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Po Jedwabnem. Narodziny popularnej opowieści rozliczeniowej

Author(s): Marta Tomczok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2015

The aim of the sketch Po Jedwabnem. Narodziny popularnej opowieści rozliczeniowej (“In the Wake of Jedwabne. The Start of a Popular Guilt Narrative”) is to discuss some literary phenomenon which was revealed several years after the publication of the book Neighbors (“Sąsiedzi”) by Jan Tomasz Gross, and may be treated as a reaction of literature (or more broadly: art) to the debate of historians, politicians, publicists and all other participants of the Polish social discourse, evoked by the mentioned book. The author terms this phenomenon post-Jedwabne narrations, including among them an extensive collection of almost twenty literary, theatrical and film productions, of which the article deals with Nasza klasa (“Our Class”) by Tadeusz Słobodzianek, Pingpongista (“Ping-Pong Player”) by Józef Hen and Łąkę umarłych (“Meadow of the Dead”) by Marcin Pilis. The social influence of these books and specific poetics based on modification of a narrative pattern adopted from Neigbors, is studied in the context of pop culture (as a discourse which is increasingly present in shaping the representation of the Holocaust), narratology (rhetorical models proposed by Hayden White) and comparative studies, referring it to the achievements of German-language guilt narrations, among others Der Vorleser (“The Reader”) by Bernhard Schlink and Nahe Jedenew (“Close to Jedenew”) by Kevin Vennemann. The author in her sketch is in the search for the sources of a new literary phenomenon which would testify to the involvement of art in negotiating the contemporary shape of history and at the same time, she asks to what extent this phenomenon absorbed the popular patterns of discussing history, including the ones which have been created by the West European Holocaust discourse.

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The Judeo-Bolshevik conspiracy and the persecution of Jews in interwar Salonica

Author(s): Georgios D. Michalopoulos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

I argue that in interwar Greece there was a small yet influential of anti-Semitic anticommunists, whose centre and main area of interest was Salonica. I attempt to demonstrate that their ideas were not a particular Greek phenomenon- rather these intellectuals and activists distanced themselves from traditional forms of Greek anti-Semitism. On the contrary, their appearance was part of a panEuropean phenomenon triggered by the October Revolution in Russia, and facilitated by the ensuing immigration of the defeated Whites. This ideology should be understood within the context of the Ottoman imperial collapse, the ensuing relocation of populations and the anxiety of Balkan nationstates to ensure their national frontiers.

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Hazar Hakanlığı'nın Museviliğe Geçişi

Author(s): Omeljan Pritsak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2007

The Khazars conversion to Judaism is reevaluated in the light of Byzantine and Islamic sources in this article, which was originally published in Harvard Ukranian Studies in 1978. Pritsak, who interrogates why the Khazars changed their religion and why this case do not so much attest in contemporary Judaic, Islamic and Byzantine sources, focuses on there stories of the term, and claimes that not missionaries but traders were influential in conversion.

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Duhovne osnove savremenog potrošačkog ropstva

Author(s): Valentin Jurjevič Katasonov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 9/2015

Prikaz: „Jevreji i ekonomski život“ od autora Vernera Zombarta; Мoskva: Айрис-пресс, 2004

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Recenzja: Kościół i Synagoga. O dialogu chrześcijańskożydowskim z nadzieją

Author(s): Tadeusz Sikorski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2000

The review of: ks. Grzegorz Ignatowski, Kościół i Synagoga. O dialogu chrześcijańskożydowskim z nadzieją. Przedmowa ks. Michał Czajkowski, Biblioteka „Więzi”, Warszawa 2000, ss. 159.

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Co czytano w czasie Zagłady? Refleksja nad powieścią Czterdzieści dni Musa Dah w kontekście żydowskiego ruchu oporu

Author(s): Weronika Romanik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 40/2017

The article examines a possible perception of Franz Werfel’s novel Forty Days of Musa Dagh by Jewish readers in the ghettos during the Second World War. The archival documents from that time as well as postwar testimonies of Holocaust survivors indicate that the novel was popular especially among young people and members of the Jewish resistance movement. People in the ghettos could easily relate to the events described in a book about the Armenian genocide and even identify themselves with Werfel’s characters. The core documents for the analysis are materials from the Underground Archive of the Białystok Ghetto, including the writings of Mordechai Tenenbaum-Tamaroff.

