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Review of Sidney Mintz: Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History
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Global warming is the most serious problem of our age. The most permanent measure to be taken against this problem is to ensure that individuals receive an effective and well-equipped education, free from misconceptions, which are obstacles to the efficiency of education. In this study, it is aimed to develop a four-stage diagnostic test that can reveal the misconceptions of pre-service science teachers about global warming. The sample of the study, in which the survey approach was used, consists of 401 pre-service teachers studying in the science teaching department at different universities in Turkey. The results show that the test is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine the misconceptions, scientific knowledge, and lack of knowledge about global warming. In the study, the factor with the highest percentage of pre-service science teachers’ scientific knowledge and misconceptions was the consequences of global warming, while the factor with the highest percentage of lack of knowledge was calculated as the greenhouse effect factor. It is recommended to use the test to determine the current situation regarding the level and areas where the misconceptions of individuals are concentrated to improve the missing or faulty areas in the science curriculum.
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The last communiqué summarising the radiocarbon dates of the Late Würm period, published in an archaeological periodical, reflected the situation of research one and a half decade ago. In the last two decades, apart from an increase in the absolute number of C14 dates, the interdisciplinary research of the period based on an ecological approach also yielded several important new results. The synoptical table summarises the results achieved on the field of various branches of science dealing with the period between the Interpleniglacial to the Late Glacial period, the life span of the Gravettian entity. On the time scale, the sites are presented according to traditional (non-calibrated) C14 BP dates. The Ságvár stage is a technical term used for a wider period extended over the temporal limits of the Ságvárian culture, determined by traditional archaeological methods. The eponym site for both names is the site Ságvár-Lukasdomb, the archaeological industry and the stratigraphy of the Palaeolithic settlement. The interpretation of the columns of the synoptical table is the following: Among the archaeological sites, the ones having a C14 date are underlined, the others are ordered temporarily on the basis of their cultural affiliation. In the column of sediment, the series of loess and fossil soil layers are marked using the traditional chronological classification and nomenclature applied for several decades.
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This study is the edited version of the inaugural lecture presented at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 21st of March 2002 by Miklós Szabó. Its main objective is the presentation of processes unfolding as a result of the encounter of the Roman civilisation and the Celtic culture, based on the history and archaeological heritage of the Aeduan tribe of Central France. The analysis is based on, to a large extent, the evidences of the Mont-Beuvray European Archaeological project. The expedition of the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest joined these excavations since 1988. The Hungarian investigations were directed at, in the beginning, the main road of the oppidum and resulted the unexpected observation that this important axis determining the structure of the town Bibracte originated in the period 120 to 80 B.C. At the same time, the archaeological material also testified that intensive trade relations between the Aeduan capital and the republican Rome preceded essentially the time of Caesar. As a direct consequence of these contacts, Central Gallia attained a stage of real monetary economy instead of the so-called tribal monetary system. The use of the Greek alphabet was spread simultaneously. The settlement history of the locality following the Roman conquest was enriched by the Hungarian excavations with data on the insula containing the “Large Forge”. During these works, the first public building of Bibracte was discovered in 2001, erected in all probability between 50 and 30 B.C. Finally, one of the most important conclusions of the study is separating the Romanisation phase of the urban development in Bibracte from that of the developments encountered during the period of the Celtic independence. This recognition is in good accordance with the view stating that urbanisation in the Celtic world was prepared by the economical changes originating from the Italo-Celtic environment in the 3rd century B.C., the acceleration of which could be influenced by new type contacts with the Hellenistic world.
