"Укриття" четвертого енергоблоку чаес у контексті вдосконалення і розвитку сучасних напрямів дизайн-діяльності

Author(s): Vladimir Syomkin / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 35/2015

Humanities and artistic perspective directions of modern design shows the activity of the whole range of ideas to expand on design activities. These questions find their vidobratgggzhennya in various publications, research copyright and printed materials, but systematic scientific study on the said issue a reasoned and available only in the author's book "Design trends and directions of development." The purpose of this article is to develop and justify the design proposals for a solution "Shelter" in the context of optimizing the structure of the aftermath of the disaster at Chernobyl fourth power and the possibility of using this model in the closure of other plants at the end of their life cycle. The staff of the National Research Institute developed a design solution design version of consequences of the Chernobyl disaster (the design development made in 1994). This version does not claim perfection in its design, provides the further development of its components with the participation of a wide range of specialists. This development is typical, although not a typical example sotsiodyzaynu and naturally ecodesign. The initial argument for making design concept were the following considerations: - No reliable theoretical and practical studies perspectives "behavior" of the destroyed fourth power unit at the sarcophagus (any design!), That there is no guarantee that there will be no explosion or radioactive emissions that continue, will not take a catastrophic power and lead to irreversible consequences to the gene pool of Ukraine and other neighboring countries; - Any construction of any new shelter cannot guarantee its reliability nor save our land from the radioactive genie, nobody can also insure us from the underground penetration of radiation into the environment in the area of shelter; - Construction of any sarcophagus in the area over the fourth power structures attached third power associated with difficulty in terms of long-term autonomy of such facilities. In Ukraine, as in the world, the problem of nuclear power plants that have exhausted their resources, is in fact not yet done, and the chance of turning them in the future, for example, cyclopean sarcophagi cannot zhahnuty humanity absurdity of such a perspective. In fact, areas with similar sarcophagi are hundreds of years and this exclusion zones at least. So sarcophagus not be regarded as an optimal perspective or in the case of the fourth power unit of Chernobyl, nor at the decision of a wider problem: what to do with nuclear power plants at all – at the end of their life? Based on the foregoing, we believe that this time the international community should not be the task of strengthening the sarcophagus (although current work necessary), and elimination of radioactive masses fourth power, the elimination of the sarcophagus, deactivation of all land in the area sarcophagus. Everything must be accompanied by processing whole mass contaminated by radiation from the strictest observance of environmental safety in the course of the whole process of elimination, but science has not yet found effective technologies to this problem.

"Ханска Украйна - Мукатаа Томбасар" (края на XVII-XVIII век)

Author(s): Alexander Sereda / Language(s): English,Bulgarian / Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to explore the region of Northwest Black Sea lands in the early 17th-18th centuries, in the context of the Ottoman and Crimean administrative and territorial structure; the political preconditions for the formation of Khan Ukraine - special administrative and territorial unit with the Ukrainian-Kazakh population under Crimean governance; the organization of the economical and fiscal district "Muqataa Tombasar" in the framework of Khan Ukraine. It presents the defter (register) of the revenues and expanses in Muqataa Tombasar and localizes the settlements and their population in the Northwest Black Sea region.

#24 Green Energy Governance in Bulgaria at a Crossroads

Author(s): Ruslan Stefanov,Denitza Mantcheva,Nikolay Tagarov,Dobromir Hristov,Valentina Nikolova / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2011

The current report reviews existing policies for energy sustainability in Bulgaria and the EU, the main achievements and challenges in their implementation, and discusses the central issues to Bulgaria’s sustainable development agenda. The report presents a summary of the transition to sustainable development in Bulgaria, and offers policy recommendations for improving the governance of the Bulgarian green energy sector. Achieving security, sustainability, and competitiveness in the energy sector is a daunting task for a union of twenty-seven states, especially since the issue of securing the supply of energy has traditionally been a national matter. In their drive to reach climate change and energy targets during the past decade, European governments have utilized quick fix solutions like turning to nuclear power or replacing coal with gas, thus burdening future generations with nuclear waste disposal and increasing EU’s energy dependence on Russia. Yet, two major events – the gas crisis of January 2009 and the Fukusima nuclear disaster of March 2011 – have reshaped the thinking and rekindled the debate on the ways of achieving energy security and stability of supply in Europe.