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Vladimir Jankélévitch: Oprost i neoprostivo

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Vladimir Jankélévitch: Oprost i neoprostivo

Author(s): Joëlle Hansel / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2018

U razgovoru s Vladimirom Jankelevitchem Beatrice Berlowitz pita ga sljedeće: »Neki smatraju da između vaše filozofije i vaših borbenih angažmana postoji rez: kako to daje mislilac ‘Ne-znam-čega’, također i neumorni hodač Ljevice?« Jankelevitchevi stavovi o pitanju oprosta postavljaju sličan problem, a sam to ovako definira: »Napisao sam dva djela: jedno jednostavno, vrlo agresivno, vrlo pamfletsko pod naslovom Oprostiti?, i drugo, Oprost, filozofsku knjigu u kojoj proučavam oprost sam po sebi, s gledišta kršćanske i židovske etike.« […]

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Leon Volovici, Nacjonalizm i „kwestia żydowska” w Rumunii lat trzydziestych XX wieku

Author(s): Bartłomiej Rusin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2018

Review of: Leon Volovici, "Nacjonalizm i „kwestia żydowska” w Rumunii lat trzydziestych XX wieku" tłum. Kazimierz Jurczak, Kraków–Budapeszt: Austeria, 2016, 394 s.; by: Bartłomiej Rusin

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FRANZ KAFKA, ”THE METAMORPHOSIS” – EXPRESSION OF THE RELATION BETWEEN ANTROPOLOGY AND HEALTH

Author(s): Clementina Mihăilescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 11/2017

The paper expands upon Kafka's “Metamorphosis” as the extreme representation of alienation neurosis caused by “the arbitrary character of the infinite and by existential absurdity” (Chira, 183). From a methodological point of view, we will turn to good account the concept of “time's thermodynamical arrowˮ which reveals “the sense of time where disorder or entropy increases” (Hawking, 113). In order to properly approach the individual disorder and the mental and spiritual dislocation of Kafka's character, Jung's psycho-analytical theory, Bachelard's aesthetics and Chira's interdisciplinary studies will be also taken into account and closely observed in our analysis of the dramatic effects of the extreme form of alienation described in “Metamorphosis”.

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“By the Country and within the Country” - The Union of Native Jews and its Struggle for Emancipation in Romania before First World War

Author(s): Elisabeth Weber / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Romania was the last European country to offer equal rights to its Jews, as it granted them citizenship only after the First World War. In 1909/1910, a handful of Romanian Jewish leaders founded the Union of Native Jews (Uniunea Evreilor Pământeni), which aimed to unify all Romanian Jews in their fight against antisemitism and for emancipation. The Union understood itself as a true political organisation, which sought to achieve its political goals “by the country and within the country”. Obviously, this statement came as a reaction to the main nationalist narrative, which suspected Romanian Jews of either instigating or at least providing the pretext for the Great Powers to interfere in Romania’s domestic affairs. However, it also reflected the Union’s conviction that fighting for equal rights was above all in the interest of Romanian Jews and had to be achieved first and foremost out of their own volition and through their own efforts. This article focusses on the Union’s history prior to the First World War and analyses the Union’s policies towards the Jewish population, the Romanian state, and towards Western Jewish organisations.

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PAWEŁ FIJAŁKOWSKI, WARSZAWSKA SPOŁECZNOŚĆ ŻYDOWSKA W OKRESIE STANISŁAWOWSKIM 1764–1795. ROZWÓJ W DOBIE WIELKICH ZMIAN

Author(s): Przemysław Zarubin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2018

Review of: Paweł Fijałkowski, Warszawska społeczność żydowska w okresiestanisławowskim 1764–1795. Rozwój w dobie wielkich zmian, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, Warszawa2016, ss. 529. Review by: Przemysław Zarubin

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Analiza emocija u iskazima preživjelih iz sustava logora Gospić-Jadovno-Pag u ljeto 1941. godine

Author(s): Vinko Korotaj Drača,Igor Drvendžija / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/2019

In this paper the authors analyze the emotions of survivors of the camp system Gospić-Jadovno-Pag, where people of Serb and Jewish ethnic descent were murdered during the summer of 1941, as well as communists and other political enemies of the ustashi regime. The approach to the study of emotions is based on the eyewitness accounts published by the historian Đuro Zatezalo. The paper starts with an analysis of the emotions in history with a particular emphasis on the testimonies of survivors as a distinctive and extremely important source in the studies of the Holocaust and genocide. Afterwards, the authors examine the intentions of those who collected the testimonies, as well as memories and emotions as aspects which a historian who researches testimonies ought to have in mind. A description of the impact of race laws issued by the Independent State of Croatia is provided together with an overview of the history of the camp system Gospić-Jadovno-Pag, followed by an analysis of the emotives expressed in the testimonies, with the focus on the emotions of fear, anxiety, hope and joy. The relation between recollection and emotions is also discussed, in addition to the way in which the flow of time can alter the intensity and the contents of emotion, which can provide a valuable methodological insight to the researchers focusing on the history of genocide and oral history.