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Both green organisations focusing on food sovereignty and feminist associations have a long history in Hungary, but their programs and goals have barely found common ground in the past decades. Literature exploring food sovereignty practices shows that more attention has been paid to the grassroots movements' discourse than to the lived experiences of women and men involved in local food production. In this multi-authored paper, the HerStory collective spots the Hungarian green and feminist initiatives' common grounds and addresses the current food sovereignty research gap. It explores the concept and practices of food sovereignty from the perspective of women living and/or farming in rural Hungary. Furthermore, it uncovers what problems and solutions, individual struggles and coping strategies emerge on the periphery of green and feminist initiatives. Academic and activist approaches simultaneously applied in this paper in the following three parts: (1) review of green and feminist initiatives, (2) a methodological account and semi-structured interview analysis (3) recommendations regarding collective actions in the food sovereignty movements and a solidarity base available for women and communities outside the movements' zone.
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Fredreric Jackson Turner’s seminal essay on the significance of frontier in American culture interestingly posits the development of railways as extension of the buffalo trail. The presentation of his ideas in 1893 not only followed the announcement of the closing of the frontier by the superintendent of the U.S. Census (1890), but was also the time of the near-extinction of bison whose number declined from about 600,000,000 at the end of the 18th century to 300 in 1900. In the paper I will try to tone the Indian traders’ transformation of the buffalo trail into a railway with the replacement of buffalo herds by cow droves as well as the popularity the song “Home on the Range” which in a way mythologized the domestic coexistence of people with the roaming buffalo. Drawing from Thoreau’s hypothesis that cows are buffalos within and capable of reasserting their “native rights,” I will look at some examples of the return of the buffalo in the 20th and 21st centuries as, however simulated, attempts at a return to homes on the range, and at living on the frontier, even if the frontier has been relocated to the vicinity of the Fermilab bosons where a small buffalo herd is maintained.
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In the midst of what used to be called Eastern Europe lie the Carpathian Mountains, next to the Alps the dominant mountain range in this part of Europe. They are wild, extensive and mysterious, shaped by high peaks and green valleys, dense forests and lush meadows, fast flowing streams and deep lakes. The focus of this article are the Carpathians or, more precisely, the “discovery” of individual segments of this long and diverse mountain range – including the Tatras and Eastern Carpathians – for purposes of tourism. When exactly did these two segments of the Carpathians begin to be modern? By whom and for whom were they “discovered”? How did these regions develop after their “discovery”? Did the mountains represent a national as well as a natural environment, or were they of only a local or regional (and not national) significance? This article examines encounters of lowlanders with the highlands and highlanders over the course of a half-century. Encounters took place before the First World War in a region that at the time belonged to the Habsburg Empire and today is located in Poland and Ukraine: that is, former Galicia. First, the “discovery” of the Tatra Mountains and their indigenous inhabitants, the Górale, by Poles in the last third of the 19th century will be addressed. Next comes a no less interesting encounter, that of the “discovery” of the Eastern Carpathians and the Hutsuls by Poles, but also, in the first decades of the 20th century, by nationally conscious Ukrainians. I argue that, in the period under investigation, the mountains paradoxically served as a source of inspiration for these two quintessentially lowland nations.
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Die Studie berichtet von der Ausgrabung der Kirche des untergegangenen mittelalterlichen Dorfes Henye in der Gemarkung von Tamási im Kom. Tolna, östlich der Stadt, an der Hauptverkehrsstraße 61. Von der mittelalterlichen Geschichte der Siedlung wissen wir kaum mehr als über die ihren adeligen Beinamen nach dem Dorf erhaltende gemeinadelige Familie Henyei Tiburc, deren Mitglieder in der Beamtenschaft des Kom. Tolna vom Ende des 14. bis zum Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts mehrfach auftauchen; die Kirchgemeinde des Dorfes erwähnt im Mittelalter einzig die Pápaer Zehntliste von 1332–35. Henye war mit kürzeren Unterbrechungen bis zum Ende der Türkenbesetzung bewohnt. Ein geringer Überrest seiner Kirche war am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts noch sichtbar. Die Verdichtung von im spätmittelalterlichen Fundmaterial an der Stelle der Siedlung vorkommenden Stücken, die als Ausnahmen in der Keramik der Umgebung gelten können (Boden eines kleinen Topfes aus weißem Material; dicker, grauer Topfrand aus Graphitmaterial; gegliederter Rand eines großen Topfes; zwei Ecken einer schalenförmigen Ofenkachel; zwei rotbemalte Krugfragmente), kann mit dem Gutszentrum der besagten Adelsfamilie in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Ebenfalls als Seltenheit gilt eine 8,5 cm lange, aus Kupferblech gebogene spätmittelalterliche Buchspange und ein quadratisches Kupferblech mit gepreßter Verzierung, das ein Kleider-, Jungfernkranz- oder -gürtelschmuck sein konnte.
