarian estates were too powerful for such a plan to have real chances to succeed, however. Consequently, it remained no more than an interesting episode in the emergence of the Electorate of Hanover.

A szigeti Bartos család: társadalmi felemelkedés az erdélyi fejedelmi hivatalnokság alsó rétegében a 16–17. század fordulóján

Author(s): László Glück / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The service of the king played a particular role in upward social mobility in premodern Hungary, as the monarchs – thanks to the specific sovereign rights – had opportunities not comparable with that of the other members of society to reward subjects dear to them. Many commoners also managed to acquire nobility or seigneurial rights in the 15th and 16th centuries, thanks to their erudition (literacy and proficiency in Latin) which made it possible for them to be employed in the monarchic administration. The government of the Principality of Transylvania, a new state that emerged in the eastern part of Hungary in the mid-16th century, played a similar role. The present study gives the history of a family as an example of this.The father lived in Sziget, a small town in the north-eastern region of Hungary, and his profession possibly was that of a saddler. His sons were given an education. Péter started working at the Princely Treasury as an auditor (rationista), György supposedly served in the Princely Chancellery as a scribe, and István had been the private secretary to lords, and then worked as a scribe of the Princely Chancellery. The father already had been ennobled by a charter (this was usual among craftsmen from the end of the 16th century), and his sons were granted exemption for their plots in Sziget by the Prince. After the untimely death of the two elderly brothers, only István remained alive; he was awarded with estate donations as well by the Prince, and then entered into a marriage with a noblewoman from a well-to-do seigneurial family, inheriting landed properties by his marriage as well. After all, he used the cash from his father’s heritage or his court service to purchase the landed properties from different landlords being in difficulties. He attached great importance to good farming on the acquired landed properties. Old seigneurial families immediately accepted him, the homo novus, as one of them: this is clearly shown by the marriages of István and his children.

A Szilágyság és a Wesselényi család (14–17. század)

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2012

This volume contains the edited texts of the papers presented at the conference "Sălaj (Szilágy) Region and the Wesselényi Family in the 14–17th centuries" held between 7 and 8 September 2012 in Cluj (Kolozsvár). The essays deal with the estate system and the political and economic history of the medieval Sălaj (Szilágy) region (Middle Solnoc/Szolnok and Crasna/Kraszna counties), as well as with the history of the Wesselényi family archives and the early modern history of the Wesselényi family.

A Territory of Grace: Lampedusa during Early Modern Times

Author(s): Simon Mercieca,Joseph Muscat / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2013

A Wesselényi-féle összeesküvés

Author(s): Ignác Romsics / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 02/2018

Although the Ottoman forces heading towards Vienna suffered a crushing defeat from the Christian troops on 1 August 1664 near Szentgotthárd, the imperial War Council decided to sign a peace that recognized all of the previous Turkish conquests and forbade the pursuit of the fleeing enemy. From the Viennese court’s standpoint, this was a logical decision, because the ruler, Leopold I was preoccupied with the impending extinction of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and the inevitable war of succession that would break out. The troops were being kept in reserve for this. The Hungarian nobles, however, who hoped that the victory would signal the start of an anti-Turkish campaign, which would result in the whole of Hungary being liberated, became deeply dismayed. The most illustrious dignitaries of the country – Ferenc Wesselényi (Palatine), György Lippay (Archbishop of Esztergom), Ferenc Nádasdy (Lord Chief Justice) and Péter Zrínyi (Ban of Croatia) – all swore to oppose the emperor in order to create a Hungary independent from the Habsburgs with foreign help. After long preparations this conspiracy led to the armed uprising in 1670, that came, however, to naught and the Viennese court made an example of the plotters to serve as warning. It sentenced the chief conspirators to death by beheading and to loss of lands; the rest saw part or all of their property confiscated. It was following this that Leopold proclaimed the so-called legal forfeiture doctrine as the pretext for introducing open monarchical absolutism. Due to the resistance of the Hungarian nobility, however, his attempt failed.