#mission2030: Austria’s Strategy for a Low-Carbon Transformation

Author(s): Łukasz Ogrodnik,Marek Wąsiński / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2018

The Austrian government is implementing its energy and climate strategy to 2030, the aim of which is to stimulate the economy and achieve energy independence through the use of clean technologies. The strategy signals potential points of contention with Poland, including in nuclear and coal energy. At the same time, it indicates potential fields of cooperation regarding low-emission transport.

(Nie)zrównoważone style życia na praskich Szmulkach

Author(s): Iwona A. Oliwińska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

The text is based on the results of a comparative study of lifestyles presentedby selected residents of Szmulki part of Praga district in Warsaw. The material for descriptionwas collected by means of narrative interviews, overt and covert observationsand also perceptions recorded in the researcher’s log. The examples of changes in stylesof life in view of such factors as: occupational and personal conditioning of the respondents,their capital reserves, age or family situation. The results of the choices they made(being aware or not) are new configurations in the cultural space signifying a degree ofbalance between particular spheres of respondents’ everyday lives.

10–11. SZÁZADI TEMETŐ KÖRÖSTARJÁN-CSORDÁSDOMBON (TĂRIAN, ROMÁNIA)

Author(s): Attila Lakatos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2003

In the spring of 1967, at the village Köröstarján (Tărian), lying close to the western border of Romania, in the vicinity of the town Nagyvárad (Oradea) on the right bank of the river Sebes-Körös graves were found during the extraction of sand pits on the hill called Csordásdomb (Fig. 1). Rescue excavations were started in April of the same year by N. Chiodosan and D. Ignat, who opened altogether 41 graves. Apart from graves dated to Celtic, Sarmatian and uncertain periods, there were 12 Hungarian burials of 10–11th centuries (Fig. 2). The former 10–11th century cemetery must have contained much more graves as the excavations could not delimit the extent of the cemetery in any directions. The documentation concerning the excavations remained also in a deficient state. Thus it is very difficult to draw conclusions on the order of the burials. The graves were oriented, with minor divergences, to the west, with the exception of grave No. 29 oriented with the head facing south. Several of the graves were disturbed in the remote past. Horse harness was found in two graves (21, 29) and remains of a horse skull in one (this latter was a robbed grave, see Fig. 3/7). In grave No. 21 (Fig. 3/5) an arrowhead made of iron was found. This was the only grave with arms among the grave-goods. On the basis of the finds, all of the graves could be dated to the 10th century with one exception. Probably they started to use the cemetery before the middle of the 10th century and it was continued in this function till the end of the century. The only exception is one skull buried separately dated by a denar of Ist (Saint) László, King of Hungary in 1077–1096 (Fig. 3/2). According to the opinion of the author, this skull was dug into the already long forsaken cemetery by the end of the 11th century

3D Small-Scale Fire Modelling Experiments and Testing Preparation

Author(s): Maroš Krajčír,Jana Müllerová / Language(s): English / Issue: 21/2017

The paper deals with the problematic of small-scale fire tests, its preparation phase and fire experiments connected to Flashover phenomena. Real 3D experiments in small-scale need to be prepared in sense of exactness by exact calculations including mathematic π- non-dimensional groups in order to make a functional small-scale model representing the full scale modelling in the effective way. The interior represented by the cribs made mostly of wood, polymer and other materials common in rooms or offices need to be prepared in sense of their amount, position and porosity. After that the construction of the small-scale model can be started with respect to all the dimensions, amount and proportion of material calculations.