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Bei einer Fundrettungsgrabung in der Bécsi út 62 wurden mehrere römische behauene Steindenkmäler gefunden (Abb. 1a; Abb. 1b.1), die in die erste Periode des Gräberfeldes, ins 2. Jahrhundert zu datieren sind. Das interessanteste von ihnen ist das Fragment einer Grabstele mit der Darstellung der lupa Capitolina. Das Fragment ist der untere Teil einer sehr großen Stele, der sich ursprünglich unter dem Inschriftenfeld befand (Abb. 2–3). Aus Aquincum ist eine genaue Parallele dieses Fragments bekannt: Das von Annamária Facsády publizierte Stück mit der gleichen Darstellung aus dem Gräberfeld Bécsi út folgt nicht nur demselben ikonographischen Typ, sondern ist aufgrund der Steinmetztechnik auch ein Werk derselben Hand. Mit Hilfe der intakteren Darstellung der erwähnten Grabstele ist nicht nur der abgebrochene Teil unseres Steines, sondern auch seine Originalbemalung mit völliger Sicherheit zu ergänzen. Die Gestalt auf der linken Seite der Komposition trägt tunika und sagum (Abb. 4.1). Der obere Teil der Gestalt ist abgebrochen, ursprünglich hielt sie einen Hirtenstab in der rechten Hand. Neben ihr ist der Rest des unteren Teils des Baumes zu sehen, dessen Äste sie auf der ursprünglichen Darstellung mit der Hand berührte.
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Mining development provides tremendous amount of long-term environmental and community degradation all over the world. Often, local communities bear the burden. This article demonstrates how the Bergama environmental network has utilized international environmental treaties with a focus on precautionary principle in order to halt the cyanide-leach Ovacik gold mine project in Turkey. The network has not only operated under the principle of precaution, but it has also defined and illustrated how the precautionary principle could be operationalized and implemented in practice in mining industry. By doing so, the Bergama environmental network developed a model for the operationalization and implementation of the precautionary principle in mining sector. In contrast to risk assessment that focus on the question of what level of contamination is safe, the precautionary approach focus on the question of how to reduce or eliminate the hazards and considers all the possible means of achieving that goal---including forgoing the proposed activity. This network has been promoting precautionary principle instead of risk assessment in mining nationwide. This model can be utilized by other communities dealing with mining developments in order to make the companies and their states to adopt and implement the precautionary principle. This article is based on a larger research project that has been taking place since 2002 on Ovacik gold mine development in Bergama. It relies on data that comes from interviews, focus group discussions with local community residents and field notes as well as books and documents prepared by the network and local newspapers that covered the case extensively.
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This essay employs contemporary peasant mobilizing discourses and practices to evaluate the terms in which we understand agrarian movements today, through an exercise of historical specification. First, it considers why the terms of the original agrarian question no longer apply to agrarian change today. The shift in the terms corresponds to the movement from the late‐nineteenth century and twentieth century, when states were the organizing principle of political‐economy, to the twenty‐first century, when capital has become the organizing principle. Second, and related, agrarian mobilizations are viewed here as barometers of contemporary political‐economic relations. In politicizing the socio‐ecological crisis of neoliberalism, they problematize extant categories of political and sociological analysis, re‐centring agriculture and food as key to democratic and sustainable relations of social production.