A zsarnócai csata (1664) – török szemmel

Author(s): Balázs Sudár / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/2016

In the course of the 1663–1664 Habsburg–Ottoman war, the grand vezir Fazil Ahmed Pasha arrived to the Hungarian marches in 1663, and caused considerable losses there: he took the castle of Érsekújvár, and thereby practically severed the upper Hungarian counties from the small remaining part of the kingdom. In the current state of affairs, each victory had more than average importance, not only militarily but also from the perspective of public feeling. It is thus not surprising that these generated high-sounding accounts, taken over by later historiography as well. Exactly such an event was the battle of Zsarnóca on 16 May 1664. According to their own reports, the Christians won a great victory, and even the enemy commander was said to have died in the encounter. Ottoman sources, on the other hand, report on no such thing, no defeat is mentioned, and the Ottoman leaders continued to figure in later events, a clear indication that they did not die. What happened then? The Christians probably remembered their success in preventing the pursuing Ottomans from annihilating them, which enabled them to retreat in a more or less orderly way from the siege of Léva. Under the given circumstances, it was indeed quite an achievement. For their part, the Ottomans opined that their primary task was not the annihilation of the enemy host, but the relief of Léva. This they in fact achieved, and the action was thus regarded as a success. This, however, only reflected two different perspectives: while the Christians emphasized but one episode of the campaign, the Ottomans regarded the whole sequence of events.

A zsidók utolsó kiűzése Bécsből és Alsó-Ausztriából

Author(s): Dávid Kaufmann / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 2002

David Kaufmann’s most important historical monograph "Die Letzte Vertreibung der Juden aus Wien, Ihre Vorgeschichte (1625-70) und Ihre Opfer" (Vienna, 1889; also in Hungarian) deals with the history of the Jews in Austria in the 17th century and provides also a deep outlook on the history of the Jews in the neighboring countries.

Abdurrahman Hıbrî ve Hadâyıku’l-Cinân’ı

Author(s): Osman Ünlü / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2018

Short story is of the most important type of the types that are based on narration in classical Turkish literature. In classical literature which work of story in the form of a mecmua or books that have been arranged for a certain purpose. One of the works in which the stories are arranged in a certain order is Hada‘ik al-jinan. Hada‘ik al-jinan was written by Abd al-rahman Hıbrî, in the first half of the XVIIth century. The works of eight episodes, such as "Gardens of Heaven", draw attention to the copyrighted stories. Hada‘ik al-jinan, which is also important for the reflection of the daily life of the period, was introduced for the first time in this article in general terms. Copies of the work, to whom it was presented, and are given infotmation about the date of writing. In addition to this, it is aimed to have general knowledge about the contents of Hadâyiku'l-cinan, which is read in eight sections constituting the works and which are summarized.

Abrenuncjacja od substancji rodzicielskiej w świetle akt grodzkich przemyskich z lat 1651–1657

Author(s): Marcin Gluszak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

The act of abrenunciation (renunciation) was a commonly practiced legal action before the Polish courts for nobles, conducted by a woman upon contracting marriage, or entering a convent. It consisted of acknowledgment receipt of a dowry by the husband or convent, and of the woman’s renunciation of any further rights to the family estate. The statement, according to the chancellery standards, was to be presented orally for the record in the court for nobles. The legal effect of abrenunciation was the surrender of any and all further claims to the inheritance against the current owners of the family estate.

Academia ca for științific suprem: originile sale în lumina modelului oferit de Italia secolelor XV-XVII

Author(s): Veronica Turcus / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 56/2017

The Italian Peninsula, through its well developed and institutionally highly organized cities, had offered a shining example for the setting up and supporting the academy, as a space for literary, philosophical, historical and scientifically debate. Their large number, most often in the same city, indicated the enhanced interest of the urban patriciate for literature, art and science, becoming a model for other European territories and societies of the Modern Era. The study systematically shows the efforts to create and preserve the academies in the Italian Peninsula, providing informative and historical documentary material on them. The entire reconstruction and debate intend to bring, by highlighting the evolution in time, notable contributions to the knowledge of a prestigious institution toward which were targeted the efforts of the society’s elite in the early Modern Era.

Adalékok Inczédi Pál működéséhez I. Apafi Mihály fejedelemségének idején

Author(s): Ágnes Szalai / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2019

Despite the fact that Pál Inczédi was one of the outstanding members in the Principality of Transylvania at the end of 17th century, his career is lesser known in Historical Sciences. He started his early career in the princely court as a valet of prince, Mihály Apafi I. Not much after that, he moved up in the courtly hierarchy, he served the princess, Anna Bornemissza as a secretary (secretarius). Subsequently – certainly, by means of the princely couple’s trust – he won one of the most important positions in the princely court, he started working as a butler (thesaurarius aulici). Besides the courtly service, Inczédi attained prominent functions in the fiscal management too. Initially, he was granted the office to operate the Saxon’s tenth as a supremus decimator, after that he gained one of the most important functions (praefectus) in the economic administration. Moreover, he had other political roles, which denotes his outstanding influence. On one hand, he worked in the legal domain as an assessor and elected judge, on the other hand, he bode continuously in the princely court at the end of Apafi-era and there he organised the top level of the government. The aim of this paper is to present the above-mentioned details of Pál Inczédi’s career in the princely court and in the central government of the Transylvanian Principality under the Apafi-era stage by stage. Moreover, my intention was to identify the duties connected to his titles and to provide a review for his allotted donation, which he received for his services.