A CLOSER LOOK AT ŠVENTOJI 2/4 – A STRATIFIED STONE AGE FISHING SITE IN COASTAL LITHUANIA, 3200–2600 CAL BC

Author(s): Giedrė Piličiauskienė,Gytis Piličiauskas,Dalia Kisielienė,Aldona Damušytė,Giedrė Vaikutienė,Kęstutis Peseckas,Lukas Gaižauskas / Language(s): English / Issue: 45/2019

Šventoji 2/4, which is situated on the Lithuanian coast, is among the most important East Baltic Stone Age sites due to the extraordinary preservation of archaeological finds in waterlogged gyttja and due to extensive excavations ongoing since 1967. This paper presents the results of excavations in 2014 and subsequent laboratory analyses. This new research has allowed for the revision of the site’s chronology and function as well as provided valuable environmental data. In 3200–2700 cal BC the site was used as a fishing station constructed in the deepest part of the shallow lagoonal lake. Remains of various fishing gear and other human waste left during fishing expeditions accumulated there. Enormous amounts of cranial fish bones left during the initial processing of the catch that was carried out directly at the fishery indicate that cyprinids, pike, and zander were mostly caught at the site. The site most likely continued to be used in similar way during the beginning of the Neolithic, although Globular Amphora culture fishermen did not process fish on the site and transported the entire catch to dwelling sites instead.

A CSÁSZÁRKULTUSZ FŐOLTÁRA PANNONIA SUPERIORBAN

Author(s): Endre Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2001

In den Provinzen an der mittleren Donau kommt Savaria eine besondere Stellung zu, weil wir seit langem wissen, daß dort die Institution der Kaiserkultes in Pannonia Superior errichtet wurde. In anderen Provinzen ist der Sitz der Institution nur zu vermuten. In Savaria kennen wir auch den Ort des Kultzentrums innerhalb der Struktur der colonia. Aus der Untersuchung der Inschriften der Priester des Kaiserkults in der Studie stellt sich heraus: der sacerdos arae Augustorum Pannonia superioris wird der Bürger gewesen sein, der mindestens in der Stadt duumvir oder in zwei Städten decurio war. Aufgrund der die colonia Savaria umgebenden Gräberfelder und kultischen Funde sowie der Fundstelle von Inschriften im Zusammenhang mit dem Kaiserkult konnte in der Stadtstruktur der Ort des Provinzialforums bestimmt werden. Von Norden, Süden und Osten umgeben Bestattungen die colonia. Im Westen wird die Stadt vom Savaria- (heute: Perint-) Bach begrenzt. In dem großen Gebiet zwischen dem Bach und den Hügeln im Westen gibt es keine Bestattungen. Am W-Rand dieses etwa 500×300 m großen Gebiets stand das Theater, das ebenfalls ein unausbleibliches Gebäude der Provinzialforen war. In diesem Gebiet fanden sich die Inschriften, die den Ort des Kaiserkults beweisen, und dort befanden sich auch die sakralen Denkmäler, die mit der sakralen Bestimmung des Gebietes in Zusammenhang zu bringen sind. Am O-Ende des Provinzialforums wurden 39 Pfeiler gefunden.

A GRAVETTI IDŐSZAK HAGYOMÁNYOS ÉS RADIOKARBON KORADATAI

Author(s): Zsuzsa Szántó,Viola T. Dobosi / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2003

The last communiqué summarising the radiocarbon dates of the Late Würm period, published in an archaeological periodical, reflected the situation of research one and a half decade ago. In the last two decades, apart from an increase in the absolute number of C14 dates, the interdisciplinary research of the period based on an ecological approach also yielded several important new results. The synoptical table summarises the results achieved on the field of various branches of science dealing with the period between the Interpleniglacial to the Late Glacial period, the life span of the Gravettian entity. On the time scale, the sites are presented according to traditional (non-calibrated) C14 BP dates. The Ságvár stage is a technical term used for a wider period extended over the temporal limits of the Ságvárian culture, determined by traditional archaeological methods. The eponym site for both names is the site Ságvár-Lukasdomb, the archaeological industry and the stratigraphy of the Palaeolithic settlement. The interpretation of the columns of the synoptical table is the following: Among the archaeological sites, the ones having a C14 date are underlined, the others are ordered temporarily on the basis of their cultural affiliation. In the column of sediment, the series of loess and fossil soil layers are marked using the traditional chronological classification and nomenclature applied for several decades.