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The authors examined a philosophical discourse of the Earth in the New History. The purpose of the study is to prove the practical importance of the philosophical discourse of the Earth for advancing human civilization. The nature of philosophy means the transformation of the discourse and the way of human life in accordance with the intelligible complexity of the Earth and the Universe. A holistic view of the Earth and the Universe is used by humans in the proclaimed cultural ideal, with the help of which they achieve the ordering (harmonization) of their way of life with the laws of the Earth and the Universe. The authors identified and considered three stages of a holistic view of the process of transforming the Earth and the Universe: (1) The concept of the biosphere and noosphere by Vladimir Vernadsky; (2) the Gaia hypothesis by James Lovelock; and (3) the “Evolving matter” theory by Oleg Bazaluk. The use of knowledge about the nature of the Earth and the Universe transformation determines human activities and the limits of an individual’s self-actualization. Essentially, a philosophical discourse of the Earth focuses on the practice of human transformation of the Earth and the nearby space.
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The importance of studying urban green infrastructure in planning is justified by its ecosystem services, contributing to the welfare of urban dwellers and urban sustainability. The present study uses an ecological approach to analyze the dynamics of urban green infrastructure in Polish and Romanian cities with Urban Atlas data in 2006, 2012 and 2018. To avoid ecological fallacy, the methodology includes analyses of individual cases studies. Findings show that urban green infrastructure corresponds to the four city nature types. All cities have lost or transformed their green infrastructure, with local variations. Natural and/or agricultural green spaces make up most of the green infrastructure, while landscaped areas constitute a small share, and are prominent in large, populous, and dense cities. The loss is proportional to the share of categories. Analyses of individual examples show that the involvement of environmental aware citizens is essential for planning a healthy green infrastructure. Local authorities play an important role in influencing planners to account for the green infrastructure. Planners must strive to keep the existing green infrastructure, ensure its continuity, and add more urban greenery; local authorities should account for scientific evidence concerning the role of urban greenery, and scientists should provide simpler, condensed recommendations.
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How do Estonians imagine themselves as a nation? According to a popular Estonian essayist, a proper Estonian digs his garden on Mondays and mines his bitcoins on Tuesdays. This article focuses on Estonian imaginaries to study the grounding structures of Estonian identity-creation in the 2010s and it articulates the core of a canonized understanding of Estonian identity as “eco-digital nationhood.” The article explores Estonia’s eco-digital national model as produced by an aesthetic screening, supported by a Western gaze adapted for local purposes of positive identity creation. In Estonia, international approval (for its reputation as a digital nation) has fostered a national selfimage of living in a digital state. Technological advancement combined with idealizations of natural environments have sometimes produced “eco-ambiguous” results, as in efforts to encounter nonhuman life-worlds without leaving one’s own comfort zone. In other instances, the eco and the digital function as two alternating modes of selfhood, the eco-part sometimes finding expression in the narratives of ethnic particularism, the digital part figuring Estonia as a herald of western modernism prudently adapting itself to the digital future. Discrepancies between the eco-digital imaginary and the many less flattering elements of Estonian actuality highlight selective (self-)representative strategies in narratives of national success. Nation building here emerges as a metonymic process, wherein certain parts of culture are foregrounded to represent the whole— while other parts, including substantial parts of the Soviet heritage (material, demographic, social, psychological) languish as unsuitable to be framed.
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Solid waste management is one of the growing environmental concerns in developing countries such as Nigeria. The indiscriminate disposal and dumping of refuse in unauthorized places as resulted to rapid environmental degradation that leads to adverse effect on the general sustainability of the ecosystem, widespread of germs and diseases, extinction of aquatic bodies due to water pollution causing toxicity and acidification, and poor agricultural yield. This paper reviews and discusses the solid waste management’s challenges, prospects and way forward. The study objectives were achieved through literature analysis, site sighting and as well as interaction with stakeholders in waste management sector. The paper concludes by discussing effective ways of waste management and also, recommends possible ways of handling waste during pandemic.