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Apie nacionalinį egoizmą ir tarptautinį solidarumą

Author(s): Raimundas Lopata / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2(94)/2019

Šių metų vasaros pradžioje grupė Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo narių, priklausančių Tėvynės Sąjungos krikdemiškam sparnui (L. Kasčiū-nas, A. Ažubalis, P. Saudargas), pateikė rezoliuciją „Dėl 1941 m. bir-želio 23-iosios sukilimo pagerbimo“.Sukilimo diena Lietuvoje minima kaip atmintina data. Prieš ke-lis dešimtmečius Seime mėginta sukilimo pradžioje paskelbtą Ne-priklausomybės atstatymo deklaraciją pripažinti teisės aktu. Kilus protestams tarp sąjungininkų ir nepasitenkinimui šalies viduje, parla-mentarai sutiko pritarti V. Landsbergio pasiūlytai formulei, esą „Šio įstatymo priėmimo procedūra tebėra nebaigta ir įstatymas yra priėmi-mo stadijoje po svarstymo“. Kaip paaiškino V. Landsbergis Europos žydų komiteto vienam iš vadovų S. Cveigenbaumui, tai reiškia, kad įstatymas nebus priimtas.

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Musar judėjimas Lietuvoje: rabiniškasis XIX a. Bildung projektas

Author(s): Aušra Pažėraitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 34/2003

The Musar idea of Israel Salanter is an elitist rabbinic project of education, parallel to the German Bildung or the rationalistic Enlightenment ideal of the educated person in French and Anglo-Saxon modern cultures. The very heart of musar teaching is the control over the inner deepest “roots of the heart”, especially those which normally escape from consciousness, by means of a method proposed by Salanter. In such a way, it is expected to reach an ideal of Jewishness.

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Єврейські мацейви як об’єкт мистецької спадщини Кременця

Author(s): Oleksandra Georgiyivna Panfilova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 40/2018

The purpose of the article consists of explaining and analysing the compositional ways and peculiarities of plastic images of the facades of the gravestones in Kremenets – one of the Volyn areas of the Jewish culture in the XVIIIth – at the beginning of the XIXth century. The methodology of the investigation is based on the application of culturological, retrospective methods and critical analysis. Scientific Novelty. For the first time, it is cleared up and analyzed the artistic and style peculiarities of the memorial plastic arts of Jewish cemetery in Kremenets and are explicated the main factors that influenced on them. Conclusions. So, we can sum up that symmetrical compositions dominate in epitaph carving of the Kremenets tombstones. A lot of ideas connected with the meaningfulness of death in the Jewish cultural tradition found their expression in the epitaphs of the Kremenets matsevas. A good few patterns were used in the architecture and Ukrainian arts-and-crafts in the baroque period. It’s determined that in the process of a long artistic practice national peculiarities of decorative carving were formatted which corresponded to esthetic requirements of the Jews and ensured the following to their religious rituals.

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Sefardska poslovica u Sefardskoj ženi u Bosni Laure Papo Bohorete

Author(s): Edina Spahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2020

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the Sephardic proverbs in the work Sephardic woman by Laura Papo Bohoreta. The special emphasis is put on the role of a Sephardic women in those times, and how it is represented in the proverbs. In the first part, we will talk about some characteristics of Jewish-Spanish language in Bosnia and Herzegovina and point out the most important researchers in the field who contributed to the research of this language, now at the brink of extinction. The Jews who settled in the city of Sarajevo spoke pre-classical Spanish who, due to loss of contact with Spain, had not developed the same as peninsular Spanish. Thanks to the authors like Laura Papo Bohoreta , today we can approach a different culture that for ages lived together with the rest of Bosnian population. This woman, whose work has not fully come to light yet, is considered to be the keeper of the Sephardic tradition, culture and language. This is one of the reasons we have decided to analyze the proverbs of Sephardic woman, the only work that was translated and published in 2005.

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Jan Masaryk and the Palestinian Solution - Solving the German, Jewish, and Statelessness Questions in East Central Europe

Author(s): Sarah A. Cramsey / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This article uses war-time speeches, notes scribbled on postwar planning pamphlets, confidential government letters and private conversations from the early to mid-1940s to demonstrate how Jan Masaryk’s understanding of postwar Jewish questions, namely who belongs to the Jewish people and where do those Jewish people belong geographically, cannot be unwoven from broader questions regarding German belonging in the Czechoslovak body politic. While the Czechoslovak Foreign Minister remained committed to resolving statelessness as a condition and wanted to protect Czech and Slovak-speaking Jews in his reconstituted postwar state, his commitment to purging Czechoslovakia of its German minority trumped his other beliefs. This obsession with cleansing the Czechoslovak body politic of Germans and German groupness captivated Jan Masaryk so much that he sometimes failed to differentiate German-speaking Czechoslovak Jews from the broader ethnically German mass. Therefore, scholars who desire to understand how Jan Masaryk utilized his power and influence to keep the bricha flowing across the Polish-Czechoslovakian border in 1946 or how he lobbied for the creation of a Jewish polity in the Middle East, must evaluate how his broader Weltanschauung necessitated the reorganization of all east central European peoples along political lines. In this way, Masaryk¹s postwar commitment to enabling Jewish movement away from east central Europe and towards a faraway, ethnicized polity is best understand within the context of the overall ethnic revolution, which gripped the region between Berlin and Moscow across the 1940s.