A HAEDUUSOK ÉS RÓMA - Magyar ásatások Bibractéban

Author(s): Miklós Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2003

This study is the edited version of the inaugural lecture presented at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 21st of March 2002 by Miklós Szabó. Its main objective is the presentation of processes unfolding as a result of the encounter of the Roman civilisation and the Celtic culture, based on the history and archaeological heritage of the Aeduan tribe of Central France. The analysis is based on, to a large extent, the evidences of the Mont-Beuvray European Archaeological project. The expedition of the Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest joined these excavations since 1988. The Hungarian investigations were directed at, in the beginning, the main road of the oppidum and resulted the unexpected observation that this important axis determining the structure of the town Bibracte originated in the period 120 to 80 B.C. At the same time, the archaeological material also testified that intensive trade relations between the Aeduan capital and the republican Rome preceded essentially the time of Caesar. As a direct consequence of these contacts, Central Gallia attained a stage of real monetary economy instead of the so-called tribal monetary system. The use of the Greek alphabet was spread simultaneously. The settlement history of the locality following the Roman conquest was enriched by the Hungarian excavations with data on the insula containing the “Large Forge”. During these works, the first public building of Bibracte was discovered in 2001, erected in all probability between 50 and 30 B.C. Finally, one of the most important conclusions of the study is separating the Romanisation phase of the urban development in Bibracte from that of the developments encountered during the period of the Celtic independence. This recognition is in good accordance with the view stating that urbanisation in the Celtic world was prepared by the economical changes originating from the Italo-Celtic environment in the 3rd century B.C., the acceleration of which could be influenced by new type contacts with the Hellenistic world.

A Home on the Range and the (Near) Extinction of the American Bison

Author(s): Tadeusz Rachwał / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/2017

Fredreric Jackson Turner’s seminal essay on the significance of frontier in American culture interestingly posits the development of railways as extension of the buffalo trail. The presentation of his ideas in 1893 not only followed the announcement of the closing of the frontier by the superintendent of the U.S. Census (1890), but was also the time of the near-extinction of bison whose number declined from about 600,000,000 at the end of the 18th century to 300 in 1900. In the paper I will try to tone the Indian traders’ transformation of the buffalo trail into a railway with the replacement of buffalo herds by cow droves as well as the popularity the song “Home on the Range” which in a way mythologized the domestic coexistence of people with the roaming buffalo. Drawing from Thoreau’s hypothesis that cows are buffalos within and capable of reasserting their “native rights,” I will look at some examples of the return of the buffalo in the 20th and 21st centuries as, however simulated, attempts at a return to homes on the range, and at living on the frontier, even if the frontier has been relocated to the vicinity of the Fermilab bosons where a small buffalo herd is maintained.

A Kárpátok „felfedezése” - Síkvidékiek és hegylakók találkozásai a 19. században

Author(s): Patrice M. Dabrowski / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 04/2016