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A review of the genus Mocyta Mulsant & Rey, 1874, which is represented in Ukraine; a description of the main morphological features and diagnostic features is made, data on ecological features, seasonal activity of adults, the distribution of representatives of the genus in Ukraine and the world and the keys to identify the species are presented. The information on the distribution of species of the genus Mocyta in the territory of Ukraine has been clarified and significantly supplemented by new findings. The results can be used to address a number of theoretical issues of faunistics, zoogeography, and ecology, as well as in compiling the inventory of the fauna of the Ukrainian Carpathians, for comparative faunal research, in the analysis of species distribution, in biogeographic constructions, studies of faunogenesis, ecological monitoring and prediction of consequences of the influence of human activities on natural ecosystems of the region. The genus Mocyta is a widespread genus, which in terms of the combination of morphological and biological features belongs to the tribe Athetini Casey, 1910 of the subfamily Aleocharinae Fleming, 1821 of the family Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. There are 26 known species in the fauna of Palearctic, 5 of which (Mocyta clientula, M. fungi fungi, M. fussi, M. orbata, M. orphana) are represented in the fauna of Ukraine. However, it is likely that there are two more species (M. amplicollis and M. negligens), identified for the surrounding areas, for which characteristics and comparative diagnoses have also been provided. This paper is a continuation of the initiated series of reviews of genera and species of the tribe Athetini of the fauna of Ukraine. Taking into account the wide geographical distribution and significant individual variability in size, colour and shape of the spermatheca of representatives of the genus, the identification of the latter presents some significant difficulties.
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This study establishes a behavioral model for university students by utilizing the theories of planned behavior and value-belief-norm, and proposes key latent variables for risk perception toward climate change to establish a structural equation model. Partial least squares analyses and three indicators are utilized to test the reliability, validity, and goodness-of-fit of the model. This study establishes a mixed model with formative and reflective indicators, and assesses both environmental concern and personality traits as formative indicators. Using standardized path coefficients, eight out of 10 paths demonstrate statistical significance, indicating that environmental value and environmental attitudes influence environmental behavior. Three of the five included personality traits (e.g., agreeableness, extraversion, and openness) demonstrate a positive correlation with environmental behavior and environmental attributes. Individuals’ risk perception positively influences their environmental value, environmental attitudes, and environmental behavior with respect to climate change.
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Authors present a sea-going sailing yacht as a development environment for people taking part in sea cruises as a crew. A sailing yacht perceived as a total institution seen from the perspective of Goffman’s theory is opposed to a vision of sailing yacht as space of freedom and development environment, a place of transgression (Kozielecki) and flow (Csíkszentmihályi). Results of interviews with the crew members show that the participants of sea cruises on a sailing yacht perceive it as an friendly environment and feel its influence on self-development stimulation. The meaning of sailing yacht environment for the crew members and perception of its space and environment is discussed. Respondents claim, that during sea voyage they improved in building social relations, coping with own weaknesses, and dealing with conflicts despite of difficulties and limits they had. Struggling with the sea and experiencing the yacht environment is transgressive and developing for the crew members. The statements of the respondents allow to conclude that the environment of a seagoing yacht is friendly for them, it is a place of experiencing freedom and is conducive to the development of the individual, and thus can be an appropriate educational environment for people regardless of age.
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The power of social networking sites and mainly their negative impactive linked to their active use have recently been widely discussed. Still all social media are full of various challenges people tend to undergo not only to fulfil their main goal, but rather due to their attractivity and trendiness. The latest successful challenge #trashtagchallenge has generated positive frenziness across all social networking sites and thanks to a simple “celebrity” hashtag, it has helped to fight a serious environmental problem, which is waste and any corresponding environmental polution.
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