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„Meine Familie hatte es gut in Auschwitz“ - Das Leben der Lager-SS in Auschwitz-Birkenau nach Dienstschluss

Author(s): Anna-Raphaela Schmitz / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

For SS personnel, the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp was a workplace and residence. This article focuses on the lives of the male perpetrators after official hours and explores what influence this had on their work within the camp complex and vice versa. Family structures as well as comradeship among perpetrators were meant to help maintain a subjectively experienced sense of ‘normality’. Retrospectively, it seems difficult to imagine that the SS families managed to have a ‘normal’ life in close proximity to the concentration camp. They benefited from the amenities of the infrastructure that developed around the camp complex. They often took advantage of the practice of robbery and appropriation of the prisoners’ goods. Since work life and private life in Auschwitz-Birkenau were intertwined in this way, the Holocaust and the mass crimes should also be examined from this perspective.

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In Search of Myself - Autobiography, Imposture, and Survival in Wartime Croatia

Author(s): Rory Yeomans / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article looks at the production of autobiography and imposture as survival techniques during the Second World War in Croatia. Focusing on the petitions of Jewish and Serb citizens wrote to the Jewish Section of the Ustaša Police Directorate and the State Directorate for Reconstruction the article considers the various ways in which Serb and Jewish letter writers who had been placed outside the law in wartime Croatia by the Ustaša regime used a variety of discourse and linguistic markers as well as the generation of idealised biographies in which they identified themselves as Croats in an attempt to escape deportation, ghettoization or stigmatisation and to write themselves into state ideology by asserting their difference from other members of their persecuted community. The article also explores the various ways in which victims who had survived by making compromises with the Ustaša regime sought to rewrite their biographies in the post-war period to identify themselves with the new socialist orthodoxies in the face of the threat of nation-wide campaigns of unmasking and ideological purification. Using for Christa T. as a frame, it asks how much the historian can ever really know about the biographies of individuals, especially those who have felt the need to reconstruct their lives after traumatic events. At the same time it argues that in addition to the important insight these kinds of microanalysis can provide on everyday life and survival in wartime Europe during the Holocaust, they also bring ambiguity to seemingly distinct historiographical categories such as resistance and collaboration and force us, the readers, to confront our own subjectivity through reading their autobiographical petitions.

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Crime and Punishment? - The Hungarian Gendarmerie during and after the Holocaust

Author(s): Judit Molnár / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie was one of the most important state institutions between 1881 and 1945. Its task was to preserve law and order in the countryside, to prevent peasant uprisings and Socialist agitation in the villages. In 1944, it also became the task the gendarmerie to concentrate and deport the Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz. The contemporary documents so far researched as well as the papers of the people’s court trials seem to clearly support the supposition that the gendarmerie, from the lowliest patrols to the gendarmerie district headquarters and to the detective subdivisions, readily took part in the collection and then the deportation of Jews. If deemed necessary, the trainees of the gendarmerie schools and training battalions assisted in the detection and collection. The first question I attempt to answer in this paper is why Adolf Eichmann and his ‘specialists’ primarily trusted the Hungarian gendarmerie in the spring and summer of 1944, when the Jews in Hungary were deprived of their property, herded into ghettoes and collection camps, and finally deported. This fundamental question thus relates to the crime, i.e. the deportation, and the role the gendarmerie played in the Holocaust. Second, I discuss the size of the gendarmerie, the number of those participating in the deportation, their connection to other agencies, above all the police and the administration, as well as their attitudes toward the persecution of Jews and to deportations. Third, I investigate whether the gendarmes were cruel, as most of the survivors claim, or, on the contrary, whether they helped the persecuted, whether they protested and perhaps refused to obey orders, as former gendarmes claim, and as some people in Hungary are still trying to have the public believe. Finally, I investigate what they knew, what they could have known about the destination of the deportation trains, and about the true, final end of the deportations. My other fundamental question relates to the punishment, to the accountability. What was the extent of the gendarmerie’s punishment, and how did it proceed? Was it a political show, or was their participation in the deportation the real reason for their punishment? How was evidence collected during the proceedings of the screening committees, the people’s prosecutor and the people’s court? Was torture resorted to, were the charges based on statements of witnesses, and/or were contemporary documents also attached to the indictments? The comparison to the criminal proceedings of other war criminals will be another important aspect of analysis.

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