In the midst of what used to be called Eastern Europe lie the Carpathian Mountains, next to the Alps the dominant mountain range in this part of Europe. They are wild, extensive and mysterious, shaped by high peaks and green valleys, dense forests and lush meadows, fast flowing streams and deep lakes. The focus of this article are the Carpathians or, more precisely, the “discovery” of individual segments of this long and diverse mountain range – including the Tatras and Eastern Carpathians – for purposes of tourism. When exactly did these two segments of the Carpathians begin to be modern? By whom and for whom were they “discovered”? How did these regions develop after their “discovery”? Did the mountains represent a national as well as a natural environment, or were they of only a local or regional (and not national) significance? This article examines encounters of lowlanders with the highlands and highlanders over the course of a half-century. Encounters took place before the First World War in a region that at the time belonged to the Habsburg Empire and today is located in Poland and Ukraine: that is, former Galicia. First, the “discovery” of the Tatra Mountains and their indigenous inhabitants, the Górale, by Poles in the last third of the 19th century will be addressed. Next comes a no less interesting encounter, that of the “discovery” of the Eastern Carpathians and the Hutsuls by Poles, but also, in the first decades of the 20th century, by nationally conscious Ukrainians. I argue that, in the period under investigation, the mountains paradoxically served as a source of inspiration for these two quintessentially lowland nations.

A környezeti edukáció alkotmányos és társadalmi alapjai

Author(s): Julesz Máté / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2010

A KÖZÉPKORI HENYE FALU TEMPLOMA (TAMÁSI–ALSÓCSERÉNGÁT)

Author(s): András Németh / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2002

Die Studie berichtet von der Ausgrabung der Kirche des untergegangenen mittelalterlichen Dorfes Henye in der Gemarkung von Tamási im Kom. Tolna, östlich der Stadt, an der Hauptverkehrsstraße 61. Von der mittelalterlichen Geschichte der Siedlung wissen wir kaum mehr als über die ihren adeligen Beinamen nach dem Dorf erhaltende gemeinadelige Familie Henyei Tiburc, deren Mitglieder in der Beamtenschaft des Kom. Tolna vom Ende des 14. bis zum Anfang des 16. Jahrhunderts mehrfach auftauchen; die Kirchgemeinde des Dorfes erwähnt im Mittelalter einzig die Pápaer Zehntliste von 1332–35. Henye war mit kürzeren Unterbrechungen bis zum Ende der Türkenbesetzung bewohnt. Ein geringer Überrest seiner Kirche war am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts noch sichtbar. Die Verdichtung von im spätmittelalterlichen Fundmaterial an der Stelle der Siedlung vorkommenden Stücken, die als Ausnahmen in der Keramik der Umgebung gelten können (Boden eines kleinen Topfes aus weißem Material; dicker, grauer Topfrand aus Graphitmaterial; gegliederter Rand eines großen Topfes; zwei Ecken einer schalenförmigen Ofenkachel; zwei rotbemalte Krugfragmente), kann mit dem Gutszentrum der besagten Adelsfamilie in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Ebenfalls als Seltenheit gilt eine 8,5 cm lange, aus Kupferblech gebogene spätmittelalterliche Buchspange und ein quadratisches Kupferblech mit gepreßter Verzierung, das ein Kleider-, Jungfernkranz- oder -gürtelschmuck sein konnte.

A LUPA CAPITOLINA ÚJABB ÁBRÁZOLÁSA AQUINCUMBÓL

Author(s): András Márton / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1-2/2002

Bei einer Fundrettungsgrabung in der Bécsi út 62 wurden mehrere römische behauene Steindenkmäler gefunden (Abb. 1a; Abb. 1b.1), die in die erste Periode des Gräberfeldes, ins 2. Jahrhundert zu datieren sind. Das interessanteste von ihnen ist das Fragment einer Grabstele mit der Darstellung der lupa Capitolina. Das Fragment ist der untere Teil einer sehr großen Stele, der sich ursprünglich unter dem Inschriftenfeld befand (Abb. 2–3). Aus Aquincum ist eine genaue Parallele dieses Fragments bekannt: Das von Annamária Facsády publizierte Stück mit der gleichen Darstellung aus dem Gräberfeld Bécsi út folgt nicht nur demselben ikonographischen Typ, sondern ist aufgrund der Steinmetztechnik auch ein Werk derselben Hand. Mit Hilfe der intakteren Darstellung der erwähnten Grabstele ist nicht nur der abgebrochene Teil unseres Steines, sondern auch seine Originalbemalung mit völliger Sicherheit zu ergänzen. Die Gestalt auf der linken Seite der Komposition trägt tunika und sagum (Abb. 4.1). Der obere Teil der Gestalt ist abgebrochen, ursprünglich hielt sie einen Hirtenstab in der rechten Hand. Neben ihr ist der Rest des unteren Teils des Baumes zu sehen, dessen Äste sie auf der ursprünglichen Darstellung mit der Hand berührte.