Adam Kaźmierczyk, Rodziłem się Żydem… Konwersje Żydów w Rzeczypospolitej XVII–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Kamil Kijek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 40/2017

Review of: Adam Kaźmierczyk, "Rodziłem się Żydem… Konwersje Żydów w RzeczypospolitejXVII–XVIII wieku"; Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków2015, ss. 324. Studia Judaica Cracoviensia. Series Dissertationum V,cura et directione Andrzej K. Link-Lenczowski by: Kamil Kijek

Adattár iványi Fekete László füleki alkapitány jobbágyainak személyneveiről (1670-1684)

Author(s): László Fülöp / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2017

Onomastic Examination of a 17th Century Relic of Historical Linguistics

Adeliges Selbstverständnis in Siebenbürgen. Stephan Bocskay im Spiegel seiner Briefe während des Aufstands von 1604

Author(s): Maximilian Kutzner / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2014

Ohne Zweifel gehört der siebenbürgische Fürst Stephan Bocskay zu den eindrucksvollen Persönlichkeiten der ungarischen Geschichte. Auf dem Heldenplatz in Budapest wurde er anlässlich der Milleniumsfeiern 1896 zusammen mit Stephan I., dem Heiligen, mit Matthias Corvinus, Lajos Kossuth und anderen mit einem Denkmal geehrt. Bocskay gilt noch heute vielen Ungarn als Prototyp des aufsässigen Helden gegen die Übermacht der Habsburger. In der Zeit des ungarischen Nationalismus im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Lieder und Gedichte über ihn verfasst und seine ruhmreichen Taten gepriesen. Die deutschsprachige Geschichtsforschung behandelt ihn jedoch weitgehend stiefmütterlich1. Oft werden seine Taten und der Aufstand, den er an der Spitze der siebenbürgischen Nobilität gegen die Habsburger anführte, nur im Kontext der Widerstandsaktionen des ungarischen Adels gegen die kaiserliche Besatzung betrachtet. Dabei verdient gerade der Aufstand der Jahre 1604/1605 eine gesonderte Betrachtung, nicht zuletzt wegen der umfangreichen Briefkorrespondenz, die der Fürst dazu hinterließ.

Ahmet Kankal: Türkmen'in Kaidesi Kastamonu (XV-XVIII. Yüzyıllar Arası Şehir Hayatı)

Author(s): Deniz Sefaattin / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 11/2006

Review of: Ahmet Kankal "Türkmen'in Kaidesi Kastamonu (XV-XVIII. Yüzyıllar Arası Şehir Hayatı)", Ankara 2004, 387 pages, by: Şefaattin Deniz

AKAIDSKA MISAO HASANA KAFIJE PRUŠČAKA U DJELU “CVJETOVI BAŠČI U KOMENTARU DŽENNETSKIH BAŠČI”

Author(s): Zuhdija Adilovic / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 64/2015

Hasan Kafi Pruščak is one of the most renowned Islamic scholars in Balkans. In the field of Aqaid he wrote a number of outstanding works of which “Gardens of Paradise on Principles of Creed” (Rewdatul-džennat fi usūl al-i‘tiqādāt) is one of the most significant wherein he summed up most relevant works on Aqaid studied in Islamic schools of our area in that time. This book was translated and published in our language. As the book received much attention, upon requests of some distinguished people, he wrote commentary on this work and titled it Flowers of the Gardens in interpretation of The Gardens of Paradise (Ezharur-rewdat fi šerhi Rewdatul-džennat. Regrettably, this book is not well known to our readers due to the fact that it remained unpublished for a very long time, then it was edited and published in Arabic language. In this article the author presents this work of Hasan Kafi, his motives for writing it, Kafi’s attitude towards ‘Ilm el-Kalam, methodology and sources he used and some of the issues in the field of Aqaid treated by Kafi in his works.