A Model for the Operationalization and Implementation of the Precautionary Principle: Cyanide-Leach Technology and Gold Mining Development

Author(s): Nahide Konak / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2009

Mining development provides tremendous amount of long-term environmental and community degradation all over the world. Often, local communities bear the burden. This article demonstrates how the Bergama environmental network has utilized international environmental treaties with a focus on precautionary principle in order to halt the cyanide-leach Ovacik gold mine project in Turkey. The network has not only operated under the principle of precaution, but it has also defined and illustrated how the precautionary principle could be operationalized and implemented in practice in mining industry. By doing so, the Bergama environmental network developed a model for the operationalization and implementation of the precautionary principle in mining sector. In contrast to risk assessment that focus on the question of what level of contamination is safe, the precautionary approach focus on the question of how to reduce or eliminate the hazards and considers all the possible means of achieving that goal---including forgoing the proposed activity. This network has been promoting precautionary principle instead of risk assessment in mining nationwide. This model can be utilized by other communities dealing with mining developments in order to make the companies and their states to adopt and implement the precautionary principle. This article is based on a larger research project that has been taking place since 2002 on Ovacik gold mine development in Bergama. It relies on data that comes from interviews, focus group discussions with local community residents and field notes as well as books and documents prepared by the network and local newspapers that covered the case extensively.

A parasztok maguk csinálják történelmüket, de nem szabadon

Author(s): Philip McMichael / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 25/2019

This essay employs contemporary peasant mobilizing discourses and practices to evaluate the terms in which we understand agrarian movements today, through an exercise of historical specification. First, it considers why the terms of the original agrarian question no longer apply to agrarian change today. The shift in the terms corresponds to the movement from the late‐nineteenth century and twentieth century, when states were the organizing principle of political‐economy, to the twenty‐first century, when capital has become the organizing principle. Second, and related, agrarian mobilizations are viewed here as barometers of contemporary political‐economic relations. In politicizing the socio‐ecological crisis of neoliberalism, they problematize extant categories of political and sociological analysis, re‐centring agriculture and food as key to democratic and sustainable relations of social production.

A STELLAR HASHTAG AS A SOLUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Author(s): Anna Zaušková,Martin Vanko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

The power of social networking sites and mainly their negative impactive linked to their active use have recently been widely discussed. Still all social media are full of various challenges people tend to undergo not only to fulfil their main goal, but rather due to their attractivity and trendiness. The latest successful challenge #trashtagchallenge has generated positive frenziness across all social networking sites and thanks to a simple “celebrity” hashtag, it has helped to fight a serious environmental problem, which is waste and any corresponding environmental polution.

A STUDY ON ADVANTAGES AND VIEW OF HYDROGEN ECONOMY

Author(s): Sharan BURAK / Language(s): English / Issue: 44/2019

This study was carried out to provide an overview of hydrogen energy, which is increasingly used in the world. While environmental problems require the use of hydrogen, the limited availability of fossil fuel reserves makes this development compulsory. There are ready-made technologies developed for the production, transportation, storage and usage of hydrogen, which is the product of contemporary technology, and the first applications have been made. In the long term, the problems in the hydrogen production area should be solved and it should be determined which hydrogen will be an appropriate energy source in the future. The development, advantages and production methods of hydrogen energy are examined, the amount of energy required for the production and distribution of hydrogen by various methods and the reviews for 1995 and 2020 are given. In addition, fuel costs of hydrogen-supply systems and internal combustion cars for fuel cell cars were given considering external costs and compared with other fuels.